City Evacuations: An Interdisciplinary Approach (eBook)

John Preston, Jane M Binner, Layla Branicki, Tobias Galla, Nick Jones, James King, Magdalini Kolokitha, Michalis Smyrnakis (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2014 | 2015
XI, 128 Seiten
Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Verlag)
978-3-662-43877-0 (ISBN)

Infos

Evacuating a city is a complex problem that involves issues of governance, preparedness education, warning, information sharing, population dynamics, resilience and recovery. As natural and anthropogenic threats to cities grow, it is an increasingly pressing problem for policy makers and practitioners.

The book is the result of a unique interdisciplinary collaboration between researchers in the physical and social sciences to consider how an interdisciplinary approach can help plan for large scale evacuations. It draws on perspectives from physics, mathematics, organisation theory, economics, sociology and education. Importantly it goes beyond disciplinary boundaries and considers how interdisciplinary methods are necessary to approach a complex problem involving human actors and increasingly complex communications and transportation infrastructures.

Using real world case studies and modelling the book considers new approaches to evacuation dynamics. It addresses questions of complexity, not only in terms of theory, but examining the latest challenges for cities and emergency responders. Factors such as social media, information quality and visualisation techniques are examined to consider the 'new' dynamics of warning and informing, evacuation and recovery.

Inhalt

Preface 5
Acknowledgments 6
Contents 7
Contributors 8
1 City Evacuations: Their Pedagogy and the Need for an Inter-disciplinary Approach 9
1 Introduction: The Need for an Interdisciplinary Approach 9
2 The Pedagogical Evacuation/Invacuation 11
3 Evacuation and Invacuation: From the First World War to the End of the Cold War 14
4 Post-Cold War: Towards `Flexible' Evacuations? 17
5 Websites for City Evacuation: A Comparative Analysis 19
6 Metrocity Policy Context and Website Analysis 19
7 Midtown Policy Context and Website Analysis 21
8 Northhills Policy Context and Website Analysis 22
9 Pedagogical Differences 24
10 Governance and Governmentality 25
11 Conclusion: Preparedness Websites at the City Level 26
12 Structure of the Book 26
References 28
2 Unpacking the Impacts of Social Media Upon Crisis Communication and City Evacuation 29
1 Introduction: Why Social Media Matters to Crisis Communication and City Evacuation 29
2 Definitions, Characteristics and the `Social' in Social Media 32
3 How Emergency Managers Use Social Media 33
4 Threats and Opportunities of Social Media for Evacuation 34
5 Conceptualising the Role of Social Media in Reconfiguring Crisis Communication 39
6 Conclusion: Implications for Evacuation Policy and Practice 43
References 44
3 Simulation of Information Spreading Following a Crisis 46
1 Introduction 47
1.1 Mean-Field Model 48
1.2 Agent-Based Model 49
2 Spreading Parameters 49
2.1 Audience and Rate 49
2.2 Media and Data Sources 50
2.3 Time of Day 52
3 Mean-Field Model 53
3.1 Time-varying Parameters 55
3.2 Analysis 55
4 Agent-Based Model 57
4.1 Model Description 58
4.2 Simulation Results 59
5 Conclusions 63
5.1 Shortcomings 66
5.2 Future Proofing 68
References 68
4 Quantitative Decision-Making Rules for the Next Generation of Smarter Evacuations 70
1 Introduction 71
2 Mathematical Description of the Evacuation Problem 72
3 The Effect of Information Quality 75
3.1 Perfect Information: The Potential Benefits Provided by Social Media 76
3.2 Delineation of High Quality and Low Quality Information Paradigms 80
4 Microscopic Complex Systems Perspective 84
4.1 Microscopic Model 84
4.2 Simulation Results 86
5 Conclusions and Further Work 88
References 93
5 Decentralized Optimisation of Resource Allocation in Disaster Management 95
1 Introduction 95
2 Background 97
2.1 Game Theory 97
2.2 Fictitious Play 99
2.3 Resource Allocation as a Potential Game 105
2.4 Simulation Results 106
3 Conclusions 111
References 112
6 A Semi-automated Display for Geotagged Text 113
1 Introduction 113
2 Background 114
3 Dataset Preparation 115
4 Visualizing the Data 118
5 Conclusions and Future Work 120
References 121
7 Conclusion: Evacuations and Transmedia Vulnerability 123
1 Introduction: From Old Media to Transmedia Terrorism 123
2 Transmedia Terrorism: A Perfect Storm? 126
3 Scenario: The Manchester Incident 130
4 What Are the Implications of Transmedia Terrorism: From Storytelling to Pedagogy 132
References 134

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 1.8.2014
• Zusatzinfo: XI, 128 p. 27 illus., 18 illus. in color.
• Verlagsort: Berlin
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Schlagworte: City Evacuations • Complexity • evacuation dynamics • Geo-Tagging • Spatial Agent-Based Modelling
• ISBN-10: 3-662-43877-1 / 3662438771
• ISBN-13: 978-3-662-43877-0 / 9783662438770