Legumes under Environmental Stress (eBook)

Yield, Improvement and Adaptations

Parvaiz Ahmad (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: EPUB

2014
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-118-91711-4 (ISBN)

Infos

The improvement of crop species has long been a goal since cultivation began thousands of years ago. To feed an ever increasing world population will require a great increase in food production. Wheat, corn, rice, potato and legumes are expected to lead as the most important crops in the world. Due to environmental fluctuations legumes are often exposed to different environmental stresses, leading to decreased yield and problems with growth and development of the legumes. The present work will cover the physiobiochemical, molecular and omic approaches and responses of legumes towards environmental stress. Contributors will be active researchers and practitioners from international institutions and organisations. The book will be a valuable and much-needed resource for plant scientists, breeders and agricultural researchers worldwide.

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Legumes under Environmental Stress Legumes under Environmental Stress Yield, Improvement and Adaptations Leguminous crops have been found to contribute almost 27% of the world s primary crop production. However, due to environmental fluctuations, legumes are often exposed to different environmental stresses, leading to problems with growth and development, and ultimately, decreased yield. This timely review explains the transcriptomics, proteomics, genomics, metabolomics, transgenomics, functional genomics and phenomics of a wide range of different leguminous crops under biotic and abiotic stresses, and their genetic and molecular responses. Amongst others the text describes the effect of nutrient deficiency, pesticides, salt and temperature stress on legumes. Importantly, the book explores the physiobiochemical, molecular and omics approaches that are used to overcome biotic and abiotic constraints in legumes. It looks at the exogenous application of phytoprotectants; the role of nutrients in the alleviation of abiotic stress; and the microbial strategy for the improvement of legume production under hostile environments. Key features: demonstrates how to mitigate the negative effect of stress on leguminous crops, and how to improve the yield under stress the most up-to-date research in the field written by an international team of active researchers and practitioners across academia, industry and non-profit organisations This volume is a valuable and much-needed resource for scientists, professionals and researchers working in plant science, breeding, food security, crop improvement and agriculture worldwide. In universities it will educate postgraduate and graduate students in plant science and agriculture; it will also benefit those in scientific institutions and in biotech and agribusiness companies, who deal with agronomy and environment.

Autor

Edited by: Mohamed Mahgoub Azooz, South Valley University, Egypt Parvaiz Ahmad, S.P. College, Srinagar, J&K, India

Inhalt

List of contributors vii

Preface xi

About the editors xiii

1 Legumes and breeding under abiotic stress: An overview 1
Arafat Abdel Hamed Abdel Latef and Parvaiz Ahmad

2 Salt stress and leguminous crops: present status and prospects 21
P.S. Sha Valli Khan and P. Osman Basha

3 Nutrient deficiencies under stress in legumes: an overview 53
Fakiha Afzal Tahira Khan Ammarah Khan Saifullah Khan Hammad Raza Ayesha Ihsan Mohammad Abass Ahanger and Alvina Gul Kazi

4 Chickpea: Role and responses under abiotic and biotic stress 67
Saiema Rasool Arafat Abdel Hamed Abdel Latef and Parvaiz Ahmad

5 Chickpea and temperature stress: an overview 81
Viola Devasirvatham Daniel K.Y. Tan Pooran M. Gaur and Richard M. Trethowan

6 Effect of pesticides on leguminous plants: an overview 91
Harpreet Kaur Renu Bhardwaj Vinod Kumar Anket Sharma Ravinder Singh and Ashwani Kumar Thukral

7 Oxidative stress and antioxidant defence systems in response to pesticide stress 103
Fozia Bashir and Sumira Jan

8 Legume-rhizobia symbiotic performance under abiotic stresses: factors influencing tolerance behaviour 125
Haythem Mhadhbi Photini V. Mylona and Alexios N. Polidoros

9 Microbial strategies for the improvement of legume production in hostile environments 133
Dilfuza Egamberdieva Vyacheslav Shurigin Subramaniam Gopalakrishnan and Ram Sharma

10 Role of abscisic acid in legumes under abiotic stress 145
Analia Llanes Genoveva Devinar and Virginia Luna

11 Exogenous application of phytoprotectants in legumes against environmental stress 161
Mirza Hasanuzzaman Kamrun Nahar Md. Mahabub Alam Shakeel Ahmad and Masayuki Fujita

12 Genetic and molecular responses of legumes in a changing environment 199
Mustafeez Mujtaba Babar Najam-us-Sahar Sadaf Zaidi Mohamed Mahgoub Azooz and Alvina Gul Kazi

13 Omics approaches and abiotic stress tolerance in legumes 215
Syeda Fatma Hasan Bukhari Sadia Arshad Mohamed Mahgoub Azooz and Alvina Gul Kazi

14 MicroRNA-mediated regulatory functions under abiotic stresses in legumes 231
Syed Sarfraz Hussain Mohammad Ali and Bujun Shi

15 Biotechnology approaches to overcome biotic and abiotic stress constraints in legumes 247
Mustafeez Mujtaba Babar Najam-us-Sahar Sadaf Zaidi Mohamed Mahgoub Azooz and Alvina Gul Kazi

16 Gene pyramiding and omics approaches for stress tolerance in leguminous plants 265
Neha Handa Renu Bhardwaj Ashwani Kumar Thukral Saroj Arora Sukhmeen Kaur Kohli Vandana Gautam and Tajinder Kaur

17 Combating phosphorus deficiency on alkaline calcareous soils by adsorption isotherm technique for legume crops in arid environments 285
Muhammad Waqas Abdul Hannan and Abdul Gaffar Sagoo

Index 301

Textauszug

Chapter 1
Legumes and breeding under abiotic stress: An overview

Arafat Abdel Hamed Abdel Latef1 and Parvaiz Ahmad2

1 Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt

2 Department of Botany, S.P. College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

1.1 Introduction

The present world population of 7.2 billion is expected to reach 9.6 billion by the middle of the 21st century due to the high growth rate, particularly in developing countries. There is a need to produce about 70% more food to feed this excessive population (Varshney & Roorkiwal, 2013).

Legumes belong to the family Fabaceae/Leguminosae (with about 700 genera and 18,000 species). Legume crops can be divided into two groups according to their ability to grow in different seasons, namely cool season food legumes and warm or tropical season food legumes (Miller et al., 2002; Toker & Yadav, 2010). The cool season food legumes include broad bean (Vicia faba), lentil (Lens culinaris), lupins (Lupinus spp.), dry pea (Pisum sativum), chickpea (Cicer arietinum), grass pea (Lathyrus sativus) and common vetch (Vicia sativa) crops (FAOSTAT 2009; Andrews & Hodge, 2010). These are among the world’s oldest cultivated plants (Materne et al., 2011). Dry pea, chickpea, broad bean and lentil are the four major cool season grain legume crops produced for human consumption. They are grown on all continents except Antarctica. Lupin species – e.g. Lupinus albus (white lupin) and Lupinus luteus (yellow lupin) – and vetches – in particular, common vetch – are important for animal feed (Andrews & Hodge, 2010). On the other hand, the warm season food legumes include pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), soybean (Glycine max L.), mung bean (Vigna radiata var. radiata) and urd bean (Vigna mungo) crops, which are mainly grown in hot and humid climatic conditions. Warm season food legumes are popular in different parts of world; for example, pigeon pea is mainly grown in India and African countries, cowpea and soybean are important crops in the USA, while mung bean and urd bean are important crops in Southeast Asian countries, especially in the Indian subcontinent (Singh et al., 2011).

Legumes rank third after cereals and oilseeds in world production and have major effects on the environment, agriculture, and animal and human nutrition and health (Graham & Vance, 2003; Dita et al., 2006; Mantri et al., 2013). Legumes are a primary source of amino acids and provide around one-third (20–40%) of all dietary protein (Zhu et al., 2005; Kudapa et al., 2013). Legumes produce secondary metabolic compounds that can protect the plant against pathogens and pests (Kudapa et al., 2013).

Legumes are second to cereals in providing food for humans worldwide (Kamal et al., 2003; Ashraf et al., 2010; Kudapa et al., 2013). In comparison with cereal grains, legume seeds are rich in protein, and thus are a source of nutritionally rich food (Ahlawat et al., 2007; Ashraf et al., 2010; Kudapa et al., 2013). Grain legumes such as chickpea, pigeon pea, cowpea, dry pea, lentil, mung bean, urd bean, bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), broad bean and grass pea are the main source of dietary protein for vegetarians, and are an integral part of the daily diet in several forms worldwide. In addition, grain legumes, predominantly peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and soybean are also major sources for vegetable oil, providing more than 35% of the world’s processed vegetable oil (Sharma et al., 2010).

Legumes play an important role in diet and they are often referred to as ‘poor man’s meat’. Legumes are an important source of protein, oil, fibre and micronutrients, and play a vital role in cropping cycles due to their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen (El-Enany et al., 2013; Mantri et al., 2013).

Under conducive environmental conditions, legumes develop symbiotic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, leading to the formation of sites of phosphorus nutrient exchange called arbuscules (Parniske, 2008; Mantri et al., 2013).

Biological fixation of nitrogen (N) is considered more ecofriendly than industrial N fixation because the NH3 produced in the former process is readily assimilated into organic forms by the plant (Valentine et al., 2011). Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in legume nodules occurs with differentiated forms of rhizobia, termed bacteroids, within specialized structures called symbiosomes, inside the host plant cells (Arrese-Igor et al., 2011). Thus, these symbiotic associations have strongly driven the investigation and application of biotechnology tools for legumes (Dita et al., 2006).

It is estimated that crops grown on 90% of arable lands experience one or more environmental stresses. Abiotic stress causes more than 50% of crop loss worldwide (Rasool et al., 2013; Rodziewicz et al., 2014). ‘Abiotic stress’ is a broad term that includes multiple stresses (drought, waterlogging, salinity, heat, chilling and mineral toxicities) and negatively affects the adaptability and yield of legumes. Application of biotechnology tools to legume crops can help in solving or reducing the problems resulting from abiotic stress.

This chapter aims to review the main abiotic stresses that have a negative impact on the production of some important food legumes. It also summarizes the selection criteria and available genetic resources for stress resistance under abiotic stress conditions.

1.2 Legumes under abiotic stress

1.2.1 Legumes under drought

Drought is a type of water stress that is imposed due to lack of rainfall and/or inadequate irrigation. About 60% of all crop production suffers from drought conditions (Grant, 2012; Naeem et al., 2013). For legumes, drought stress has adverse effects on total biomass, pod number, seed number, seed weight and quality, and seed yield per plant (Toker et al., 2007b; Charlson et al., 2009; Khan et al., 2010; Toker & Mutlu, 2011; Impa et al., 2012; Hasanuzzaman et al., 2013; Pagano, 2014). Drought alone resulted in about a 40% reduction in soybean yield (Valentine et al., 2011). Faba bean and pea are known to be drought-sensitive, whereas lentil and chickpea are known as drought-resistant genera (Toker & Yadav, 2010). Singh et al. (1999) arranged warm season food legumes in increasing order of drought tolerance: soybean < black gram < green gram < groundnut < Bambara nut < lablab < cowpea. Sinclair and Serraj (1995) reported that legumes such as faba (broad) bean, pea and chickpea export amides (principally asparagine and glutamine) in the nodule xylem are generally more tolerant to drought stress than cowpea, soybean and pigeon pea, which export ureides (allantoin and allantoic acid).

The symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) rate in legume plants rapidly decreased under drought stress due to (i) the accumulation of ureides in both nodules and shoots (Vadez et al., 2000; Charlson et al., 2009), (ii) decline in shoot N demand, (iii) lower xylem translocation rate due to a decreased transpiration rate, and (iv) decline of metabolic enzyme activity (Valentine et al., 2011). Several reports have indicated that drought stress led to inhibition in nodule initiation, nodule growth and development as well as nodule functions (Vadez et al., 2000; Streeter, 2003; Valentine et al., 2011). The decrease in SNF under drought conditions was associated with the reduction of photosynthesis rate in legumes (Ladrera et al., 2007; Valentine et al. 2011).

In many nodules of legumes, water stress resulted in stimulation of sucrose and total sugars (González et al., 1995, 1998; Ramos et al., 1999; Streeter, 2003; Gálvez et al., 2005; Valentine et al,. 2011). This was consistent with a study on pea mutants, which showed that sucrose synthase (SS) is essential for normal nodule development and function (Craig et al., 1999; Gordon et al., 1999).

Drought stress induces oxidative damage in legumes and this has a harmful effect on nodule performance and BNF (Arrese-Igor et al., 2011). Some reports suggest that nodules having an increment in enzymatic antioxidant defence can display a higher tolerance to drought/salt stress in common bean (Sassi et al., 2008) and chickpea (Kaur et al., 2009). In addition to this, Verdoy et al. (2006) reported improved resistance to drought stress in Medicago truncatula by overexpression of ∆-pyrroline-5-carbolyate synthetase resulting in accumulation of high proline levels.

Generally, the mechanisms of drought tolerance include (i) escape, (ii) avoidance, or (iii) resistance (Ishitani et al., 2011; Toker & Mutlu, 2011; Impa et al. 2012; Rapparini & Peñuelas, 2014). There are several screening and selection techniques for drought tolerance in food legumes; however, few techniques have been successful under field conditions (Toker & Mutlu, 2011):

1. Line source sprinkler irrigation systems (Saxena et al., 1993).
2. Root trait...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 1.12.2014
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Botanik
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Themenwelt: Weitere Fachgebiete ► Land- / Forstwirtschaft / Fischerei
• Schlagworte: abiotic stress • Agriculture • Agriculture & Ecology • Antioxidants • Biotechnology • biotic stress • Biowissenschaften • Botanik • Botanik / Biotechnologie • gene pyramiding • Hülsenfrüchte • Hülsenfruchtbau • Hülsenfruchtbau • Hülsenfrüchte • Landwirtschaft • Landwirtschaft u. Ökologie • Landwirtschaft u. Ökologie • Legumes • Life Sciences • Omics • Phytohormones • Phytoprotectants • Plant Biotechnology • plant science • Symbiotic association
• ISBN-10: 1-118-91711-1 / 1118917111
• ISBN-13: 978-1-118-91711-4 / 9781118917114