Human-Computer Interaction - INTERACT '87 (eBook)

Proceedings of the Second IFIP Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, Held at the University of Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany, 1-4 September 1987

H.-J. Bullinger, B. Shackel (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2014 | 1. Auflage
1179 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-1-4832-9854-2 (ISBN)

Infos

Since the first INTERACT Conference in September 1984, the field of Human-Computer Interaction has received increasing attention from researchers and industrial practitioners, the importance of the topic now being widely recognized. Technological developments have made it possible to seek new solutions to the problem of supporting work processes by information technology and for designing the interface between user and the machine. Computers have become an everyday and common tool in the work of many people. This has motivated the development of an interdisciplinary field of research, which now appears much more established than it was a few years ago.The INTERACT forums provide the opportunity for regular presentation and discussion of new results from research and application by bringing together the various disciplines and research approaches on a worldwide basis.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Human—Computer Interaction—Interact '87 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Preface 20
COMITE D'HONNEUR - LIST OF MEMBERS 22
INVITED LECTURES 24
CHAPTER 1. COGNITIVE ENGINEERING 26
1. INTRODUCTION 26
2. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 26
3. HCl, HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION 26
4. COGNITIVE ENGINEERING 27
5. RESEARCH PROBLEMS OF COGNITIVE ENGINEERING 27
6. A FRAMEWORK FOR SYSTEMS ANALYSIS 28
7. ENGINEERING A PROFESSION OF DESIGN OR ANALYSIS?
8. CONCLUSION 31
9. REFERENCES 31
CHAPTER 2. ON HUMAN PARSING 32
1. INTRODUCTION: 32
2. ON KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION 32
3. CONCEPTS, CONCEPT RELATIONS AND INFERENCES 33
4. OUTLINE OF AN APPROXIMATIVE MODEL OF HUMAN TEXT (SENTENCE) COMPREHENSION 34
REFERENCES 35
CHAPTER 3. HOW TO DESIGN USABLE SYSTEMS 36
1. INTRODUCTON 36
2. Four System Design Principles 36
3.1 Principle 1. Early-and Continual—Focus on Users 37
4.1 Principle 2. Integrated Design 37
5.1 Principle 3. Early—and Continual--User Testing 38
6.1 Principle 4. Iterative Design 38
7. Evaluation of These Principles 39
REFERENCES 40
SECTION 1: HUMAN FACTORS IN SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT 44
S1.1: Usability Issues 46
CHAPTER 4. OBJECTIVES FOR THE HUMANIZATION OF SOFTWARE - A NEW AND EXTENSIVE APPROACH -HELMUT BALZERT 48
1. INTRODUCTION 48
2. DEMANDS ON AN OBJECTIVES MODEL 48
3. ERGONOMIC OBJECTIVES 48
4. REQUIREMENTS OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 51
5. SPECIFICATION OF A DESIGN OBJECTIVES MODEL 52
6. FROM A GENERAL OBJECTIVES MODEL TO TASK DESIGN 53
7. REFERENCES 53
CHAPTER 5. THE PRESENTATION OF HUMAN FACTORS TO DESIGNERS OF I.T. PRODUCTS 54
1. INTRODUCTION 54
2. THE USER-CENTRED DESIGN APPROACH 54
3. TOOLING ENVIRONMENT 55
4. INTUIT 57
5. IMPLEMENTATION OF HUMAN FACTORS TOOLS 59
REFERENCES 59
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 59
CHAPTER 6. The Dialectic of Usability Engineering 60
1. Introduction* 60
2. Overview of usability engineering 60
3. Usability 61
4. Engineering 62
5. Summary 63
References 63
CHAPTER 7. DEVELOPING A USER INTERFACE TECHNOLOGY FOR USE IN INDUSTRY 64
1 INTRODUCTION 64
2. STEPS IN THE ANALYSIS PROCESS 65
3.0 SUMMARY 69
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 69
REFERENCES 69
S1.2 Psychological Issues 70
CHAPTER 8. MASTERING THE COMPLEXITY OF DIALOGUE SYSTEMS BY THE AID OF WORK CONTEXTS 72
1. DESIGN CONCEPTS AND THEIR IMPACTS 72
2. SYSTEM USE IN COMPLEX AREAS OF WORK 73
3. THE CONCEPT "WORK CONTEXT" 74
4. THE DIALOGUE WITH THE "WORK CONTEXT" 74
5. DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS 76
6. REFERENCES 76
CHAPTER 9. DO USERS KNOW THEY HAVE USER MODELS? SOME EXPERIENCES IN THE PRACTICE OF USER MODELLING 78
1. INTRODUCTION 78
2. METHODS 78
3. RESULTS 79
4. DISCUSSION 81
REFERENCES 82
CHAPTER 10. DOES COMPUTER INTEREST INDUCE MECHANICAL THINKING? 86
1. INTRODUCTION 86
2. THE PRESENT STUDIES 88
3. RESULTS 89
4. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION 90
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 90
REFERENCES 90
SI.3: Cognitive Factors 92
CHAPTER 11. The Use of Thinking-out-loud and Protocol Analysis in Development of a Process Model of Interactive Database Searching 94
1. INTRODUCTION 94
2. METHOD 95
3. RESULTS 96
4. DISCUSSION 98
5. CONCLUDING REMARKS 99
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 99
REFERENCES 99
CHAPTER 12. MODELS IN HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION: A CLASSIFICATION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THEIR USES IN DESIGN 100
1. INTRODUCTION 100
2. THE BASIS OF THE CLASSIFICATION 100
3. THE CLASSIFICATION 101
4. HOW MIGHT MODELS HELP COMPUTER SYSTEM DESIGNERS? 103
5 . DISCUSSION 105
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 105
REFERENCES 105
CHAPTER 13. Parsing and gnisrap: a model of device use 108
1 Introduction 108
2 Overview of the Parsing-Gnisrap model 109
3 Determinants of strategy 109
4 Empirical Support 111
5 Implications 112
References 112
CHAPTER 14. AN EMPIRICAL VALIDATION OF COGNITIVE COMPLEXITY THEORY 114
1. INTRODUCTION 114
2. TASK DESIGN 115
3. SUBJECTS 115
4. PROCEDURE 115
5. RESULTS 116
6. DISCUSSION 118
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 118
REFERENCES 118
SI .4: Professionals Workplace 120
CHAPTER 15. THE HUMAN INTERFACE TO COMPUTERISED BANKING SERVICES 122
1. A Review Of The Current State Of Computer-Based Financial Services 122
2. HUMAN FACTORS & COMPUTERISED FINANCIAL SERVICES
3. conaosioNs 127
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 127
REFERENCES 127
CHAPTER 16. STATISTICAL SOFTWARE AND THE USER INTERFACE 128
1. INTRODUCTION 128
2 . THE MYTH OF THE USER 129
3 . THE MENTALITY OF THE BATCH ERA 129
4. PROPOSED INTERFACE 130
5, CONCLUSION 131
REFERENCES 131
CHAPTER 17. INTEGRATION AT A WORK PLACE FOR STATISTICAL CONSULTING 132
1. Example of a problem and a task structure 132
2. Example of a tool 133
3. Design principies 135
REFERENCES 135
CHAPTER 18. DATA-BASE ORGANIZATION AND COGNITIVE STRUCTURE: USING INFORMATION SYSTEMS ORGANIZED BY ONESELF AND BY OTHERS 136
1. INTRODUCTION 136
2. EXPERIMENT 138
3. IMPLICATIONS FOR DATABASE DESIGN 140
REFERENCES 141
S1.5: Interface Complexity 142
CHAPTER 19. Designing a Human Interface by Minimising Cognitive Complexity 144
User Models and the Design Interface Imaga 144
The FORS methodology developed on a simple exemple 145
LIstors and their scope 147
The Usebility ProblemS of Generalised Listors 148
A FORS Anelysis of some Listor Aspects 148
Acknowledgements 151
References 151
CHAPTER 20. A QUANTITATIVE MEASURE FOR THE COMPLEXITY OF MAN-MACHINE INTERACTION PROCESS 152
1. INTRODUCTION 152
2. A MEASURE FOR COMPLEXITY 152
3. THE COMPLEXITY OF THE INTERACTION PROCESS 155
4. CONCLUSIONS 158
REFERENCES 158
S1.6: Specialized Editors 160
CHAPTER 21. A SYNTAX-DIRECTED GRAPHICS EDITOR 162
1 . COMPOSITION GRAPHS 162
2. CGEDIT DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION 163
3 . USER response 166
4. CONCLUSION 167
REFERENCES 167
CHAPTER 22. STRUEDI: A LISP-STRUCTURE EDITOR FOR NOVICE PROGRAMMERS* 168
1 . INTRODUCTION 168
2 . DESCRIPTION OF STRUEDI 169
3. A FIRST EVALUATION STUDY 171
4 . CONCLUSIONS 172
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 172
REFERENCES 172
CHAPTER 23. User Modeling for Syntax-Directed Editors 174
1. INTRODUCTION 174
2. USER MODELS 174
3. CUSTOMIZATION 174
4. EXPLICIT USER MODELS 175
5. SYNTAX-DIRECTED EDITORS 175
6. CONCLUSIONS 176
7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 176
8. REFERENCES 176
CHAPTER 24. GEGS - A System For Generating Graphical Editors 178
1. INTRODUCTION 178
2. GRAPHICAL STRUCTURE EDITORS 179
3. IMPLEMENTATION ASPECTS 184
REFERENCES 184
SI.7: User Characteristics 186
CHAPTER 25. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN HUMAN-COMPUTER-INTERACTION: HOW CAN WE MEASURE IF THE DIALOG GRAMMAR FITS THE USER'S NEEDS? 188
1. INTRODUCTION 188
2. QUESTIONS 188
3. DESIGN OF THE EXPERIMENT 188
4. EVALUATION METHODS 189
5. RESULTS 190
6. SUMMARY 192
REFERENCES 192
CHAPTER 26. USER KNOWLEDGE EVALUATION: AN EXPERIMENT WITH UNIXtm† 194
1. INTRODUCTION 194
2. A DEFINITION OF KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION 194
3. UKNOW: USER KNOWLEDGE EVALUATION 195
4. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION 196
5. CONSTRUCTING THE KNOWLEDGE STRUCTURE 197
6. CONCLUSION 198
REFERENCES 199
CHAPTER 27. A PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW OF "USER-FRIENDLINESS" 200
1. INTRODUCTION 200
2. UNDERSTANDING THE USER 200
3. THE EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THIS MODEL 203
4. CONCLUSION 205
REFERENCES 205
CHAPTER 28. Cognitive and social models of the user 208
Notes 212
References 212
S1.8: Intelligent User Support 214
CHAPTER 29. Information and Consultation Systems - A New Dimension of User Support 216
1 Introduction 216
2 The Basic Software Architecture 216
3 A Characterization of Information, Consultation and Recommendation Systems 217
4 Conclusions 221
5 Literature 221
CHAPTER 30. OPERATING SYSTEMS SUPPORT FOR FLEXIBLE HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION 222
1. INTRODUCTION 222
2. OBJECTS 222
3. ACTIVITIES 223
4. ARCHITECTURAL SUPPORT 223
5. BENEFITS FOR INTERACTION 224
6. CONCLUSION 225
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 226
REFERENCES 226
CHAPTER 31. THE DIAGNOSIS OF USER STRATEGIES 228
1. INTRODUCTION 228
2. THE PROCEDURAL NETWORK MODULE 229
3. THE KNOWLEDGE NETWORK MODULE 230
4. CONCLUSION 231
REFERENCES 232
CHAPTER 32. DO PEOPLE REALLY USE ON-LINE ASSISTANCE? 234
1. THE ISSUE 234
2. THE SYSTEM UNDER STUDY 234
3. ON-LINE ASSISTANCE 235
A. TECHNIQUES OF INVESTIGATION 235
5. RESULTS 236
6. CONCLUSIONS 236
LITERATURE 237
S1.9: Knowledge Representation 238
CHAPTER 33. A FRAME WORK OF DEVELOPING SEMANTIC MODELS OF USER PERFORMANCE 240
1. INTRODUCTION AND AIMS 240
2. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 241
3. INTERPRETATION OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 242
4. SUMMARY 244
REFERENCES 244
CHAPTER 34. COMPLEX PROBLEM SPACES: MODELLING THE KNOWLEDGE NEEDED TO USE INTERACTIVE DEVICES 246
1. THE PROBLEM SPACE HYPOTHESIS 246
2. USING COMPUTERS VERSUS SOLVING PUZZLES 246
3. YOKED STATE SPACES 247
4. AN EXAMPLE: THE PROBLEM SPACE FOR A CUT-AND-PASTE EDITOR 247
5. COGNITIVE COMPLEXITY OF THE PROBLEM SPACE 248
6. TWO MODES OF LEARNING 249
7. EMPIRICAL SUPPORT 250
8. CONCLUSIONS 250
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 250
REFERENCES 250
CHAPTER 35. THE ANALYSIS OF KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATON OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT CONTROL ROOM OPERATORS 252
1. INTRODUCTION 252
2. THE EXPERIMENT 253
3. RESULTS 253
3. CONCLUSION 257
REFERENCES 257
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 257
CHAPTER 36. Representation of Domain Knowledge in an Intelligent Help System 258
1. Introduction 258
2. The SINIX Knowledge Base 259
3. Formal Semantics of Commands 261
4. State of Implementation 263
References 263
S1.10: User Models 264
CHAPTER 37. The Space-Concept and the Control of Space 266
1. Introduction 266
2. The space-conception in daily life 266
3 . Roots for the conception of space 267
4 . Space as a key 267
5. Space as a structured set of screen locations 267
6. Cursors are transitional objects 269
7 . Conclusions 270
References 270
CHAPTER 38. EMBEDDED USER MODELS 272
1. INTRODUCTION 272
2. WHAT IS A USER MODEL? 272
3. SPECIFICITY OF MODELS 275
4. CONCLUSION AND PROPOSED ARCHITECTURE 277
4. REFERENCES 277
CHAPTER 39. THE ROLE OF TASK CHARACTERISATION IN TRANSFERRING MODELS OF USERS: THE EXAMPLE OF ENGINEERING DESIGN 280
1. lNTRODUCTION 280
2. THE DESIGN CONTEXTS 280
3. BLACKBOARD FRAMEWORK AND MODELS 282
4. STUDY OF PIPEWORK DESIGN 283
5 COMPARISON OF PIPEWORK AND CASING DESIGN 284
6. CONCLUDING COMMENTS 286
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 286
REFERENCES 286
CHAPTER 40. SYSTEM ADAPTIVITY AND THE MODELLING OF STEREOTYPES 288
1. THE NEED FOR ADAPTATION 288
2. THE TASK MODEL 289
3. THE USER MODEL 290
4. THE MONITOR SYSTEM 292
5. EXPERIMENTAL WORK 294
6. DISCUSSION 295
REFERENCES 295
S1.11: Cognitive Modelling 298
CHAPTER 41. ANALYSIS OF COGNITIVE ACTIVITIES IN PROCESS CONTROL FOR THE DESIGN OF COMPUTER AIDS 300
1. INTRODUCTION 300
2. ANALYSIS OF THE PROCESS CONTROL TASK 300
3. METHODOLOGY 301
4. ANALYSIS OF CONTROL ACTIVITY 302
5. CONCLUSION 304
REFERENCES 305
CHAPTER 42. CATOOL: A COMPUTER-BASED TOOL FOR INVESTIGATIONS OF CATEGORICAL INFORMATION IN MENTAL MODELS 306
1. INTRODUCTION 306
2. CATEGORY REPRESENTATIONS AND MENTAL MODELS 306
3. ELICITATION OF CATEGORICAL INFORMATION BY CATOOL 307
4. USER EVALUATION AND METACOGNITIVE FEEDBACK 309
REFERENCES 310
CHAPTER 43. MENTAL MODEL AND PROCEDURAL ELEMENTS APPROACHES AS GUIDELINES FOR DESIGNING WORD PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS 312
1. INTRODUCTION 312
2. Experiment 313
3. RESULTS 315
4. Discussion 315
5, CONCLUSIONS 317
REFERENCES 317
CHAPTER 44. ANALYSIS-BASED LEARNING IN HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION 318
INTRODUCTION 318
2 THE EXPL MODEL 318
3. EMPIRICAL FINDINGS 321
4. IMPLICATIONS 322
REFERENCES 323
S1.12: Programming Tools and Environments I 324
CHAPTER 45. A (Formal) Model for (Iconic) Programming Environments 326
1 Introduction 326
2 A Model for Iconic Environments 327
3 Applications 333
4 Summary 333
Acknowledgements 333
References 333
CHAPTER 46. APT: A Principled Design of an Animated View of Program Execution for Novice 334
1. INTRODUCTION 334
2. WHAT NOVICES NEED TO KNOW ABOUT PROGRAM EXECUTION 334
3. THE APPROACH 335
4. PRINCIPLES 335
5. OVERVIEW OF APT 336
6. SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 339
REFERENCES 339
CHAPTER 47. DISCOURSE RULES IN PROGRAM COMPREHENSION: EMERGENCE OF A CONSTRUCT AFFORDANCES RULE? 340
1. INTRODUCTION 340
2. A CONSTRUCT AFFORDANCES RULE 341
3. METHOD AND MATERIALS 342
4. RESULTS 343
5. DISCUSSION 344
6. CONCLUSION 344
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 345
REFERENCES 345
S1.13: Programming Tools and Environments II 346
CHAPTER 48. The UNIVERSE Program Development Environment 348
1. Introduction 348
2 . Language and Program Construction 349
2· Execution/Debugging/Testing 350
4. Methodology 350
5. The UNIVERSE Environment 351
References 351
CHAPTER 49. The User Interface of PSG Programming Environments 354
Introduction 354
1. Design Issues 354
2. The User's View of IOS 354
3. Implementation Details 357
Acknowledgements 358
References 358
CHAPTER 50. Graphics and Learning: A Study of Learner Characteristics and Comprehension of Programming Languages 360
Introduction 360
Description of the Study 360
FPL: A Graphical Representation of Programming 361
Materials 361
Procedure 362
Design 362
Reaction Time 362
Accuracy 363
Correlation between Average FPL Reaction Time and Visual Aptitude Raw Scores 364
Correlation of Aptitude and Comprehension 364
SECTION 2: DESIGN AND EVALUATION METHODS 366
S2.1 Design and Evaluation Methods 368
CHAPTER 51. MULTI-SERVICE-TERMINALS -- HUMAN FACTORS STUDIES WITH AN EXPERIMENTAL PROTOTYPE 370
1. INTRODUCTION 370
2. METHODICAL APPROACH 370
3. EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM 371
4. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 372
5. RESULTS 374
6, CONCLUSIONS 375
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 375
REFERENCES 375
CHAPTER 52. GOOD SOFTWARE DESIGN : WHAT DOES IT MEAN? 376
1. OUR NERVES DEMAND PNEUMATIC TYRES 376
2. STREAMLINE OUR LINE OF LAUNDRY TUBS 377
3. FROM THE CLIENT WE HEAR CONSTANT COMPLAINTS 377
4. THE DIVISION IN INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR IS NOT MEANINGFUL 377
REFERENCES 378
CHAPTER 53. USABILITY EVALUATION AND FEEDBACK TO DESIGNERS - AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY 380
1. INTRODUCTION 380
2. METHODOLOGY 381
3. RESULTS 381
4. DISCUSSION 382
5. USABILITY COMMENTS AND FEEDBACK TO DESIGNERS 382
6. ASSESSMENT OF THE METHODOLOGY AND FUTURE WORK 383
7. REFERENCES 383
8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 383
CHAPTER 54. A USER CENTRED APPROACH TO THE DESIGN OF A KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEM 384
1. INTRODUCTION 384
2. SWITCHING SCHEDULES IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICITY 385
3. PROJECT STRUCTURE 385
4. EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS OF USER AND TASK REQUIREMENTS 385
5. THE ROLE OF THE SWITCHING SCHEDULE EXPERT SYSTEM 386
6. KNOWLEDGE ELICITATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PROTOTYPE 387
7. EVALUATING THE PROTOTYPE 388
8. CONCLUSIONS 389
REFERENCES 389
S2.2: Performance Assessment 390
CHAPTER 55. METHODS FOR THE ERGONOMICAL EVALUATION OF ALPHANUMERIC COMPUTER-GENERATED DISPLAYS 392
1. INTRODUCTION 392
2. METHOD 393
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 394
4. CONCLUSIONS 396
REFERENCES 396
CHAPTER 56. Cognitive efficiency during high work load in final system testing of a large computer system 398
1. INTRODUCTION 398
2. DESIGN 399
3. METHODS 399
4. RESULTS 400
5 . DISCUSSION 402
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 403
REFERENCES 403
CHAPTER 57. "GENERICS " IN HUMAN DECISION MAKING 404
1 . INTRODUCTION 404
2. THE COGNITIVE ACTIVITY ANALYSIS 405
3. THE EVALUATION METHODOLOGY 406
4. SOME CONCLUSIVE OBSERVATIONS "FROM" A CASE STUDY 407
REFERENCES 407
CHAPTER 58. METHODOLOGIES EMPLOYED IN THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF H.C.I. 410
1. INTRODUCTION 410
2. INTERFACE EVALUATION 411
3. PROGRAMMER PERFORMANCE AND KNOWLEDGE EVALUATION 413
4. CONCLUSION 416
REFERENCES 416
S2.3: Goals and Guidelines for Design 418
CHAPTER 59. GIVING CONTROL BACK TO THE USER 420
1. INTRODUCTION 420
2. STRUCTURAL CORRELATION 420
3. FUNCTIONAL I/O 421
4. USER AS A NON-DETERMINISTIC FUNCTION IN DIALOGUE 422
5. LAZY SEMANTICS 422
6. UNDER-DETERMINATION, SEQUENCING AND EVENTS 423
7. ALTERNATIVE ACTIONS AND TIME-OUTS 423
8. DISCUSSION 424
REFERENCES 424
CHAPTER 60. COGNITIVE PROCESSES IN SOFTWARE DESIGN 426
1. MOTIVATION AND GOALS 426
2. METHODOLOGY 426
3. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 427
4. BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE MODEL 429
5. CONCLUSIONS 429
REFERENCES 430
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 430
PROBLEM STATEMENT 430
CHAPTER 61. CONCEPTUAL CONSISTENCY IN THE USER INTERFACE: EFFECTS ON USER PERFORMANCE 432
Introduction 432
Method 433
Results 435
Discussion and Summary 436
References 437
CHAPTER 62. TOP-DOWN INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS DESIGN: SOME LESSONS LEARNT FROM USING COMMAND LANGUAGE GRAMMAR 438
1. INTRODUCTION 438
2. CLG AS A DESIGN TOOL 438
3. THE DESIGN EXERCISE - A TRANSPORT TIMETABLING SYSTEM 439
4. MAPPING RULES AND CONSISTENCY CHECKING 439
5. ANALYSIS TIMETABLING SYSTEM DESIGNS 440
6. EXTENSIONS TO CLG 441
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 442
FOOTNOTE 442
REFERENCES 442
S2.4: Interface Specification Techniques 444
CHAPTER 63. Modular Specification Methods for User Interfaces 446
1. Introduction 446
2. Example of a modular specification : the conferencing system 446
3. Example of conceptual abstractions : paint package 449
4. Conclusions and future issues 451
Acknowledgements 451
References 451
CHAPTER 64. FORMALISING MODELS OF INTERACTION IN THE DESIGN OF A DISPLAY EDITOR 452
1. INTRODUCTION 452
2. STATE AND DISPLAY 452
3. DIRECT MANIPULATION 454
4. CURSOR AND BLOCK POINTERS 455
5. IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATON 456
6. CONCLUSIONS 456
7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 456
8. REFERENCES 456
CHAPTER 65. TOWARDS A STRUCTURED APPROACH TO SPECIFYING USER INTERFACE DESIGN 458
1 INTRODUCTION 458
2 THE SYNTACTIC GRAPHICS PROJECT 458
3 A TYPICAL USE OF GRANOT 459
4 AN EXTENSION OF FOLEY AND VAN DAM'S METHODOLOGY 460
5 DETERMINING THE USER MODEL EMPIRICALLY 462
6 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 463
REFERENCES 464
CHAPTER 66. SPECIFYING THE INTERFACE LOGIC 466
1 INTRODUCTION 466
2 DIALOGUE GAMES 467
3 INTERFACE LOGIC 469
4 CONCLUSIONS 470
REFERENCES 471
S2.5: Dialogue Design and Evaluation 472
CHAPTER 67. PAC, an Object Oriented Model for Dialog Design 474
1. Introduction 474
2. The Abstract Foundation of PAC 474
3. PAC, an Implementation model 474
4. The Interest of PAC 475
5. The Use of PAC 477
6. Related work 477
Acknowlegment 479
References 479
CHAPTER 68. WINDOWNET - A FORMAL NOTATION FOR WINDOW-BASED USER INTERFACES 480
1. INTRODUCTION 480
2. WINDOW SYSTEMS 480
3. THE WINDOW MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TUWIN 481
4. DEFINITION OF AN INTERACTIVE,STATE-ORIENTED SYSTEM 482
5. WINDOWNET - A GRAPHIC DIALOGUE DESCRIPTION LANGUAGE 482
6. CONCLUSION 484
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 484
REFERENCES 484
CHAPTER 69. DESIGN PROCESS AND OPERATER TASKS DURING AUTOMATION OF A SUGAR FACTORY 486
1. PRODUCTION OF SUGAR 486
2. DECISIONS ON INVESTMENT 487
3. THE DESIGN PROCESS 488
4. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FUNCTIONS OF OPERATORS OF COR AND COB 491
5. CONCLUSIONS 494
CHAPTER 70. A TAXONOMY OF EVALUATION TECHNIQUES FOR HCl 496
1. EVALUATION: what, why, when, where 496
2. PREVIOUS WORK ON EVALUATION: how 496
3. DEFICIENCIES IN THE EVALUATION PROCESS 498
4. MATCHING TECHNIQUES TO NEEDS 500
5. THE EVALUATION ENVIRONMENT AS A SELECTION DEVICE 501
6. CONCLUSIONS 501
7. REFERENCES 501
CHAPTER 71. THE DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF ONLINE HELP FOR UNIX EMACS: ACCESS MECHANISMS 504
1. INTRODUCTION 504
2. METHOD 505
3. ANALYSIS 505
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 506
5. CONCLUSION 508
REFERENCES 509
S2.6: Participative Design 510
CHAPTER 72. THE USE OF PARTICIPATIVE EXERCISES IN HUMAN FACTORS FOR EDUCATION AND DESIGN 512
1. INTRODUCTION 512
2. AN EXAMPLE OF A DESIGN EXERCISE 513
3. PROBLEMS IN USING PARTICIPATIVE EXERCISES 514
4. CONCLUSIONS 514
REFERENCES 515
CHAPTER 73. THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF USER MODELS 516
1. INTRODUCTION 516
2. USER MODELS 516
3. THE RELEVANCE OF PERSONALITY 518
4 . NEED FOR MANAGEMENT OF THE MODEL 519
5. DESIGN OF INTERACTION CONTROLLERS 520
6. SUMMARY 520
REFERENCES 520
CHAPTER 74. EVOLUTIONARY PROTOTYPING AND THE HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERFACE 522
1. INTRODUCTON 522
2. PROTOTYPING 522
3. WIDE-SPECTRUM LANGUAGES 523
4. OUR RESEARCH AIMS 523
5. HUMAN/COMPUTER FACILITIES IN EPROL 524
6. EXPERIENCE 524
7. SUMMARY 524
REFERENCES 526
SECTION 3: HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERFACE DESIGN 528
S3.1: Human—Computer Interface Design 530
CHAPTER 75. EVALUATING USER INTERFACE COMPLEXITY 532
1. INTRODUCTION 532
2. SYSTEMS TESTED 533
3. METHOD 534
4. RESULTS 535
5. DISCUSSION 537
REFERENCES 538
CHAPTER 76. Are 'programming plans' psychologically real - outsi(de Pascal? 540
1. INTRODUCTION 540
2. METHOD 542
3. RESULTS 543
4. DISCUSSION 544
5. CONCLUSIONS 545
5. REFERENCES 546
CHAPTER 77. WORKSHOP PROGRAMMING OF NUMERICAL CONTROLS 548
1 INTRODUCTION 548
2 INFLUENTIAL FACTORS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WORKSHOP PROGRAMMING 548
3 FUNCTIONS OF THE WORKSHOP PROGRAMMING 548
4 SUMMAR 554
References 554
CHAPTER 78. WHICH TASK IN WHICH REPRESENTATION ON WHAT KIND OF INTERFACE 556
1. INTRODUCTION 556
2. METHOD 557
3. RESULTS 559
4. CONCLUSIONS 561
REFERENCES 561
S3.2 Interface Design of Application Programmes 562
CHAPTER 79. Report Generation Using a Visual Programming Interface 564
Introduction 564
Background 565
Design of the VPI 565
Some Problems 570
Future Work 570
Summary 571
References 571
CHAPTER 80. AN OBJECT ORIENTED EXTENSION LANGUAGE FOR INTEGRATING DISPARATE APPLICATIONS 572
1. Introduction 572
2. Goals 573
3. Design 573
4. Some Examples 575
5. Future Issues 576
6. Summary 576
Acknowledgements 576
Notes 576
Bibliography 576
CHAPTER 81. HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION—A FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSIS 578
1.Introduction 578
2.Interface Points 578
3.Interface Point Representations 579
4.The Deep Structure of an Interface Point 579
5.A Deep Structure Implementation 581
6.The Surface Structure Handler 581
7.A Brief Note on Rules and Networks 583
8.Conclusions 583
DESIGNING AN USER-ORIENTED TO A DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 584
1. Introduction 584
2. Design Considerations 585
3. Prototyping 588
4· References 589
S3.3: Natural Language Dialogues 590
CHAPTER 83. THE MAN-MACHINE INTERFACE: THE NATURAL LANGUAGE BARRIER 592
1. INTRODUCTION 592
2. DECOMPOSITION OF THE PROBLEM 592
3. LEXICAL ANALYSIS 592
4. SYNTAX ANALSYSIS 593
5. SEMANTIC ANALYSIS 595
6. Pragmatic analysis 596
7. Conclusion 597
CHAPTER 84. THE NATURAL LANGUAGE METAPHOR: AN APPROACH TO AVOID MISLEADING EXPECTATIONS 598
1. INTRODUCTION 598
2. THE ROLE OF MENTAL MODELS AND METAPHORS FOR LEARNING AND USABILITY 599
3. REQUIREMENTS AND METAPHORS FOR NATURAL LANGUAGE USER INTERFACES 600
4. THE PROTOTYPE-SYSTEM QUIZ 601
5. CONCLUDING REMARKS AND OPEN QUESTIONS 602
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 603
REFERENCES 603
CHAPTER 85. What do users say to their natural language interface? 604
1. INTRODUCTION 604
2. EVALUATION ISSUES 604
3. PREVIOUS EVALUATIONS 605
4. METHOD 605
5. RESULTS 606
6. DISCUSSION 606
REFERENCES 607
CHAPTER 86. LANGUAGE ACQUISITION BY EXAMPLE IN A NATURAL LANGUAGE CONSULTATION SYSTEM 610
1 Introduction 610
2 KEYSTONE 610
3 Automated Knowledge Acquisition 611
4 Conclusions 612
Acknowledgements 612
References 613
S3.4: Evaluation of Input Devices 614
CHAPTER 87. THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS TYPES OF SPEECH OUTPUT ON LISTENER COMPREHENSION RATES 616
1. INTRODUCTION 616
2. METHOD 616
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 618
4. CONCLUSIONS 621
5. SUMMARY 621
REFERENCES 622
CHAPTER 88. Optimal Size and Spacing of Touch Screen Input Areas 624
1.0 INTRODUCTION 624
2.0 EXPERIMENT 1 625
3.0 .......E.. 2 626
4.0 DISCUSSION 626
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 628
REFERENCES 628
CHAPTER 89. WHICH INPUT DEVICE SHOULD BE USED WITH INTERACTIVE VIDEO? 630
1. INTRODUCTION 630
2. THE EXPERIMENTS 631
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 632
4. CONCLUSION 635
5. REFERENCES 635
CHAPTER 90. Gestures as a Means for the Blind to Interact with a Computer 636
1. Introduction 636
2. Using the Sense of Touch 636
3. Communicating by Means of Gestures 636
4. A Star Map for the Blind 637
5. Further work 638
6. Conclusion 638
Acknowledgements 638
References 638
S3.5: Pictorial Information Presentation 640
CHAPTER 91. AN ..V.STIGATION INTO BUSINESS ..F.RMATION .RESENTATION AT HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERFACES 642
1. INTRODUCTION 642
2. METHOD 643
3. RESULTS 644
4. DISCUSSION 646
5. CONCLUSION 647
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 647
REFERENCES 647
CHAPTER 92. PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION WITH COMPUTERS 648
1. INTRODUCTION 648
2, BACKGROUND 648
3. WORKSTATION FABRICATION 649
4. INTERACTION PROTOCOLS 650
5 . EVALUATION METHODS 651
6. RESULTS 651
7. CONCLUSIONS 652
8. FUTURE WORK 652
9. REFERENCES 652
CHAPTER 93. THE USE OF STRUCTURAL DISPLAYS TO FACILITATE LEARNING 654
1. INTRODUCTION 654
2. EXPERIMENT 1 654
3. EXPERIMENT 2 657
4. DISCUSSION 658
REFERENCES 658
CHAPTER 94. Optimal Organizations Guided by Cognitive Networks and Verified by Eyemovement Analyses 660
1. INTRODUCTION 660
2. SELECTION AND SCALING OF MATERIALS 663
3. EXPERIMENT 1 663
4. EXPERIMENT 2 664
REFERENCES 665
S3.6: Graphics in Human-Computer Interaction 666
CHAPTER 95. ATTRACTION AND DISTRACTION BY TEXT COLOURS ON DISPLAYS 668
1. INTRODUCTION 668
2. METHOD 668
3. RESULTS 669
4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 672
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 672
REFERENCES 672
CHAPTER 96. GRAPHICAL TOOLS FOR DESCRIPTION OF DYNAMIC MODELS - PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS 674
1. INTRODUCTION 674
2. PROBLEMS OF GRAPHICAL PROGRAMMING 674
3. VISUAL PRESENTATIONS 675
4. GRAPHICAL SIMULATION TOOLS 676
5. CENTRAL CONCEPTS IN WONDERLAND 676
6. IMPLEMENIATION ISSUES 678
7. DISCUSSION 678
8. FURTHER RESEARCH 679
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 679
REFERENCES 679
CHAPTER 97. USER INTERFACES TO A MEDICAL ARCHIVING AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 680
1. INTRODUC.ON 680
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 680
3. RESULTS 684
4. CONCLUSION 684
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 685
REFERENCES 685
CHAPTER 98. An Abstract Model for Interactive Pictures 686
1. PRESENTATION 686
2. THE ABSTRACT PICTURE 687
3. ADVANTAGES OF AN ABSTRACT PICFURE 688
4. DIALOGUE MANAGEMENT 689
5. CONCLUSION 689
REFERENCES 690
S3.7: Learning and Training 692
CHAPTER 99. LEARNING A COMPUTER SYSTEM BY UNASSISTED EXPLORATION 694
INTRODUCTION 694
METHOD 695
RESULTS 695
CONCLUSION and RECOMMENDATIONS 697
REFERENCES 698
CHAPTER 100. HOW TO USE PLAN RECOGNITION TO IMPROVE THE ABILITIES OF THE INTELLIGENT HELP SYSTEM SINIX CONSULTANT 700
1. INTRODUCTION 700
2. PASSIVE AND ACTIVE ABILITIES OF INTELLIGENT HELP SYSTEMS 700
3. A SURVEY OF THE INTELLIGENT HELP SYSTEM SINIX CONSULTANT 701
4. PLAN RECOGNITION IN SINIX CONSULTANT 702
5. AN EXAMPLE 704
6. CONCLUSIONS 705
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 705
REFERENCES 705
CHAPTER 101. DESIGNING SYSTEMS FOR TRAINING AND DECISION AIDS: COGNITVE TASK ANALYSIS AS A PREREQUISITE 706
1. INTRODUCTION 706
2. Analysis of the role of an existing method for complex decision making 706
3. Methodology, observations and generalresults 709
4 . What are the criteria for development of computer based decision making and training aids ? 710
5. Conclusions 711
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 711
REFERENCES 711
CHAPTER 102. TREND PRESENTATION ON VDT AS A DECISION AID TO OPERATORS 712
1. INTRODUCTION 712
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPERIMENTS 712
3. EXPERIMENT 1 713
4. EXPERIMENT 2 714
5. EXPERIMENT 3 715
6. EXPERIMENT 4 715
7. EXPERIMENT 5 716
8. GENERAL DISCUSSION 717
REFERENCES 717
S3.8: Graphical Workstations 718
CHAPTER 103. AN INTERACTIVE 3D-GRAPHICS USER INTERFACE FOR ENGINEERING DESIGN 720
1. INTRODUCTION 720
2. STRUCTURE OF THE 3D-GRAPHICS USER INTERFACE 721
3 . AN EXAMPLE FOR AN APPLICATION: ROBOT SIMULATION 724
4. CONCLUSION 725
5. REFERENCES 725
CHAPTER 104. A FRAMEWORK FOR COMPARING SYSTEMS WITH VISUAL INTERFACES 726
1.INTRODUCTiON 726
2. DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM UNDER CONSIDER.TI..: DOMAIN AND PURPOSE 727
3. CORRESPONDENCE - VISUAL INTERFACE VS.UNDERLYING FUNCTIONALITY 727
4. ELEMENTS OF THE VISUAL LANGUAGE 727
5. RATIONALE GOVERNING USE OF BASIC LANGUAGE ELEMENTS 728
6. LANGUAGE POWER 728
7. INTERFACE CHARACTERSTICS 729
8. WHY IS THE SYSTEM INTERESTING? 730
9. CONCLUSION: AN ASSESSMENT 730
REFERENCES 730
CHAPTER 105. Linking Multiple Program Views Using a Visual Cache 732
1. Introduction 732
2. Description of the Demaps modeling environment 732
3. Methodology 734
4. Results 735
5. Conclusions 737
References 737
CHAPTER 106. A STRUCTURAL MODEL FOR HIERARCHICALLY DESCRIBING HUMAN-COMPUTER DIALOGUE 738
1. INTRODUCTION 738
2. RELATED WORK 738
3, DERIVATION OF THE DIALOGUE TRANSACTION MODEL: OBSERVING HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION 739
4, THE DIALOGUE TRANSACTION MODEL 740
5. APPLYING THE DIALOGUE TRANSACTION MODEL: AN EXAMPLE 742
6, CONCLUSIONS 743
REFERENCES 743
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 743
S3.9: User Differentials 744
CHAPTER 107. MULTI-LEVEL USER INTERFACES: SOFTWARE TOOLS AND AN APPLICATION 746
1. INTRODUCTION 746
2. DIFFERENCES IN USERS 746
3. THE DIALOOG-TOOLKIT 747
4. COMMAND 748
5. KOMPLOT, A GRAPHING SYSTEM 749
6. REMARKS 750
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 751
REFERENCES 751
CHAPTER 108. GENDER AND COGNITIVE STYLE DIFFERENCES AT THE HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERFACE. 752
1. A Man's (Computer) World 752
2. Sex differences in Cognition 752
3. Cognitive Style Theories 752
4. Cognitive style and Cognitive strategies 753
5. A brief review of the relevant literature 753
6. The Implications of Sex and Cognitive style differences at the Interface 753
7, User Modelling and Adaption 755
8. Conclusions 756
REFERENCES 756
CHAPTER 109. LEVELS OF .D..TIVITY INTERFACE DESIGN 758
1. INTRODUCTION 758
2. THE ROLE OF ADAPTATION 758
3. THE PRISONER'S DILEMMA 759
4. IDENTIFYING THE LEVELS 759
5. BIOLOGICAL AND COMPUTER .....ATION 761
INTENTIONAL EXPLANATIONS 762
7. DESIGNING ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS 762
8. TAXONOMY 763
9. CONCLUSIONS 763
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 763
FOOTNOTE 763
REFERENCES 763
CHAPTER 110. Adaptability and Tailorability in NoteCards 766
1. Introduction 766
2. Overview of NoteCards 766
3. Adaptability through Flexibility 767
4. Adaptability through Parametrization 767
5. Adaptability through Integration 768
6. Adaptability through Tailorability 768
7. Example: The Instructional Design Environments 769
8. Conclusions 770
9. Acknowledgments 771
10. References 771
S3.10: Techniques of Dialogue Design 772
CHAPTER 111. Structured Command Interaction based on a Grammar Interpreting Synthesizer 774
1. Introduction 774
2. SbyS - an overview 775
3. Command grammars and interaction 775
4. An example 776
5. Integration with an application 777
6. Some implementation notes 778
7. Discussion 779
8. Future directions 779
9. Summary 779
Acknowledgements 780
References 780
CHAPTER 112. EXECUTABLE SPECIFICATIONS AS AN AID TO DIALOGUE DESIGN 782
1. INTRODUCTION 782
2. RELATED WORK 784
3. DIALOGUE DESIGN USING SPI 784
4. COMPARISONS AND CONCLUSIONS 787
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 787
REFERENCES 787
CHAPTER 113. Dialogue Issues for Interactive Recovery - an Object-Oriented Framework 788
1. Introduction 788
2. Dimensions of Recovery 789
3. The recovery interface for application programmers and users 790
4. Implementation issues 791
5. Conclusions 792
References 793
CHAPTER 114. IMAGES - AN OBJECT ORIENTED UIMS 794
1. INTRODUCTION 794
2. GENERAL ARCHITECTURE 794
3 SUPPORT OF THE USER INTERACTION 795
4. STRUCTURE OF THE APPLICATIONS 796
5. THE UIMS_D 796
6. INTERFACE GENERATOR 797
7. IMPLEMENTATION 798
8. CONCLUSIONS 798
REFERENCES 799
S3.11: Display Systems 800
CHAPTER 115. AN APPROACH TOWARDS A TRULY HIGH-LEVEL AND INTEGRATED USER-COMPUTER INTERFACE 802
1 . INTRODUCTION 802
2. AN EXAMPLE 803
3. TOWARDS AN ARCHITECTURAL MODEL OF THE UCI 805
4. CONCLUSIONS 807
REFERENCES 807
CHAPTER 116. HUMAN FACTORS RESEARCH IN REMOTE DISPLAY SYSTEMS 808
1. INTRODUCTION 808
2. EXPERIMENT 1 - GRAY SCALE/RESOLUTION DEFINITION 809
3. EXPERIMENT 2 - ADDRESS READABILITY 810
4. GENERAL DISCUSSION 812
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 812
REFERENCES 812
CHAPTER 117. VIEWING GEOMETRY OF SINGLE OR MULTIPLE SCREEN DISPLAYS WITH PLANAR OR CURVED SURFACE 814
1. INTRODUCTION 814
2. VIEWING GEOMETRY OF A PLANAR SCREEN 815
3. VIEWING GEOMETRY OF A SCREEN WITH CONVEX CURVATURE 816
4. VIEWING GEOMETRY OF A SCREEN WITH CONCAVE CURVATURE 817
5. VIEWING GEOMETRY OF MULTIPLE CURVED SCREENS 818
6. CONCLUSIONS 819
REFERENCES 819
CHAPTER 118. SOME THESES ON UNDO/REDO COMMANDS 820
1. Introduction 820
2. Different types of users 820
3. Applications 822
4. Implementation 822
5. Conclusions 823
6. Literature 824
SECTION 4: IMPACT OF COMPUTERS ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR 826
S4.1: Impact of Computers on Human Behavior 828
CHAPTER 119. TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT CONCERNING IMPACTS OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS 830
1. INTRODUCTION 830
2 . SOME TECHNOLOGICAL ORIENTED ASSESSMENTS 831
3. FROM THE USERS POINT OF VIEW 833
4. CONCLUSION 834
REFERENCES 834
CHAPTER 120. GETTING THE BABY INTO THE BATHWATER: PUTTING ORGANIZATIONAL PLANNING INTO THE SYSTEMS DESIGN PROCESS 836
1. BACKGROUND 836
2. DEVELOPMENT OF DELTA 837
3. EXPERIENCES WITH DELTA 838
4 . SUMMARY 839
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 839
REFERENCES 840
CHAPTER 121. Factory workers and the language barrier - naklng computers a tool rather than a nuisance 842
1. Abstract 842
2. State of the Art 842
3. Requirements 843
4. Research Project 843
5. Design goals and principles 843
6. PROTOS - a prototype dialogue shell 845
7. Résumé 846
CHAPTER 122. SOCIAL EVALUTION OF THE USER INTERFACE: WHO DOES THE WORK AND WHO GETS THE BENEFIT? 848
Introduction 848
Case 1. Automatic meeting scheduling 850
Case 2. Digitized voice applications 851
Case 3. Project management applications 852
Case 4. Natural language interfaces to databases 852
References 854
Acknowledgements 854
S4.2: Organizational Issues of Computer Use 856
CHAPTER 123. NEW TECHNOLOGY AND JOB SATISFACTION - A CASE STUDY OF TRAVEL AGENTS 858
1. INTRODUCTION 858
2. INVESTIGATING TRAVEL TRADE EMPLOYEE ATTITUDES 858
3. THE JOB CHARACTERISTICS MODEL 859
4. METHODOLOGY 860
5· RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 860
6 . CONCLUSIONS 862
REFERENCES 863
CHAPTER 124. COMPARATIVE FACTORS IN USER ACCEPTANCE OF OFFICE AUTOMATION 864
1. INTRODUCTION 864
2. METHODOLOGV 865
3. FINDINGS 865
4. CONCLUSIONS 868
REFERENCES 868
CHAPTER 125. Research on the Use of Computer Based Message Systems in Organizations - the Swedish IDAK-project 870
1. Introduction 870
2. Approach, goals and limitations 870
3. Methods 871
4. Results 871
References 875
CHAPTER 126. Automated Monitoring, Feedback, and Rewards: Effects on Workstation Operators' Performance, Satisfaction, and Stress 876
1. INTRODUCTION 876
2. BACKGROUND 876
3. METHOD 877
4. RESULTS 878
5. CONCLUSIONS 880
REFERENCES 880
S4.3: Novice Training and Learning 882
CHAPTER 127. FROM NOVICE TO EXPERT USER: A TRANSFER OF LEARNING EXPERIMENT ON DIFFERENT INTERACTION MODES 884
1. INTRODUCriON 884
2. METHOD 886
3. RESULTS 887
4. DISCUSSION 888
REFERENCES 889
CHAPTER 128. THE TROUBLE WITH UNIX.: INITIAL LEARNING AND EXPERTS' STRATEGIES 890
1. INTRODUCTION 890
2. METHOD 891
3. RESULTS 893
4. CONCLUSIONS 896
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 897
REFERENCES 897
CHAPTER 129. Impact of feedback content in initial learning of an office system 898
1. INTRODUCTION 898
2. PERSONAL PLANNER 899
3. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 901
4. IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERFACE DESIGN 901
References 902
CHAPTER 130. CONCEPTUAL MODELS IN TRAINING NOVICE USERS 904
1. INTRODUCTION 904
2. METHOD 906
3. FINDINGS 907
REFERENCES 909
S4.4: User Needs 912
CHAPTER 131. Customizing Help Systems to Task Structures and User Needs 914
1 Introduction 914
2 Analysis of the Task Structure 914
3 Help Services 914
4 Help Systems 917
5 The Customization Process 920
6 Conclusions 920
7 Literature 920
CHAPTER 132. COMPUTERIZING DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS 922
1. Introduction 922
2.1 Method 923
3. Results 925
4. Discussion 926
References 927
CHAPTER 133. The role of the system image in intelligent user assistance 928
1 The role of prior knowledge on Interfaces 928
2 A brief description of VSTAT 928
3 The VSTAT experiments 929
4 Types of misconceptions in VSTAT 929
5 Sources of misconceptions 932
6 Implications for future work 933
References 933
CHAPTER 134. TRANSFER OF LEARNING IN THE REAL WORLD 934
Introduction 934
Method 935
Results 936
Discussion 938
References 939
S4.5: Cognitive Aspects of Information Retrieval 940
CHAPTER 135. SOFTWARE FOR READING TEXT ON SCREEN 942
1. INTRODUCTION 942
2. CONFIDENCE IN READING TEXT 943
3. MANIPULATION FACILITIES 943
4. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 944
5. THE MANIPULATION PROGRAMS 944
6. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 945
7. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 946
8. DISCUSSION 946
9. CONCLUSION 946
10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 947
11. NOTE 947
12. REFERENCES 947
CHAPTER 136. A HUMANISED INTERFACE TO AN ELECTRONIC LIBRARY 948
1. INTRODUCTION 948
2. COMPUTERISED SEARCHING 948
3. CASUAL ACCESS 950
4. ACCESSING BOOKS IN REAL LIBRARIES 950
5. COMPUTERISING THE BOOK ACCESS MECHANISM 951
6. A PROPOSED SYSTEM 951
REFERENCES 952
CHAPTER 137. COMPARING WORDS AND ICONS AS CUE ENRICHERS IN AN INFORMATION RETRIEVAL TASK 954
1. INTRODUCTION 954
2. METHOD 955
3. RESULTS 957
4. DISCUSSION 958
5. REFERENCES 959
CHAPTER 138. ADVANCED ORGANIZERS IN COMPUTER INSTRUCTION MANUALS: ARE THEY EFFECTIVE? 960
1. INTRODUCTION 960
2. METHOD 961
3. RESULTS 961
4. DISCUSSION 963
NOTE 964
REFERENCES 964
S4.6: User's Language 966
CHAPTER 139. Digressional vs. semantic subordination: On the role of menu structure for users'understanding of a human-computer dialogue 968
Introduction 968
Two studies of menu-based graphical interaction 969
Digressive operations in an activity 970
Analogies with human dialogue 970
Conclusion: Digressions and modeless interaction 971
Consequences for design 971
References 972
CHAPTER 140. WHO'S THE BOSS: TALKING TO YOUR COMPUTER IN THE AI AGE 974
1. INTRODUCTION 974
2. PROBLEMS WITH METAPHOR 974
3. CLASSES OF METAPHOR PROBLEMS 974
4. COMMAND AMBIGUITY (CLASS 3) 976
5. UNSUPPORTED EXPECTATIONS (CLASS 4) 977
6. LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL DISTANCE 978
7. CONCLUSION 978
REFERENCES 979
CHAPTER 141. A SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON COMMAND-SELECTION AIDS 980
1. INTRODUCTION 980
2. EXPERIMENT 1: DEVELOPMENT OF THECOMMAND-SELECTION MODELS 981
3. EXPERIMENT 2: EVALUATION OF THE COMMAND-SELECTION AIDS 983
4. GENERAL DISCUSSION 985
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 985
REFERENCES 985
CHAPTER 142. DEVELOPING EXPLORATORY STRATEGIES IN TRAINING: THE GENERAL APPROACH ANDA SPECIFIC EXAMPLE FOR MANUAL USE 986
1. INTRODUCTION 986
2. HOW TO ADVANCE EXPLORATORY STRATEGIES? 986
3. MANUAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR EXPLORATORY BEHAVIORS 987
4. THE EXPERIMENT 988
REFERENCES 991
SECTION 5: FOREFRONT SYSTEMS AND TECHNIQUES 992
S5.1: From the User's Point of View 994
CHAPTER 143. GIOTTO, an Intelligent User-Assistance 996
1. INTRODUCTION 996
2. THE INTELLIGENT USER-ASSISTANCE 997
3. THE SEMANTIC NETWORK 997
4. AN APPLICATION 1000
5. CONCLUSIONS 1000
REFERENCES 1000
CHAPTER 144. CATALOGUES: A METAPHOR FOR COMPUTER APPLICATION DELIVERY 1002
REFERENCES 1007
CHAPTER 145. Volunteering Information -- Enhancing theCommunication Capabilities of Knowledge-Based Systems 1008
1. Introduction 1008
2. Communication Paradigms in Knowiedge-Based Systems 1008
3. REBOOTER: a Knowledge-Based System to Reboot Computers 1010
4. The SYSTEM'S ASSISTANT: Incorporating Information Volunteering 1011
5. Experiences and Future Research 1013
Acknowledgements 1014
References 1014
CHAPTER 146. TaskMapper 1016
Multiple windows and large screens 1016
File management 1016
Task integration 1017
The TaskMapper Prototype 1017
References 1021
S5.2: From the Designer's Point of View 1022
CHAPTER 147. APPLICATION MODELLING FOR THE PROVISION OF AN ADAPTIVE USER INTERFACEA KNOWLEDGE BASED APPROACH 1024
1. INTRODUCTION 1024
2. ADAPTIVE INTELLIGENT DIALOGUES 1025
3. APPLICATION EXPERT 1025
4. SPECIFICATION METHOD 1026
5. THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE AE 1026
6. OPERATION OF THE APPLICATION EXPERT 1027
7. THE ROLE OF APPLICATION MODELLING 1028
8. FUNCTIONALITY OF APPLICATION MODELLERS 1029
9. CONCLUSIONS 1029
10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1029
11. REFERENCES 1029
CHAPTER 148. A FORMAL DESIGN METHODOLOGY FOR END-USER INTERFACES- A SMALL CASE STUDY BASED ON UNICON™ 1032
1 Introduction 1032
2 A General Framework 1033
3 Overview of Methodology 1034
4 CONCERNING UNICONTM 1034
5 SOME DETAILS 1035
6 DERIVED FORMALISMS AND THE EXERCISING OF SPECIFICATIONS 1036
7 RELATED SYSTEMS AND FUTURE WORK 1037
REFERENCES 1037
CHAPTER 149. COMPUTER AIDED ERGONOMICS DESIGN - A PROGRAM FOR SUITABLE CONTROL LOCATIONS 1040
1 . INTRODUCTION 1040
2. RECOMMENDED LOCATION AREAS FOR CONTROLS 1040
3. EVALUATION OF CONTROL LOCATIONS 1041
4. 3-DIMENSIONAL MAN-MODEL 1041
5. CONCLUSIONS 1042
REFERENCES 1042
CHAPTER 150. ALGORITHMS TO TRANSFORM THE FORMAL SPECIFICATIO. OF A USER-COMPUTER INTERFACE 1044
1. INTRODUCTION 1044
2. A SAMPLE USER INTERFACE SPECIFICATION IN IDL 1044
3. TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE USER INTERFACE SPECEFICATION 1045
4. SUMMARY 1048
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1049
REFERENCES 1049
CHAPTER 151. THE ROLE OF THE DIALOGUE SYSTEM IN A USER INTERFACE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 1050
1. INTRODUCTION 1050
2. FURTHER FUNCTIONAL SEPARATION 1051
3. DIALOGUE SYSTEMS AND PROCESS CONTROL ISSUES 1051
4. THE DIALOGUE SYSTEM AND THE APPLICATION MODEL 1052
5. DIALOGUE ASSISTANTS 1052
6. INTERRUPTABILITY 1053
7. IMPLEMENTATION OF DIALOGUE ASSISTANTS 1053
8. INTERACTION BETWEEN ASSISTANTS 1054
9. DIALOGUE SYSTEM CONTROL 1054
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1054
S5.3: Advances in Design Techniques 1056
CHAPTER 152. A REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION FOR NEXT-GENERATION CAD SYSTEMS 1058
1. CURRENT CAD DEFICIENCIES 1058
2 . THE CAD CONTEXT 1059
3 . FUTURE CAD FUNCTIONALITY 1059
4. CONCLUSIONS 1061
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1062
REFERENCES 1063
CHAPTER 153. Human Factors in Computer Vision Systems: Design of an Interactive User Interface 1064
1 Introduction 1064
2 Basic Design Principles 1064
3 Modelling the User 1065
4 The User's System Model 1065
5 User Interface of ODISA 1066
6 Architecture of ODISA 1066
7 Conclusions 1069
Acknowledgements 1069
References 1069
CHAPTER 154. THE BASIS FOR USER-ORIENTED. CONTEXT SENSITIVE FUNCTIONS 1070
1. BACKGROUND CONCEPTS 1070
2. A CONTEXT CENTERED SYSTEM MODEL 1071
3. TECHNICAL APPROACHES FOR IMPLEMENTATION 1074
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1075
REFERENCES 1075
CHAPTER 155. A NEW MODEL FOR SEPARABLE INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS 1076
1.INTRODUCTION 1076
2 TWO COMPONENT SYSTEMS ARE INSEPARABLE 1077
3 A NEW MODEL FOR SEPARABLE INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS 1077
4. REQUIREMENTS FOR INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS LINKAGES 1079
5. COMPONENT STABILITY IN THE NEW MODEL 1080
6. APPLICABILITY OF THE NEW MODEL 1081
7 RELEVANCE TO OTHER ASPECTS OF ISDESIGN 1081
8. CONCLUSION 1081
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1081
REFERENCES 1081
S5.4: Advances in Rapid Prototyping 1082
CHAPTER 156. A BLACKBOARD ARCHITECTURE FOR THE REALIZATION OF SOFTWARE-ERGONOMIC DEMANDS 1084
1. DERIVATION OF A BASIC ARCHITECTURE 1084
2. STRUCTURE, TYPE AND CONTENTS OF THE KNOWLEDGE BASES 1085
3. THE BLACKBOARD CONCEPT 1086
4. THE HCI-AS-ARCHITECTURE 1086
5. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ARCHITECTURE SUGGESTED 1088
6. THE IMPLEMENTATION 1088
7. REFERENCES 1089
CHAPTER 157. Constructive Formal Specifications for Rapid Prototyping 1090
1. Specification and Prototyping in the Software Development Process 1090
2. Why Constructive Formal Specifications? 1090
3. The Specification Language ESL-0 1092
4. Translating ESL-O Specifications into EMS graphs 1093
5. Conclusion 1095
References 1095
CHAPTER 158. Rapid Prototyping of Man-Machine Interfaces for Telecommunications Equipment Using Interactive Animated Computer Graphics 1096
1. Introduction: Human Factors in Telecommunications 1096
2. Example: Future Public Telephone Service 1097
3. Simulation Overview 1098
4. Simulation Implementation 1099
5. Conclusions and Further Development 1101
References 1101
CHAPTER 159. EVALUATION OF RAPID PROTOTYPING METHODOLOGY IN A HUMAN INTERFACE 1102
1. INTRODUCTION 1102
2. INTIAL PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED 1103
3. LIMITATIONS OF THE PROTOTYPING TECHNIQUE 1105
4. THE USER'S NEEDS 1105
5. BENEFITS TO THE DESIGN PROCESS 1106
REFERENCES 1106
S5.5: Advances in Knowledge Based Systems 1108
CHAPTER 160. Design and implementation of Direct Manipulative and Deictic User Interfaces Knowledge Based Systems* 1110
1 Motivation 1110
2 Layered Architectures 1110
3 Generic Interaction Modes 1110
4 Combined, Multi-Modal Communication 1111
5 The System's implementation 1112
6 Applications 1115
7 Conclusions 1115
References 1116
CHAPTER 161. X-AiD: ANADAPTIVE AND KNOWLEDGE-BASED HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERFACE 1118
1. INTRODUCTION 1118
2. THE KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION LANGUAGE HAL 1118
3. ARCHITECTURE OF X-AiD 1119
4. PLANS-OF-ACTION 1120
5. THE DIALOG HANDLER 1121
6. THE CONSTRUCTOR 1121
7. THE DISPLAYER 1122
8. THE NAVIGATOR 1122
9. AN EXAMPLE APPLICATION 1123
10. CONCLUSION 1123
REFRENCES 1123
CHAPTER 162. METRICS FOR THE BUILDING, EVALUATION AND COMPREHENSION OF SELF-REGULATING ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS. 1124
1. INTRODUCTION 1124
2 . ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS 1124
3 . SELF-REGULATING ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS 1125
4. METRICS 1126
5. THE METRICS APPROACH. 1127
6. DESCRIPTIVE POWER OF THE METRICS 1128
7. BENEFITS FROM FOLLOWING THE METRICS APPROACH 1130
8. CONCLUSION 1130
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1130
REFERENCES 1130
CHAPTER 163. THE GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF KNOWLEDGE AS AN INTERFACE TO KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEMS 1132
1.0 BACKGROUND AND TOOLS 1132
2.0 KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION 1133
3.0 GRAPHICAL INTERFACES 1134
4.0 APPLICATIONS 1134
5.0 COGNITIVE ISSUES 1135
REFERENCES 1136
S5.6: Novel Application Systems 1138
CHAPTER 164. Computer Aided Architectural Design Work 1140
THE USER'S COMPETENCE 1140
MENTAL MODELS 1140
COMPUTER ENVIRONMENT 1141
PROTOTYPE PROGRAMS 1141
EXPERIMENTS 1142
INTERDISCIPLINARY ENVIRONMENT 1142
CONCLUSIONS 1143
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1143
REFERENCES 1143
CHAPTER 165. Research on Model Based Document Processing System 1144
1. INTRODUCTION 1144
2. DESIGN CONCEPTS 1145
3. DOCUMENT ARCHITECTURE EXTRACTION PROCESS 1146
4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 1148
5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE VORK 1149
ACKNOWLADGEMENT 1149
REFERENCES 1149
CHAPTER 166. How Do We Distinguish the Hyper from the Hype in Non-linear Text 1150
1. Introduction 1150
2. Selectivity: The promise and the problems of hypertext 1151
3. Towards a greater selectivity of hypertext access 1152
4· Conclusion 1155
Acknowledgements 1155
References 1155
INDEXES 1158
SUBJECT INDEX 1160
AUTHORS INDEX 1166

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 21.5.2014
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Mathematik / Informatik ► Informatik ► Grafik / Design
• Themenwelt: Informatik ► Software Entwicklung ► User Interfaces (HCI)
• Themenwelt: Mathematik / Informatik ► Informatik ► Theorie / Studium
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Architektur
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bauwesen
• ISBN-10: 1-4832-9854-X / 148329854X
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4832-9854-2 / 9781483298542