Representation and Understanding (eBook)

Studies in Cognitive Science

Jerry Bobrow (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF

2014 | 1. Auflage
427 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-1-4832-9915-0 (ISBN)

Infos

Representation and Understanding

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Representation and Understanding: Studies in Cognitive Science 4
Copyright Page 5
Dedication 6
Table of Contents 8
PREFACE 10
Part I: Theory of Representation 16
CHAPTER 1. DIMENSIONS OF REPRESENTATION 16
I. INTRODUCTION 17
II. DOMAIN AND RANGE 21
III. OPERATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE 25
IV. THE MAPPING PROCESS 29
V. INFERENCE 31
VI. ACCESS 37
VII. MATCHING 41
VIII. SELF-AWARENESS 43
IX. CONCLUSION 44
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 48
REFERENCES 48
CHAPTER 2. WHAT'S IN A LINK: Foundations for Semantic Networks 50
I. INTRODUCTION 51
II. WHAT IS SEMANTICS? 52
III. SEMANTICS AND SEMANTIC NETWORKS 59
IV. PROBLEMS IN KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION 74
V. CONCLUSION 94
REFERENCES 96
CHAPTER 3. REFLECTIONS ON THE FORMAL DESCRIPTION OF BEHAVIOR 98
I. INTRODUCTION 98
II. HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION OF PROCESSES 99
III. CONFLICTS 106
IV. EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS 111
V. THE RELATIVITY OF BEHAVIORAL DESCRIPTION 114
VI. SUMMARY 117
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 117
CHAPTER 4. SYSTEMATIC UNDERSTANDING: Synthesis, Analysis, and Contingent Knowledge in Specialized Understanding Systems 118
I. INTRODUCTION 118
II. THE SCA MODEL 120
III. THE ELEMENTS OF THE SCA MODEL 130
IV. COMMENTS ON REPRESENTATION ISSUES 136
V. CONCLUSION 141
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 143
REFERENCES 143
Part II: New Memory Models 146
CHAPTER 5. SOME PRINCIPLES OF MEMORY SCHEMATA 146
I. INTRODUCTION 146
II. MEMORY ACCESS USING DESCRIPTIONS 147
III. PROCESSING STRUCTURES 153
IV. SUMMARY 163
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 164
REFERENCES 164
CHAPTER 6. A FRAME FOR FRAMES: Representing Knowledge for Recognition 166
I. INTRODUCTION 167
II. IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF FRAMES 168
III. AN EXAMPLE: BLOCKS WORLD RECOGNITION 177
IV. WHAT DOES THIS ALL MEAN? 191
V. SUMMARY 197
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 198
REFERENCES 199
CHAPTER 7. FRAME REPRESENTATIONS AND THE DECLARATIVE/PROCEDURAL CONTROVERSY 200
I. INTRODUCTION 200
IL THE SIMPLE ISSUES 201
III. SOME UNDERLYING ISSUES 206
IV. STEPS TOWARD A MIDDLE 208
V. A FIRST ATTEMPT AT SYNTHESIS 210
VI. CONCLUSION 224
REFERENCES 225
Part III: Higher Level Structures 226
CHAPTER 8. NOTES ON A SCHEMA FOR STORIES 226
I. INTRODUCTION 226
II. A SIMPLE STORY GRAMMAR 228
III. ANALYZING A STORY 236
IV. SUMMARIZING STORIES 241
V. CONCLUSION 249
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 250
REFERENCES 250
CHAPTER 9. THE STRUCTURE OF EPISODES IN MEMORY 252
I. INTRODUCTION 252
II. CONCEPTUAL DEPENDENCY 253
III. UNDERSTANDING PARAGRAPHS 257
IV. LONG-TERM MEMORY 270
V. SUMMARY 282
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 282
APPENDIX: CONCEPTUAL DEPENDENCY 283
REFERENCES 286
CHAPTER 10. CONCEPTS FOR REPRESENTING MUNDANE REALITY IN PLANS 288
I. INTRODUCTION 288
II. PRIMITIVE STEPS IN PLANS 293
III. SPECIFIC STATES AND DELTACTS 299
IV· PLANS 314
V. ISSUES AND PROBLEMS 317
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 323
REFERENCES 323
Part IV: Semantic Knowledge in Understander Systems 326
CHAPTER 11. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS OF KNOWLEDGEFOR TUTORIAL REASONING 326
I. INTRODUCTION 326
II. NATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING 339
III. ON INFERENCING 347
IV. CONCLUSION 363
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 364
REFERENCES 364
CHAPTER 12. THE ROLE OF SEMANTICS IN AUTOMATIC SPEECH UNDERSTANDING 366
I. INTRODUCTION 366
II. FORMS OF SEMANTIC KNOWLEDGE 368
III. RECENT SPEECH UNDERSTANDING RESEARCH 372
IV. THE SPEECHLIS ENVIRONMENT 373
V. SPEECHLIS SEMANTICS 379
VI. SUMMARY 395
REFERENCES 396
CHAPTER 13. REASONING FROM INCOMPLETE KNOWLEDGE 398
I. INTRODUCTION 398
II. OPEN VERSUS CLOSED WORLDS 399
III. NEGATIVE INFERENCES 401
IV. FUNCTIONAL INFERENCES 415
V. LEARNING TO REASON 421
VI. CONCLUSION 429
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 429
REFERENCES 430
AUTHOR INDEX 432
SUBJECT INDEX 436

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 28.6.2014
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Geisteswissenschaften ► Psychologie ► Allgemeine Psychologie
• Themenwelt: Geisteswissenschaften ► Psychologie ► Sozialpsychologie
• Themenwelt: Geisteswissenschaften ► Psychologie ► Verhaltenstherapie
• Themenwelt: Informatik ► Theorie / Studium ► Künstliche Intelligenz / Robotik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Nachrichtentechnik
• ISBN-10: 1-4832-9915-5 / 1483299155
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4832-9915-0 / 9781483299150