Structures of Alloys of Iron (eBook)

An Elementary Introduction

W. Hume-Rothery (Autor)

H. M. Finniston, D. W. Hopkins, W. S. Owen (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2016 | 1. Auflage
360 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-1-4831-3728-5 (ISBN)

Infos

The Structures of Alloys of Iron: An Elementary Introduction provides an elementary review of some of the factors affecting the structures of alloys of iron, with examples illustrating points of interest. In view of the existence of books dealing with the technology and properties of iron alloys it was decided that the present book should be concerned only with the structures, and not with the properties of the alloys. In connection with steels it was thought best, in the space available, to deal only with those based on iron-carbon alloys. The book begins with chapters on the metal iron, the crystal structures of iron, the diffusion of iron and its alloys, and the intermetallic chemistry of iron. Subsequent chapters deal with the structure of steels, plain carbon steels, the structure of alloy steels, and cast irons. This book is intended for those wanting to make a general survey of the subject before undertaking a detailed study. The reader must understand clearly that much further work will be necessary before he can hope to understand properly even one class of the alloys of industry .

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
The Structures of Alloys of Iron: An Elementary Introduction 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Preface 10
CHAPTER I. The Metal Iron 12
1.1. Introductory 12
1.2. Electron Theories of Iron Crystals 18
Suggestions for Further Reading 28
CHAPTER II. The Crystal Structures of Iron: Ideal Structures 29
2.1. Body-centred Cubic a-iron 29
2.2. Body-centred Cubic d-iron 37
2.3. Face-centred Cubic .-iron 37
CHAPTER III. The Crystal Structures of Iron : Real Crystals 39
3.1. Alpha-veining and Polygonisation 39
3.2. General Dislocation Structure of Pure Iron 41
3.3. Dislocations in a-iron 48
3.4. Interstitial Atoms and Dislocations 52
3.5. Grain Boundaries in Iron 56
3.6. Grain-Boundary Structure and Segregation 60
3.7. Equilibrium Segregation in Grain Boundaries and Dislocations 62
3.8. The Approach to Grain-boundary Equilibrium 66
3.9. Grain-boundary Segregates, Films, and Precipitates 68
3.10. Twin Crystals in Iron 70
Suggestions for Further Reading 76
CHAPTER IV. Diffusion in Iron and its Alloys 77
4.1. Introductory 77
4.2. Vacancies and Interstitialcies 78
4.3. Atomic Movements in Diffusion 82
4.4. The Process of Diffusion 85
4.5. Diffusion of Carbon in Iron 91
4.6. Diffusion Constants 92
Suggestions for Further Reading 94
CHAPTER V. The Intermetallic Chemistry of Iron : The Metallic Framework 95
5.1. Size-factor Effects 95
5.2. The Electrochemical Factor 99
5.3. Group Number Effects and Electron Compounds 100
5.4. The ad . . Equilibrium in Iron Alloys 107
5.5. The d . Liquid and . . Liquid Equilibria 114
5.6. The a . . Equilibrium: Metastable States 122
5.7. Alloys of Iron with Transition Elements 124
5.8. Iron—Manganese and Iron—Nickel Alloys 127
5.9. Alloys of Iron with Zinc, Aluminium, Gallium, and Silicon 132
5.10. Alloys of Iron with Phosphorous and Sulphur 141
5.11. Elements which do not alloy with Iron 143
Suggestions for Further Reading 145
CHAPTER VI. The Interstitial Elements and Boron 146
6.1. General 146
6.2. The System Iron—Carbon 150
6.3. The System Iron—Nitrogen 160
6.4. The System Iron—Boron 168
6.5. The System Iron—Hydrogen 171
6.6. The System Iron—Oxygen 175
CHAPTER VII. The Structure of Steels : Introductory 178
7.1. Introductory 178
7.2. Segregation Boundary Surfaces and Networks 179
7.3. Nucleation and Growth Processes 180
Suggestions for Further Reading 200
7.4. Time, Temperature, Transformation Curves 200
Suggestions for Further Reading 204
CHAPTER VIII. Plain Carbon Steels: Pearlitic Structures 205
8.1. Structures of Slowly Cooled Steels 205
8.2. The Structure and Growth of Pearlite 214
Suggestions for Further Reading 229
CHAPTER IX. Plain Carbon Steels: Martensite and Bainite 230
9.1. The Structure of Rapidly Cooled Steels: Martensite 230
9.2. The Tetragonal Structure of Interstitial Martensite 234
9.4. The Martensitic Transformation 239
9.5. The Austenite—Martensite Interface 244
9.6. The Formation of Martensite: Free Energy Concepts of Nucleation and Growth 246
9.7. The Bainite Transformation 251
9.8. The Formation of Bainite 252
9.9. Lower Bainite 255
9.10. Upper Bainite 256
9.11. Carbide-free Bainite 260
9.12. The Bainite Mechanism 260
9.13. The Process of Tempering 264
CHAPTER X. The Structure of Alloy Steels 268
10.1. Carbides in Steels 268
10.2. Solid . Liquid and Austenite . Ferrite Equilibria 274
10.3. The Ternary Systems Fe—M—X 285
10.4. Some Types of Low Alloy Steel 289
10.5. Nickel Steels 299
10.6. Manganese Steels 301
10.7. High Speed Steels 304
10.8. Tempering and Precipitation Processes in Alloy Steels 309
Suggestions for Further Reading 316
CHAPTER XI. Cast Irons 317
11.1. General 317
11.2. White Cast Irons 325
11.3. Grey Cast Irons 332
11.4. Undercooled Graphite 339
11.5. Nodular or Spheroidal Graphitic Cast Irons 341
11.6. Malleable Cast Irons 344
11.7. Martensitic Cast Irons 349
11.8. Austenitic Cast Irons 352
11.9. Silicon Irons 353
11.10. High-chromium Cast Irons 355
Suggestions for Further Reading 357
Index 358

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 26.1.2016
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• ISBN-10: 1-4831-3728-7 / 1483137287
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4831-3728-5 / 9781483137285