Written by an expert in the field, this book covers the principles, architectures, applications, specifications and characterizations of radio receivers
In this book, the author introduces the reader to the basic principles and theories of present-day communications receiver technology. The first section of the book presents realization concepts at the system level, taking into consideration the various types of users. Details of the circuitry are described providing the reader with an understanding of fully digitized radio receivers, offering an insight into the state-of-the-art.
The remaining sections address radio receivers, particularly as two-port devices. Furthermore, the author outlines the fields of applications (with sample calculations and with reference to practical work) and their features and considers also the specialty of high-quality radio receivers. As can be seen from the multitude of terrestrial applications described in Part II, they are typically used for radio surveillance, signal intelligence, modern radio bearing and at the classical radio services. Parts III and IV describe the entire range of parameters that are useful for the characterization of these receivers. The description starts from the physical effect, or the explanation of the individual parameter, and then proceeds to the measuring technique for determining the parameters, highlighting problems, followed by explanatory notes with applicatory relevance. The measuring procedures described are the result of experiences gained in extended laboratory work and practical testing. With the model shown in Part IV, used for the operational evaluation detailing the intrinsic small range of interpretation, the book covers untreated research in the field. The Appendix provides among others valuable information about the dimensioning of receiving systems and the mathematical derivation of non-linear effects and as well as a useful method for converting different level specifications.
Key Features:
- Introduces the basic principles and theories of present-day technology
- Discusses concepts at system level (aligned to the various types of users)
- Addresses (fully) digitized radio receivers focusing on the state-of-the-art
- Close contacts to the industry were utilized to show background information
- Enables the reader to comprehend and evaluate the characteristic features and the performance of such systems
- Examines the entire range of parameters that are characteristic of the technology including the physical effect and measuring techniques
- Includes results of experiences gained in extended laboratory work and practical testing with examples
- Provides a uniform and systematic approach for ease of understanding e.g. many didactic figures for the visual illustration have been newly created as well as complete real-world examples
This book will be an excellent resource to understand the principles of work, for professionals developing and testing radio receivers, for receiver users (e.g. at regulatory agencies, surveillance centers, secret services, classical radio communications services), technicians, engineers and technicians who work with RF-measurement instruments, postgraduate students studying in the field and university lecturers. Chartered radio amateurs and handlers/operators will also find this book insightful. Due to high level of detail, it also serves as a reference. By using the carefully edited alphabetical index with over 1,200 entries, the appropriate explanations can be found quickly in the text.
Ralf Rudersdorfer, J.K. University Linz, Austria
Ralf Rudersdorfer, born in 1979, began his career at the Institute for Applied Physics. He then changed to the Institute for Communications Engineering and RF-Systems (formerly Institute for Communications and Information Engineering) of the Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria, to take over the laboratory area and technical agendas of the Institute. His activities included the setting up of a measuring station with attenuated reflection properties / antenna measuring lab and furnishing the electronic labs of the Mechatronics Department with new basic equipment. He began publishing technical papers at the age of 21. In August 2002 he became a Guest Consultant for laboratory equipment and RF hardware and conducted practical training courses in 'Electronic Circuit Engineering' at the reactivated Institute for Electronics Engineering at the Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany. In 2006 he applied for a patent covering the utilization of a specific antenna design for two widely deviating ranges of operating frequencies, which was granted within only 14 months without any prior objections. In the winter semesters 2008 to 2011 he gets the lectureship for the practical course 'Applied Electrical Engineering' at the Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria. Rudersdorfer is author of numerous practice-oriented publications in the fields of radio transmitters and radio receivers, high-frequency technology, and general electronics. Furthermore, he was responsible for the preparation of more than 55 measuring protocols regarding the comprehensive testing of transmitting and receiving equipment of various designs and radio standards issued and published by a trade magazine. During this project alone he defined more than 550 intercept points at receivers. He has repeatedly been invited to present papers at conferences and specialized trade fairs. At the same time he is active in counseling various organizations like external cooperation partners of the university institute, public authorities, companies, associations, and editorial offices on wireless telecommunication, radio technology, antenna technology, and electronic measuring systems. At the VHF Convention Weinheim, Germany, in 2003 he received the Young Talent Special Award in the radio technology section. At the short-wave/VHF/UHF conference conducted in 2006 at the Munich University of Applied Sciences, Germany, he took first place in the measuring technology section. The argumentation for the present work in its original version received the EEEfCOM Innovation Award 2011 as a special recognition of achievements in Electrical and Electronic Engineering for Communication. Owing to his collaboration with industry and typical users of high-end radio receivers and to his work with students, the author is well acquainted with today's technical problems. His clear and illustrative presentation of the subject of radio receivers reflects his vast hands-on experience.
Written by an expert in the field, this book covers the principles, architectures, applications, specifications and characterizations of radio receivers In this book, the author introduces the reader to the basic principles and theories of present-day communications receiver technology. The first section of the book presents realization concepts at the system level, taking into consideration the various types of users. Details of the circuitry are described providing the reader with an understanding of fully digitized radio receivers, offering an insight into the state-of-the-art. The remaining sections address radio receivers, particularly as two-port devices. Furthermore, the author outlines the fields of applications (with sample calculations and with reference to practical work) and their features and considers also the specialty of high-quality radio receivers. As can be seen from the multitude of terrestrial applications described in Part II, they are typically used for radio surveillance, signal intelligence, modern radio bearing and at the classical radio services. Parts III and IV describe the entire range of parameters that are useful for the characterization of these receivers. The description starts from the physical effect, or the explanation of the individual parameter, and then proceeds to the measuring technique for determining the parameters, highlighting problems, followed by explanatory notes with applicatory relevance. The measuring procedures described are the result of experiences gained in extended laboratory work and practical testing. With the model shown in Part IV, used for the operational evaluation detailing the intrinsic small range of interpretation, the book covers untreated research in the field. The Appendix provides among others valuable information about the dimensioning of receiving systems and the mathematical derivation of non-linear effects and as well as a useful method for converting different level specifications. Key Features: Introduces the basic principles and theories of present-day technology Discusses concepts at system level (aligned to the various types of users) Addresses (fully) digitized radio receivers focusing on the state-of-the-art Close contacts to the industry were utilized to show background information Enables the reader to comprehend and evaluate the characteristic features and the performance of such systems Examines the entire range of parameters that are characteristic of the technology including the physical effect and measuring techniques Includes results of experiences gained in extended laboratory work and practical testing with examples Provides a uniform and systematic approach for ease of understanding e.g. many didactic figures for the visual illustration have been newly created as well as complete real-world examples This book will be an excellent resource to understand the principles of work, for professionals developing and testing radio receivers, for receiver users (e.g. at regulatory agencies, surveillance centers, secret services, classical radio communications services), technicians, engineers and technicians who work with RF-measurement instruments, postgraduate students studying in the field and university lecturers. Chartered radio amateurs and handlers/operators will also find this book insightful. Due to high level of detail, it also serves as a reference. By using the carefully edited alphabetical index with over 1,200 entries, the appropriate explanations can be found quickly in the text.
Ralf Rudersdorfer, born in 1979, began his career at the Institute for Applied Physics. He then changed to the Institute for Communications Engineering and RF-Systems (formerly Institute for Communications and Information Engineering) of the Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria, to take over the laboratory area and technical agendas of the Institute. His activities included the setting up of a measuring station with attenuated reflection properties / antenna measuring lab and furnishing the electronic labs of the Mechatronics Department with new basic equipment. He began publishing technical papers at the age of 21. In August 2002 he became a Guest Consultant for laboratory equipment and RF hardware and conducted practical training courses in "Electronic Circuit Engineering" at the reactivated Institute for Electronics Engineering at the Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany. In 2006 he applied for a patent covering the utilization of a specific antenna design for two widely deviating ranges of operating frequencies, which was granted within only 14 months without any prior objections. In the winter semesters 2008 to 2011 he gets the lectureship for the practical course "Applied Electrical Engineering" at the Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria. Rudersdorfer is author of numerous practice-oriented publications in the fields of radio transmitters and radio receivers, high-frequency technology, and general electronics. Furthermore, he was responsible for the preparation of more than 55 measuring protocols regarding the comprehensive testing of transmitting and receiving equipment of various designs and radio standards issued and published by a trade magazine. During this project alone he defined more than 550 intercept points at receivers. He has repeatedly been invited to present papers at conferences and specialized trade fairs. At the same time he is active in counseling various organizations like external cooperation partners of the university institute, public authorities, companies, associations, and editorial offices on wireless telecommunication, radio technology, antenna technology, and electronic measuring systems. At the VHF Convention Weinheim, Germany, in 2003 he received the Young Talent Special Award in the radio technology section. At the short-wave/VHF/UHF conference conducted in 2006 at the Munich University of Applied Sciences, Germany, he took first place in the measuring technology section. The argumentation for the present work in its original version received the EEEfCOM Innovation Award 2011 as a special recognition of achievements in Electrical and Electronic Engineering for Communication.
About the Author xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xv
I Functional Principle of Radio Receivers 1
I.1 Some History to Start 1
I.2 Present-Day Concepts 4
I.3 Practical Example of an (All-)Digital Radio Receiver 23
I.4 Practical Example of a Portable Wideband Radio Receiver
39
References 46
Further Reading 48
II Fields of Use and Applications of Radio Receivers
49
II.1 Prologue 49
II.2 Wireless Telecontrol 50
II.3 Non-Public Radio Services 54
II.4 Radio Intelligence, Radio Surveillance 64
II.5 Direction Finding and Radio Localization 83
II.6 Terrestrial Radio Broadcast Reception 101
II.7 Time Signal Reception 104
II.8 Modern Radio Frequency Usage and Frequency Economy 107
References 109
Further Reading 112
III Receiver Characteristics and their Measurement
113
III.1 Objectives and Benefits 113
III.2 Preparations for Metrological Investigations 114
III.3 Receiver Input Matching and Input Impedance 118
III.4 Sensitivity 121
III.5 Spurious Reception 147
III.6 Near Selectivity 156
III.7 Reciprocal Mixing 162
III.8 Blocking 171
III.9 Intermodulation 174
III.10 Cross-Modulation 199
III.11 Quality Factor of Selective RF Preselectors under
Operating Conditions 204
III.12 Large-Signal Behaviour in General 209
III.13 Audio Reproduction Properties 213
III.14 Behaviour of the Automatic Gain Control (AGC) 218
III.15 Long-Term Frequency Stability 223
III.16 Characteristics of the Noise Squelch 226
III.17 Receiver Stray Radiation 227
III.18 (Relative) Receive Signal Strength and S Units 230
III.19 AM Suppression in the F3E Receiving Path 236
III.20 Scanning Speed in Search Mode 238
References 240
Further Reading 242
IV Practical Evaluation of Radio Receivers (A Model)
245
IV.1 Factual Situation 245
IV.2 Objective Evaluation of Characteristics in Practical
Operation 245
IV.3 Information Gained in Practical Operation 249
IV.4 Interpretation (and Contents of the 'Table of
operational PRACTICE') 253
IV.5 Specific Equipment Details 255
References 255
Further Reading 255
V Concluding Information 257
V.1 Cascade of Noisy Two-Ports (Overall Noise Performance)
257
V.2 Cascade of Intermodulating Two-Ports (Overall
Intermodulation Performance) 260
V.3 Mathematical Description of the Intermodulation Formation
264
V.4 Mixing and Derivation of Spurious Reception 269
V.5 Characteristics of Emission Classes According to the ITU RR
272
V.6 Geographic Division of the Earth by Region According to ITU
RR 272
V.7 Conversion of dB. . . Levels 272
References 278
Further Reading 279
List of Tables 281
Index 283
Chapter II
Fields of Use and Applications of Radio Receivers
II.1 Prologue
Receivers are used in a wide range of applications independently of their type of construction (Fig. I.20). The descriptions in the following paragraphs will focus on terrestrial applications. In general, the main goals defined in performance specifications are:
- ‘most cost-effective designs for the mass market (consumer electronics)’
through,
- ‘higher technical demands regarding specific design parameters or receiver characteristics’
up to,
- ‘highly sophisticated special or general-purpose units to meet the highest commercial or military demands regarding both, receiver characteristics (Part III) and the sturdiness of electronics, mechanics, and other equipment parts.’ (Such equipment will be discussed in detail in the text below, as this information is scarce in the common literature.)
The collective name radio receiver refers to a design for the reception of wireless transmissions based on the utilization of electromagnetic waves (Fig. II.1). Ideally, this device extracts the full information content from the incident signal. Regarding wireless transmission technology, the fields of use for such devices can be divided into two main groups: units for receiving information/messages and units for measuring purposes. Over time, many different terms have been used which, today, become more and more blurred and may be summarized under the following main groups.
Figure II.1 Wireless transmission path with its basic elements. The electromagnetic wave front emitted from the transmitting antenna impinges on the receiving antenna after unhindered propagation (free first Fresnel zone) reduced by the path loss (also called free-space attenuation or spreading loss). For calculations of the signal intensity received with antennas that provide a signal gain, the path loss must be reduced by the antenna gain figure in direction of the wave propagation. (a0 = free-space attenuation figure, in dB; π = 3.1416; d = antenna distance, in m; λ = wavelength, in m; = transmitting antenna gain figure, in dBi; = receiving antenna gain figure, in dBi)
Communications receivers are intended for information retrieval from general or specific emissions (see Table II.5) received via an antenna. These units enable the reception of certain transmitting channels or frequency ranges used for the respective class of emission or modulation types. External criteria of particular importance are simple operation, optimally adapted to the intended use, and a sufficiently high quality of ‘information retrieval’ (Fig. II.2).
Figure II.2 Example of a service-friendly mechanical construction for a radio receiver with the individual circuit boards plugged into the chassis. (Company photograph of Rohde&Schwarz.)
Measuring/test receivers are intended for the (often standardized) measurement and evaluation of electromagnetic radiation/transmission, of (radio) interferences, or of the parameters of the signals to be transmitted. The accuracy of the measurement is a very important characteristic of such receivers.
Another commonly used collective name is short-wave receiver. This term has historical roots, and in the currently still used segmentation of the frequency spectrum into a range below 30 MHz and another range of 30 MHz and above. Owing to the many natural characteristics of wave propagation it is necessary that radio receivers using frequencies up to 30 MHz meet specific requirements. (By definition a short-wave receiver covers the short-wave frequency range from 3 MHz to 30 MHz.) For practical purposes the term short-wave receiver is a designation used colloquially for almost all equipment operating with a more or less extended receive frequency range below 30 MHz. This applies especially to units designed as all-wave receivers (Section II.3.2) for frequencies of up to 30 MHz (Fig. II.3). The term short-wave receiver is often used for those units described in Sections II.3.2, II.3.3 and II.3.4 as well as in Sections II.4 and II.6, independently of or in addition to more descriptive names.
Figure II.3 Best possible screening and highest crosstalk attenuation is achieved by a professional modular concept: Individual modules are seen as plug-in units in the 19″ chassis. Critical signals are conducted between the individual modules by screened coaxial cables in 50 Ω technology.
II.2 Wireless Telecontrol
In the technical field of wireless telecontrol large numbers of simple receivers are used. Applications range from decentralized radio remote control of industrial machinery and automatic door openers (Fig. II.4) to reading measurements of remotely located sensors. Furthermore, they are found in remote switches (e.g., keyless car entry) or in audio data transfer to wireless headphones and loudspeakers in the home environment. For this purpose, standard technologies like Bluetooth [1] and ZigBee are used to some extent, but simple data exchange methods based on types of frequency-keyed and amplitude-keyed modulation using individual transfer protocols or simple frequency modulation are also utilized. In essence, this is directional (either bidirectional or unidirectional, depending on the specific use) information transfer. The operating frequencies are usually in a range that requires no user permit, the so-called ISM frequency bands (industrial scientific medical bands) (Table II.1). Transmission systems of this type are also called short-range devices (SRD).
Figure II.4 Simple low-cost two-channel receiver for telecontrol purposes in the 35 cm ISM band. Two highly durable relays in the output circuit allow the potential-free shifting of the loads. Typical applications are wireless operation of garage doors, awnings, lights or fountains in ponds. For each output an automatic switch-off time can be programmed and random wire antennas are used. The systems are operated with a hand-held transmitter, the remote control. (Company photograph of RosyTec.)
Table II.1 ISM frequency bands according to ITU RR [2]
| Band | Range | Frequency |
| HF | 44 m | 6,765 kHz–6,795 kHz* |
| HF | 22 m | 13.553 MHz–13.567 MHz |
| HF | 11 m | 26.957 MHz–27.283 MHz |
| VHF | 7 m | 40.66 MHz–40.7 MHz |
| UHF | 70 cm | 433.05 MHz–434.79 MHz* |
| (UHF | 35 cm | 868 MHz–870 MHz*) |
| UHF | 33 cm | 902 MHz–928 MHz** |
| UHF | 12 cm | 2.4 GHz–2.5 GHz* |
| SHF | 5 cm | 5.725 GHz–5.875 GHz* |
| SHF | 1.2 cm | 24 GHz–24.25 GHz* |
| EHF | 5 mm | 61 GHz–61.5 GHza |
| EHF | 2.5 mm | 122 GHz–123 GHza |
| EHF | 1.2 mm | 244 GHz–246 GHza |
* Deviations/limitations according to country may apply.
** In ITU RR region 2 only.
Today, the actual data receiver is usually a fully integrated component tailored to its specific use. This contains the entire single-chip receiver (Figs. II.5 and II.50) and is very cost-effective, but often has limited technical capabilities (Part III). More details about the actual design and the procedures of the dimensioning of such receiver components can be found in [3].
Figure II.5 Fully integrated 5 GHz single-chip receiver, including a wafer-integrated chip antenna and digital baseband-processing with synchronization of the data received. The 0.13 µm CMOS technology enables data rates up to 1.2 Mb/s. (Photograph by the University of Michigan.)
II.2.1 Radio Ripple Control
Ripple control is used by power companies to transmit control commands to a large number of customer-premises equipment (CPE). In this way tariff meters, street lighting, loads, etc. can be remotely controlled. Wireless ripple control systems are comprised of the user operating station for issuing individual customer commands, a mainframe computer, central transmitters for long-wave operation, and radio ripple control receivers. The mainframe computer manages the commands and forwards them to the transmitter as control telegrams at the correct time. These central components of the system (mainframe computer and transmit system) are used by both the power company and the end customer. The computer ensures that the individual transmit demands of each participant are met [4].
The European radio ripple control (EFR—Europäische Funk-Rundsteuerung) repeat all transmissions once automatically and several times optionally. Between the transmissions of the participants, ERF synchronizes the receivers in regard to day and time every 15 s. Thus, the radio ripple control also serves as a time signal transmitter (Section II.7). The two German LW transmitters use an internal carrier frequency of...
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 3.12.2013 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik |
| Technik ► Nachrichtentechnik | |
| Schlagworte | author • BASIC • Book • characterizations • communications receiver • Communication Technology - Networks • Computer Science • Concepts • Drahtlose Kommunikation • Electrical & Electronics Engineering • Elektrotechnik u. Elektronik • Expert • Field • first section • Informatik • Kommunikationsnetz • Kommunikationsnetze • Mobile & Wireless Communications • Networking • Netzwerk • Netzwerke • presents • Principles • Radio • Reader • realization • Receivers • System Level • Technology • Types • Understanding • Users • various |
| ISBN-13 | 9781118647844 / 9781118647844 |
| Informationen gemäß Produktsicherheitsverordnung (GPSR) | |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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