Sedimentary Environments (eBook)

Processes, Facies and Stratigraphy

Harold G. Reading (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2009 | 3. Auflage
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
9781444313697 (ISBN)

Infos

Sedimentary Environments is one of the most distinguished and influential textbooks in the earth sciences published in the last 20 years. The first and second editions both won universal praise and became classic works in sedimentology. Since the publication of the last edition, the study of sedimentary environments and facies has made great strides, with major advances in facies modelling, sequence stratigraphy and basin modelling. The 3rd edition of this classic text will likely set the benchmark even higher, and needless to say, will continue being the textbook of choice for sedimentology students.

• The latest edition of a classic text.
  
• Incorporates all the latest advances in dynamic stratigraphy.
  
• Will remain the textbook of choice for upper level undergraduate and graduate students in sedimentology.

Autor

Harold G. Reading is the author of Sedimentary Environments: Processes, Facies and Stratigraphy, 3rd Edition, published by Wiley.

Inhalt

Sedimentary Environments: Processes, Facies and Stratigraphy, THIRD EDITION 1
Contents 7
Contributors 13
Preface 15
1: Introduction 17
1.1 Development of sedimentology and sedimentary geology 17
1.2 Scope and philosophy of this book 18
1.3 Organization of the book 19
2: Controls on the sedimentary rock record 21
2.1 Controlling factors 21
2.1.1 Sediment supply 21
TERRIGENOUS SYSTEMS 21
BIOCHEMICAL AND CHEMICAL SYSTEMS 22
2.1.2 Climate 23
2.1.3 Tectonic movements and subsidence 27
2.1.4 Sea-level changes 27
2.1.5 Milankovitch processes and orbital forcing 30
2.1.6 Intrinsic sedimentary processes 31
2.1.7 Physical processes 31
2.1.8 Biological activity 32
2.1.9 Water chemistry 32
2.1.10 Volcanic activity 32
2.1.11 Normal vs. catastrophic sedimentation 33
2.1.12 Rates of sedimentation and preservation potential 33
2.2 Facies and sequences 34
2.2.1 Rock facies definitions 35
2.2.2 Facies relationships, associations and sequences 36
2.3 Facies in the subsurface 37
2.3.1 Seismic facies 38
2.3.2 Seismic-stratigraphic units and seismic sequences 38
2.3.3 Rocks from the subsurface 38
2.3.4 Wireline logs and log facies 39
2.4 Sequence stratigraphy 41
2.5 Models 51
3: Alluvial sediments 53
3.1 Introduction 53
3.2 Alluvial processes 54
3.2.1 Erosional processes 54
3.2.2 Transport and depositional processes 54
3.2.3 Postdepositional alteration and pedogenesis 56
3.3 Present-day alluvial settings 58
3.3.1 River channel classification and controls 58
3.3.2 Coarse-grained bedload rivers 60
3.3.3 Sandy bedload rivers 61
3.3.4 Mixed-load rivers 65
3.3.5 Suspended-load rivers 69
3.3.6 Overbank areas 69
LEVEES AND CREVASSE SPLAYS 69
FLOODPLAINS 70
3.3.7 Soils and their distribution 71
3.3.8 Alluvial fans 73
GRAVITY-FLOW FANS 75
FLUVIAL FANS 75
TERMINAL FANS 77
3.4 Ancient alluvial sediments 77
3.5 Alluvial facies 77
3.5.1 Conglomeratic facies 78
3.5.2 Sandstone channel facies 80
3.5.3 Fine-grained facies 82
3.5.4 Palaeosols 83
3.5.5 Biological and biochemical sediment 84
3.6 larger-scale geometry, organization and controls 85
3.6.1 Bounding surfaces 85
3.6.2 Architectural elements 85
3.6.3 Fan conglomerates 87
3.6.4 Channel conglomerates 88
3.6.5 Channel sandbodies 89
3.6.6 Overbank sequences and palaeosols 92
3.6.7 Channel-overbank relationships 94
3.6.8 Coal in alluvial settings 95
3.6.9 Incised palaeovalleys 96
3.6.10 Ephemeral stream and terminal fan deposits 97
4: Lakes 99
4.1 Introduction 99
4.2 Diversity of present-day lakes 100
4.3 Properties of lake water 100
4.4 Kinetics of lake water 101
4.4.1 Surface waves 101
4.4.2 Currents in lakes 103
4.4.3 Seiches 103
4.5 Chemistry of lake waters 104
4.6 Clastic sedimentation 105
4.6.1 Beaches and other nearshore zones 105
4.6.2 Deltas 106
4.6.3 Offshore zones 107
4.7 Chemical and biochemical sedimentation 108
4.7.1 Lacustrine carbonates 108
INORGANIC PRECIPITATION 109
BIOGENIC CARBONATE PRODUCTION 110
4.7.2 Siliceous deposits 112
4.7.3 Iron-rich deposits 113
4.7.4 Saline minerals 113
4.7.5 Organic matter 116
4.8 Rhythmites 116
4.9 Lake-level changes 118
4.10 Ancient lake deposits 120
4.10.1 Criteria for recognition of ancient lake deposits 121
4.10.2 Ancient lacustrine facies 122
4.11 Ancient clastic-dominated basins 122
4.11.1 Lakes with steep margins 122
THE RIDGE BASIN GROUP 122
4.11.2 Wave-dominated lakes 124
THE KAP STEWART FORMATION 124
4.11.3 Shallow, low-relief basins 125
THE MERCIA MUDSTONE GROUP 125
4.12 Ancient carbonate-dominated basins 126
4.12.1 Low energy water bodies 126
4.12.2 High energy margins 128
THE GLENNS FERRY FORMATlON 128
4.12.3 Microbial build-ups 128
THE CHALK HILLS FORMATION 128
4.13 Mixed clastic-carbonate basins 129
4.13.1 The Devonian Orcadian Basin of northeast Britain 129
4.14 Evaporitic lake basins 130
4.14.1 The Green River Formation (Palaeogene) of Utah, Wyoming and Colorado 130
4.14.2 The Ebro basin (Oligocene-Miocene), Spain 132
4.15 Organic-matter-dominated basins 133
4.15.1 The Fort Union Formation 133
4.15.2 The Calaf and Mequinenza basins 135
4.15.3 Oil shales 135
4.16 Cycles in lake deposits 136
4.16.1 The Green River Formation 136
4.16.2 The Rubielos de Mora basin 137
4.16.3 The Newark Supergroup 137
4.17 Economic importance of lake deposits 139
5: Desert aeolian systems 141
5.1 Introduction 141
5.2 The desert aeolian system 142
5.2.1 Setting 142
5.2.2 Overview of processes 143
5.3 Aeolian processes and theory 143
5.3.1 Sediment transport 143
5.3.2 Dunes and airflow 144
5.3.3 Lee-face processes and stratification 146
5.3.4 Accumulation 147
5.3.5 Modelling of sets through space and time 148
5.3.6 Generation of bounding surfaces 149
5.3.7 Generation of aeolian sequences 150
5.3.8 Preservation of aeolian sequences 153
5.4 Present-day aeolian systems 153
5.4.1 Occurrence, accumulation and preservation 153
5.4.2 Variations 155
5.4.3 Classification of dunes 156
5.4.4 Dunes, airflow, stratification and cycles 158
5.4.5 Interdune areas 160
5.4.6 Sand sheets 160
5.4.7 Pleistocene-Holocene sequences 161
5.5 Ancient aeolian systems 162
5.5.1 The record 162
5.5.2 Sequences 162
5.5.3 System reconstruction 165
5.5.4 Dune reconstruction 168
6: Clastic coasts 170
6.1 Introduction 170
6.2 Shoreline processes 172
6.2.1 Sediment supply 172
6.2.2 Sediment delivery to the basin 173
6.2.3 Zonation of the shoreline profile 176
6.2.4 Wave processes 177
6.2.5 Wave-induced nearshore currents 178
6.2.6 Fairweather vs. storm conditions 178
6.2.7 Tides 180
6.2.8 Wind 182
6.2.9 Gravitational processes 182
6.3 Coastal models and classifications 182
6.4 Rocky coasts 187
6.5 Coarse-grained gravel-rich coasts 188
6.5.1 Feeder systems 190
6.5.2 Reworking at the delta front 190
6.5.3 Resedimentation processes and slope failures 190
6.5.4 Coarse-grained coastal facies associations 191
6.5.5 Controls on coarse-grained coastal systems and sequences 192
6.5.6 Ancient coarse-grained coastal depositional systems 194
COARSE-GRAINED SYSTEMS IN LOW-ENERGY BASINS 194
WAVE-AFFECTED COARSE-GRAINED SYSTEMS 195
6.6 River deltas 197
6.6.1 Delta plain 199
6.6.2 Delta front 201
6.6.3 Prodelta 202
6.6.4 Deformational features on delta front and prodelta slope 203
SHALLOW-WATER RESEDIMENTATION PROCESSES 203
DEEP-WATER RESEDIMENTATION PROCESSES 205
6.6.5 Deltaic facies sequences and their boundaries 206
PROGRADATIONAL SEQUENCES 207
TRANSGRESSIVE SEQUENCES, THE ABANDONMENT PHASE 209
6.6.6 Ancient river deltas 213
ANCIENT FLUVIAL-DOMINATED AND FLUVIAL-WAVE-INTERACTION DELTAS 213
ANCIENT WAVE-DOMINATED DELTAS 218
ANCIENT TIDE-DOMINATED DELTAS 222
ANCIENT DELTA DEFORMATION 224
6.7 Non-deltaic siliciclastic coasts 226
6.7.1 Beach-ridge strandplains 226
6.7.2 Chenier plains 227
6.7.3 Tidal flats 229
6.7.4 Barrier-island/lagoons 229
6.7.5 Estuaries 232
6.7.6 Coastal sequences 235
PROGRADATIONAL SEQUENCES 235
TRANSGRESSIVE SEQUENCES 236
INCISED-VALLEY SEQUENCES 237
6.7.7 Ancient non-deltaic siliciclastic coasts 241
ANCIENT PROGRADATIONAL SEQUENCES 242
ANCIENT TRANSGRESSIVE SEQUENCES 244
7: Shallow clastic seas 248
7.1 Introduction 248
7.1.1 Definition 248
7.1.2 Historical background 249
7.2 Clastic shelf models and classification 251
7.2.1 Process-response models and shelf hydraulic regimes 251
7.2.2 Dynamic stratigraphic models 252
7.2.3 Modern vs. ancient shelf seas 254
7.3 Modern tide-dominated shallow seas 255
7.3.1 Tides and tidal currents 255
7.3.2 Tide-dominated sand deposition 256
7.3.3 Tidal current transport paths: processes, bedforms and facies 256
7.3.4 Offshore tidal sandridges 259
7.4 Modern wave- and storm-dominated shallow seas 261
7.4.1 Wave- and storm-generated processes 261
7.4.2 Storm-dominated deposition on transgressive shelves 262
7.4.3 Characteristics of modern shelf storm deposits 264
7.4.4 Hydrodynamic models of modern shelf storm deposits 265
7.5 Modern oceanic current-dominated shelves 267
7.6 Modern mud-dominated shelves 269
7.7 Ancient shallow clastic seas: facies recognition and interpretation 273
7.7.1 Ancient tide-dominated offshore facies 273
SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES AND FACIES IN OFFSHORE TIDAL DEPOSITS 275
7.7.2 Ancient wave- and storm-dominated offshore facies 279
SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES AND FACIES IN WAVE- AND STORM-DOMINATED DEPOSITS 279
ANCIENT OFFSHORE STORM SAND M0DELS 281
7.7.3 Ancient mud-dominated offshore facies 282
SHELF MUDSTONE FACIES OXYGENATION MODELS 283
7.8 Ancient offshore shallow marine clastic sedimentation patterns: interaction of physical processes and relative sea-level fluctuations 284
7.8.1 Tide-storm interaction on Late Precambrian and Lower Palaeozoic shelves 284
OFFSHORE TIDE-STORM DEPOSITIONAL MODELS 286
SAND SUPPLY TO LATE PRECAMBRIAN-LOWER PALAEOZOIC SHELVES 288
7.8.2 Shallow marine sand deposition in an elongate, intracratonic rift basin: Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous of East Greenland 288
7.8.3 Shallow marine sand deposition along an active fault-controlled shelf margin: Bohemian Cretaceous Basin, Central Europe 290
7.8.4 'Offshore bars' vs. lowstand shoreface deposits in the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway of North America 292
SANDBODY CHARACTERISTICS 292
'OFFSHORE BAR' FACIES MODEL 292
SHOREFACE SEQUENCES IN RELATION TO RELATIVE CHANGES IN SEA LEVEL 293
8: Marine evaporites: arid shorelines and basins 297
8.1 Introduction 297
8.2 Conditions of marine evaporite formation 299
8.2.1 Marine brines and their precipitates 299
8.2.2 Climatic controls on sea-water evaporation 300
8.2.3 Controls on evaporite deposition within basins 301
8.3 General features of evaporites 303
8.3.1 Basin-marginal and basin-central evaporites 303
8.3.2 Brine depths and evaporite facies 304
8.4 Sabkhas 305
8.4.1 Sabkha evaporite facies 306
8.4.2 Modern supratidal sabkhas 307
8.4.3 Modern depression sabkhas 310
8.5 Shallow-water evaporites 311
8.5.1 Shallow-water evaporite facies 311
EVAPORATIVE CARBONATES 311
GYPSUM CRUSTS 311
CLASTIC GYPSUM 312
HALITE 313
POTASH SALTS 313
8.5.2 Modern salinas and Holocene salina sequences 314
8.6 Deep-water evaporites 319
8.6.1 Deep-water evaporite facies 319
8.6.2 The Dead Sea - a modem deep-water evaporite basin 320
8.7 Ancient sabkha/salina evaporites 323
8.8 Ancient basin-marginal platform evaporites 326
8.9 Ancient basin-central evaporites 328
8.10 Evaporites and sequence stratigraphy 334
8.10.1 Basin-marginal evaporites 334
8.10.2 Basin-central evaporites 336
9: Shallow-water carbonate environments 341
9.1 Introduction 341
9.1.1 History of research 341
9.1.2 The role of organisms in carbonate systems 342
9.1.3 Major components of carbonate sediments 342
9.2 Controls on carbonate production and sedimentation 343
9.2.1 Variations in carbonate production and accretion 344
9.2.2 Sea-level changes and carbonate production/accumulation 346
9.3 Carbonate platforms 347
9.3.1 Epeiric platforms 347
9.3.2 Isolated platforms 349
MODERN EXAMPLE-GREAT BAHAMA BANK 349
ANCIENT EXAMPLE-THE TRIASSIC OF THE DOLOMITES, ITALY 351
9.3.3 Shelves 353
9.3.4 Ramps 356
9.3.5 Drowned platforms 362
9.4 Carbonate depositional environments 364
9.4.1 Platform interiors (low energy) 364
SHORELINE DEPOSYSTEMS 365
PERITIDAL CYCLOTHEMS AND STACKING 368
9.4.2 Platform interior (high-energy) and platform margin carbonate sandbodies 371
PLATFORM INTERIOR SANDBODIES 371
PLATFORM MARGIN SANDBODIES 373
9.4.3 Offshore carbonate deposystems 376
9.4.4 Carbonate slope deposystems 377
CARBONATE SLOPE TYPES 378
LITHOFACIES 381
FACIES MODELS 381
CARBONATE FANS 381
SLOPE APRONS AND BASE-OF-SLOPE APRONS 382
9.4.5 Reefs 384
REEF CLASSIFICATION 384
REEF PROCESSES 385
CONTROLS ON REEF GROWTH 386
REEF FACIES AND ENVIRONMENTS 388
REEFS VS. SEA LEVEL 392
9.5 Carbonate platforms and relative sea-level changes 394
9.5.1 General controls on carbonate sequence geometry 394
CARBONATES VS. SILICICLASTIC SYSTEMS 394
PRODUCTIVITY VARIATIONS WITH SEA-LEVEL CHANGES 395
SEQUENCE AND PARASEQUENCE STACKING PATTERNS 397
9.5.2 Ramps 399
SYSTEMS TRACTS 399
9.5.3 Rimmed shelves 401
SYSTEMS TRACTS 402
9.5.4 Isolated build-ups 403
SYSTEMS TRACTS 404
9.5.5 Relative sea-level lowstands-carbonate, evaporite and siliciclastic sediment partitioning 405
9.5.6 Evolutionary trends between platform types 408
10: Deep seas 411
10.1 Introduction 411
10.2 Processes and products 413
10.2.1 Pelagic and hemipelagic sedimentation 413
PELAGIC FALLOUT 413
PELAGITES 415
HEMIPELAGIC ADVECTION 417
HEMIPELAGITES 418
CYCLICITY AND THE MILANKOVITCH MECHANISM 418
BLACK SHALES AND THEIR ORIGIN 419
10.2.2 Semi-permanent ocean bottom currents (contour currents) 420
CONTOURITES 421
10.2.3 Resedimentation processes and deposits 423
ROCK FALLS 424
SEDIMENT CREEP 424
SLIDES AND SLUMPS 424
DEBRIS FLOWS 426
LIQUIFIED AND FLUIDIZED FLOWS 428
TURBIDITY CURRENTS 429
TURBIDITES 431
10.2.4 Facies description 434
10.3 Deep-water clastic systems 434
10.3.1 Controls on deep-water sedimentation 434
10.3.2 Classifications, terminology, elements and sequences 435
HIERARCHICAL SCHEMES AND ELEMENTS 436
AN ENVIRONMENTAL CLASSIFICATION 440
10.3.3 Submarine fans 440
10.3.4 Submarine ramps 450
10.3.5 Slope aprons 454
10.3.6 Basin plains 458
10.3.7 Contourite drifts 461
10.4 Deep-water pelagic and hemipelagic systems 463
10.4.1 Ocean basins and abyssal hills 464
10.4.2 Continental margins, banks and basins 466
10.4.3 Chalk 467
11: Glacial sediments 470
11.1 Introduction 470
11.2 Characteristics of glaciers 471
11.2.1 Mass balance 471
11.2.2 Thermal regime 471
11.2.3 Types of glaciers 472
11.3 Processes 473
11.3.1 Mechanics of ice flow 473
11.3.2 Glacial erosion 473
11.3.3 Glacial sediment transport 474
11.3.4 Glacial deposition 474
11.3.5 Glaciotectonism 475
11.3.6 Related processes: water, resedimentation, wind 475
11.4 Modern glacial environments and facies 476
11.4.1 Subglacial zone 476
11.4.2 Supraglacial zone 477
11.4.3 Ice-contact proglacial zone 477
11.4.4 Glaciofluvial environments 479
11.4.5 Glaciolacustrine environments 479
11.4.6 Glaciomarine environments 481
11.4.7 Periglacial zone 484
11.5 Ancient glacial facies 485
11.5.1 Characteristics and recognition 485
11.5.2 Glacio-eustasy and glacio-isostasy 485
11.5.3 Glacial facies zones 488
TERRESTRIAL GLACIAL FACIES ZONES 488
MARINE GLACIAL FACIES ZONES 489
11.5.4 Stratigraphic architecture 491
11.5.5 Ancient glacial facies associations 492
TERRESTRIAL ASSOCIATIONS 493
MARINE ASSOCIATIONS 496
11.6 Ice ages in Earth history 499
12: Volcanic environments 501
12.1 Introduction 501
12.1.1 Development of concepts 502
12.2 Distribution and products of volcanism 504
12.2.1 Relation to global tectonic processes 504
12.2.2 Types of magma and their origin 505
12.3 Magmatic processes and their effect 507
12.3.1 The physical behaviour of magma 508
12.3.2 Ascent and storage of magma 508
12.4 Eruption processes and facies 509
12.4.1 Volcanic fragmentation processes and their products 509
12.4.2 The eruption and dispersal of pyroclastic sediment 514
12.4.3 Pyroclastic fall 518
12.4.4 Pyroclastic gravity currents: flow and surge deposits 519
PYROCLASTIC TRANSPORT AND DEPOSITION: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 520
SUBAERIAL PYROCLASTIC SURGES 521
SUBAERIAL PYROCLASTIC FLOWS 523
SUBAQUEOUS PYROCLASTIC FLOWS 524
12.4.5 Lava flows 525
12.4.6 Explosion craters, calderas and volcanotectonic basins 526
CALDERA FACIES 528
CALDERA TECTONICS 529
12.5 Sedimentary processes in volcanic terranes 529
12.5.1 Volcanic landslides and debris avalanches 529
12.5.2 Lahars 532
12.5.3 Coastal processes 536
12.6 The stratigraphic record of volcanism 536
12.6.1 Syn-eruptive versus inter-eruptive periods 537
12.6.2 Geometry of volcanic successions and their controls 540
12.7 Classification of volcaniclastic deposits 542
12.8 Volcanic landforms 544
12.9 Monogenetic basaltic volcanoes 545
12.9.1 Scoria cones and lava fields 546
12.9.2 Tuff rings and maars 546
12.9.3 Tuff cones 548
12.9.4 Flood-basalt volcanic fields 550
12.10 Monogenetic silicic volcanoes 550
12.11 Polygenetic basaltic volcanoes 552
12.11.1 Oceanic spreading ridges and abyssal plains 553
12.11.2 Oceanic seamounts and lava-shields 556
12.11.3 Oceanic plateaux and aseismic ridges 559
12.12 Polygenetic intermediate volcanoes 559
12.12.1 Sites of deposition 560
12.12.2 Effect of regional stress regime 562
12.12.3 Types of intermediate volcano 564
12.12.4 Subaerial convergent-margin sedimentation 565
HIGH-STANDING STRATOVOLCANOES WITHOUT CALDERAS 565
INTERMEDIATE CALDERA VOLCANOES 568
12.12.5 Marine sedimentation within and adjacent to volcanic arcs 570
DEEP-SEA TRENCHES 571
FOREARC BASINS 572
ISLAND ARCS AND INTRA-ARC BASINS 575
BACKARC BASINS 576
12.13 Polygenetic silicic volcanoes 578
12.14 Analysis of ancient volcanic successions 580
12.14.1 Reconstructing volcanic landscapes 580
12.14.2 Facies models in volcanic settings 582
13: Problems and perspectives 584
13.1 Historical review 584
13.2 Economic aspects 585
13.3 Environmental aspects 586
13.4 Future studies 586
References 590
Index 685

Rezensionen

"...definitely one of the best summaries and best written statements on the subject available today.... Every sedimentologist, stratigrapher, sedimentary petrologist and earth resources geologist should have a copy in their personal library." (Journal of Sedimentary Petrology)

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 15.7.2009
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geologie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie
• Schlagworte: distinguished • earth • earth sciences • Edition • Editions • Environments • external controls • Geowissenschaften • greater • importance • influential textbooks • Last • Places • Publication • Sciences • Second • sedimentary • Sedimentary environments • Sedimentologie u. Stratigraphie • Sedimentology & Stratigraphy • Sequence • TEH • therefore • two • Universal
• ISBN-13: 9781444313697 / 9781444313697