Thermodynamics of Pharmaceutical Systems (eBook)

An introduction to Theory and Applications

Kenneth A. Connors, Sandro Mecozzi (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2010 | 2. Auflage
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-0-470-56751-7 (ISBN)

Infos

Designed for pharmacy students

Now updated for its Second Edition, Thermodynamics of Pharmaceutical Systems provides pharmacy students with a much-needed introduction to the mathematical intricacies of thermodynamics in relation to practical laboratory applications. Designed to meet the needs of the contemporary curriculum in pharmacy schools, the text makes these connections clear, emphasizing specific applications to pharmaceutical systems including dosage forms and newer drug delivery systems.

Students and practitioners involved in drug discovery, drug delivery, and drug action will benefit from Connors' and Mecozzi's authoritative treatment of the fundamentals of thermodynamics as well as their attention to drug molecules and experimental considerations. They will appreciate, as well, the significant revisions to the Second Edition. Expanding the book's scope and usefulness, the new edition:

• Explores in greater depth topics most relevant to the pharmacist such as drug discovery and drug delivery, supramolecular chemistry, molecular recognition, and nanotechnologies

• Moves the popular review of mathematics, formerly an appendix, to the front of the book

• Adds new textual material and figures in several places, most notably in the chapter treating noncovalent chemical interactions

• Two new appendices provide ancillary material that expands on certain matters bordering the subject of classical thermodynamics

Thermodynamics need not be a mystery nor confined to the realm of mathematical theory. Thermodynamics of Pharmaceutical Systems, Second Edition demystifies for students the profound thermodynamic applications in the laboratory while also serving as a handy resource for practicing researchers.

Kenneth A. Connors is Professor Emeritus in the School of Pharmacy at the University of Wisconsin at Madison. His research interests include organic analytical reactions, their catalysis, mechanisms, and applications, kinetic methods for the analysis of mixtures and the chemistry of molecular complexes.

Sandro Mecozzi received his PhD in 1996 from the California Institute of Technology, and joined the faculty of the Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences at the School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, in 1999. He currently holds joint appointments in the departments of pharmacy and chemistry. His research interests include the areas of RNA recognition, fluorous self-assembly, and the development of novel drug delivery systems.

Inhalt

THERMODYNAMICS OF PHARMACEUTICAL SYSTEMS 3
CONTENTS 9
PREFACE 13
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION 15
0. Review of Mathematics 17
0.1. Introduction 17
0.2. Dimensions and Units 18
0.3. Logarithms and Exponents 24
0.4. Algebraic and Graphical Analysis 28
0.5. Dealing with Change 42
0.6. Statistical Treatment of Data 56
Problems 70
I BASIC THERMODYNAMICS 77
1. Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics 79
1.1. Fundamental Concepts 79
1.2. The First Law of Thermodynamics 85
1.3. The Enthalpy 89
Problems 92
2. The Entropy Concept 94
2.1. The Entropy Defined 94
2.2. The Second Law of Thermodynamics 101
2.3. Applications of the Entropy Concept 103
Problems 106
3. The Free Energy 109
3.1. Properties of the Free Energy 109
3.2. The Chemical Potential 113
Problems 120
4. Equilibrium 121
4.1. Conditions for Equilibrium 121
4.2. Physical Processes 123
4.3. Chemical Equilibrium 129
Problems 136
II THERMODYNAMICS OF PHYSICAL PROCESSES 139
5. Introduction to Physical Processes 141
5.1. Scope 141
5.2. Concentration Scales 142
5.3. Standard States 143
Problems 146
6. Phase Transformations 147
6.1. Pure Substances 147
6.2. Multicomponent Systems 152
Problems 157
7. Solutions of Nonelectrolytes 158
7.1. Ideal Solutions 158
7.2. Nonideal Solutions 161
7.3. Partitioning Between Liquid Phases 164
Problems 175
8. Solutions of Electrolytes 177
8.1. Coulombic Interaction and Ionic Dissociation 177
8.2. Mean Ionic Activity and Activity Coefficient 181
8.3. The Debye–Hückel Theory 182
Problems 186
9. Colligative Properties 187
9.1. Boiling Point Elevation 187
9.2. Freezing Point Depression 190
9.3. Osmotic Pressure 190
9.4. Isotonicity Calculations 193
Problems 197
10. Solubility 198
10.1. Solubility as an Equilibrium Constant 198
10.2. The Ideal Solubility 199
10.3. Temperature Dependence of the Solubility 202
10.4. Solubility of Slightly Soluble Salts 205
10.5. Solubilities of Nonelectrolytes: Further Issues 207
Problems 215
11. Surfaces and Interfaces 217
11.1. Thermodynamic Properties 218
11.2. Adsorption 224
Problems 233
III THERMODYNAMICS OF CHEMICAL PROCESSES 235
12. Acid–Base Equilibria 237
12.1. Acid–Base Theory 237
12.2. pH Dependence of Acid–Base Equilibria 243
12.3. Calculation of Solution pH 252
12.4. Acid–Base Titrations 257
12.5. Aqueous Solubility of Weak Acids and Bases 265
12.6. Nonaqueous Acid–Base Behavior 269
12.7. Acid–Base Structure and Strength 273
Problems 282
13. Electrical Work 286
13.1. Introduction 286
13.2. Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 287
13.3. Electrochemical Cells 290
13.4. pH Measurement 301
13.5. Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes 309
Problems 315
14. Noncovalent Binding Equilibria 317
14.1. Introduction 317
14.2. The Noncovalent Interactions 318
14.3. Binding Models 323
14.4. Measurement of Binding Constants 328
14.5. Applications 339
Problems 342
APPENDIXES 345
Appendix A Physical Constants 347
Appendix B Kinetic Theory of Gases 348
Appendix C Extrathermodynamic Relationships 351
ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS 357
BIBLIOGRAPHY 367
INDEX 371

Rezensionen

"In this 2nd edition, Professor Connors continues his career-long
commitment to ensuring that pharmacy students comprehend the
complexity of the chemistry that is so central to the practice of
pharmacy and the overall disciplines that comprise the
Pharmaceutical Sciences. While this book will continue to be
invaluable in those instances where required or elective courses
focused on mechanisms and pharmaceutical systems remain a part of
the Professional Pharmacy curriculum, it also could prove to be a
unique resource for first year pharmaceutics graduate students who
enter these programs with undergraduate majors in the biological,
rather than the chemical sciences.... Consistent with the treatment
of thermodynamics, kinetics and analytical chemistry in previous
textbooks, the authors lay out a logical systematic approach that
allow students to focus on basic definitions and principles, which
then build an understanding through increasingly complex
problems.... While this text was developed for pharmacy students,
its applicability to first year graduate students is noteworthy.
The pharmaceutical sciences have always struggled with the varied
backgrounds of a diverse student population and in most cases
background material in either the physical chemical or biological
sciences, is desirable depending upon their undergraduate
backgrounds. With the increasingly biological orientation of the
pharmaceutical sciences a large number of incoming students have
not had the basics of physical chemistry or thermodynamics which
are fundamental to drug discovery, design and understanding
mechanism of transport and action in the body. In addition, the
industry as well as the Food and Drug Administration through its
Critical Path initiative express an urgent need to move towards
much scientific orientation of formulation and manufacture to try
to reduce the extensive time needed to develop, test and eventually
market a drug often due to historic trial and error processes based
upon previously approved processes. This textbook could fill that
void nicely in many graduate programs and lay the foundation for
higher level courses."

--Dr. Jordan Cohen, Vice President for Research,
University of Iowa

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 22.1.2010
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Gesundheitsfachberufe
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Pharmakologie / Pharmakotherapie
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Pflege
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Pharmazie ► PTA / PKA
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Schlagworte: Chemie • Chemistry • clear • connections • Contemporary • Curriculum • Delivery • Edition • emphasizing • intricacies • Introduction • Maschinenbau • Mathematical • mechanical engineering • Medical Science • Medizin • muchneeded • needs • Pharmaceutical • Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry • Pharmacy • Pharmazeutische Chemie • Pharmazeutische u. Medizinische Chemie • Pharmazie • provides • Relation • schools • Second • students • Systems • thermodynamics • Thermodynamik
• ISBN-10: 0-470-56751-1 / 0470567511
• ISBN-13: 978-0-470-56751-7 / 9780470567517