Membrane Technology and Applications (eBook)
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
9781118359716 (ISBN)
'... the best handbook on membrane technology, which is currently on the market... ' -Membrane News (on the previous edition)
Building on the success of the previous edition, Membrane Technology and Applications Third Edition provides a comprehensive overview of separation membranes, their manufacture and their applications. Beginning with a series of general chapters on membrane preparation, transport theory and concentration polarization, the book then surveys several major areas of membrane application in separate chapters. Written in a readily accessible style, each chapter covers its membrane subject thoroughly, from historical and theoretical backgrounds through to current and potential applications. Topics include reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, pervaporation, microfiltration, gas separation and coupled and facilitated transport; chapters on electrodialysis and medical applications round out the coverage.
NEW TO THE THIRD EDITION
- New sections on the use of membranes in the chlor-alkali industry, membrane distillation, pressure retarded osmosis and constant flux-variable pressure ultrafiltration
- Zeolite and ceramic membranes, submerged membrane modules, and fuel cell membranes
- Substantially enhanced chapters on ultrafiltration, pervaporation and membrane contactors
- Updates to every chapter to reflect the developments in the field
Richard W. Baker, Membrane Technology and Research, Inc.(MTR), Newark, California, USA
the best handbook on membrane technology, which is currently on the market... Membrane News (on the previous edition) Building on the success of the previous edition, Membrane Technology and Applications Third Edition provides a comprehensive overview of separation membranes, their manufacture and their applications. Beginning with a series of general chapters on membrane preparation, transport theory and concentration polarization, the book then surveys several major areas of membrane application in separate chapters. Written in a readily accessible style, each chapter covers its membrane subject thoroughly, from historical and theoretical backgrounds through to current and potential applications. Topics include reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, pervaporation, microfiltration, gas separation and coupled and facilitated transport; chapters on electrodialysis and medical applications round out the coverage. NEW TO THE THIRD EDITION New sections on the use of membranes in the chlor-alkali industry, membrane distillation, pressure retarded osmosis and constant flux-variable pressure ultrafiltration Zeolite and ceramic membranes, submerged membrane modules, and fuel cell membranes Substantially enhanced chapters on ultrafiltration, pervaporation and membrane contactors Updates to every chapter to reflect the developments in the field
Richard W. Baker, Membrane Technology and Research, Inc.(MTR), Newark, California, USA
Membrane Technology and Applications?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 3
Contents?????????????????????????????? 7
Preface???????????????????????????? 13
Acknowledgments???????????????????????????????????????????? 15
Chapter 1 Overview of Membrane Science and Technology???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 17
1.1 Introduction?????????????????????????????????????????????? 17
1.2 Historical Development of Membranes???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 17
1.3 Types of Membranes?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 20
1.3.1 Isotropic Membranes???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 20
1.3.2 Anisotropic Membranes???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 22
1.3.3 Ceramic, Metal, and Liquid Membranes?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 22
1.4 Membrane Processes?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 22
References?????????????????????????????????? 29
Chapter 2 Membrane Transport Theory???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 31
2.1 Introduction?????????????????????????????????????????????? 31
2.2 The Solution-Diffusion Model?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 34
2.2.1 Molecular Dynamics Simulations?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 34
2.2.2 Concentration and Pressure Gradients in Membranes???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 38
2.2.3 Application of the Solution-Diffusion Model to Specific Processes???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 43
2.2.4 A Unified View?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 66
2.3 Structure-Permeability Relationships in Solution-Diffusion Membranes?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 69
2.3.1 Diffusion Coefficients?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 71
2.3.2 Sorption Coefficients in Polymers???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 80
2.4 Pore-Flow Membranes???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 88
2.4.1 Permeation in Ultrafiltration and Microfiltration Membranes???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 89
2.4.2 Knudsen Diffusion and Surface Diffusion in Microporous Membranes?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 95
2.4.3 Polymers with Intrinsic Microporosity (PIMs)?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 102
2.4.4 The Transition Region???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 105
2.5 Conclusions and Future Directions???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 106
References?????????????????????????????????? 108
Chapter 3 Membranes and Modules???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 113
3.1 Introduction?????????????????????????????????????????????? 113
3.2 Isotropic Membranes???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 114
3.2.1 Isotropic Nonporous Membranes???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 114
3.2.2 Isotropic Microporous Membranes???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 116
3.3 Anisotropic Membranes???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 118
3.3.1 Phase separation membranes?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 120
3.3.2 Interfacial Polymerization Membranes?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 137
3.3.3 Solution-Coated Composite Membranes???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 141
3.3.4 Other Anisotropic Membranes???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 144
3.3.5 Repairing Membrane Defects?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 148
3.4 Metal, Ceramic, Zeolite, Carbon, and Glass Membranes?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 150
3.4.1 Metal Membranes???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 150
3.4.2 Ceramic Membranes???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 151
3.4.3 Zeolite Membranes???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 155
3.4.4 Mixed-Matrix Membranes?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 157
3.4.5 Carbon Membranes?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 161
3.4.6 Microporous Glass Membranes???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 164
3.5 Liquid Membranes?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 164
3.6 Hollow Fiber Membranes?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 164
3.7 Membrane Modules?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 170
3.7.1 Plate-and-Frame Modules???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 171
3.7.2 Tubular Modules???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 173
3.7.3 Spiral-Wound Modules?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 174
3.7.4 Hollow Fiber Modules?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 178
3.7.5 Other Module Types?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 181
3.8 Module Selection?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 183
3.9 Conclusions and Future Directions???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 185
References?????????????????????????????????? 186
Chapter 4 Concentration Polarization?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 195
4.1 Introduction?????????????????????????????????????????????? 195
4.2 Boundary Layer Film Model???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 198
4.3 Determination of the Peclet Number?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 207
4.4 Concentration Polarization in Liquid Separation Processes???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 209
4.5 Concentration Polarization in Gas Separation Processes?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 212
4.6 Cross-Flow, Co-Flow, and Counter-Flow???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 213
4.7 Conclusions and Future Directions???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 220
References?????????????????????????????????? 221
Chapter 5 Reverse Osmosis???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 223
5.1 Introduction and History?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 223
5.2 Theoretical Background?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 224
5.3 Membranes and Materials???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 229
5.3.1 Cellulosic Membranes?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 229
5.3.2 Noncellulosic Polymer Membranes???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 232
5.3.3 Interfacial Composite Membranes???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 233
5.3.4 Other Membrane Materials?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 235
5.4 Reverse Osmosis Membrane Categories???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 236
5.4.1 Seawater and Brackish Water Desalination Membranes?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 237
5.4.2 Nanofiltration Membranes?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 238
5.4.3 Hyperfiltration Organic Solvent Separating Membranes?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 240
5.5 Membrane Selectivity?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 243
5.6 Membrane Modules?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 244
5.7 Membrane Fouling Control?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 247
5.7.1 Scale???????????????????????????????????? 247
5.7.2 Silt?????????????????????????????????? 249
5.7.3 Biofouling?????????????????????????????????????????????? 249
5.7.4 Organic Fouling???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 251
5.7.5 Membrane Cleaning???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 252
5.8 Applications?????????????????????????????????????????????? 253
5.8.1 Brackish Water Desalination???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 254
5.8.2 Seawater Desalination???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 256
5.8.3 Ultrapure Water???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 257
5.8.4 Wastewater Treatment?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 258
5.8.5 Nanofiltration?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 260
5.8.6 Organic Solvent Separation?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 261
5.9 Conclusions and Future Directions???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 262
References?????????????????????????????????? 263
Chapter 6 Ultrafiltration???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 269
6.1 Introduction and History?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 269
6.2 Characterization of Ultrafiltration Membranes???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 270
6.3 Membrane Fouling?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 273
6.3.1 Constant Pressure/Constant Flux Operation???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 273
6.3.2 Concentration Polarization?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 277
6.3.3 Fouling Control???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 287
6.4 Membranes???????????????????????????????????????? 290
6.5 Constant Pressure Modules, System Design, and Applications?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 290
6.5.1 Cross-Flow Ultrafiltration Modules?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 291
6.5.2 Constant Pressure (Cross-Flow) System Design?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 294
6.5.3 Applications of Cross-Flow Membrane Modules???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 298
6.6 Constant Flux Modules, System Design, and Applications?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 308
6.6.1 Constant Flux/Variable Pressure Modules???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 308
6.6.2 Submerged Membrane Modules and System Design?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 309
6.6.3 Submerged Membrane Applications???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 312
6.7 Conclusions and Future Directions???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 315
References?????????????????????????????????? 316
Chapter 7 Microfiltration???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 319
7.1 Introduction and History?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 319
7.2 Background?????????????????????????????????????????? 321
7.2.1 Types of Membrane???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 321
7.2.2 Membrane Characterization???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 322
7.2.3 Microfiltration Membranes and Modules???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 329
7.2.4 Process Design?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 332
7.3 Applications?????????????????????????????????????????????? 336
7.3.1 Sterile Filtration of Pharmaceuticals???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 338
7.3.2 Sterilization of Wine and Beer?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 338
7.3.3 Microfiltration in the Electronics Industry???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 339
7.4 Conclusions and Future Directions???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 339
References?????????????????????????????????? 340
Chapter 8 Gas Separation?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 341
8.1 Introduction and History?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 341
8.2 Theoretical Background?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 342
8.2.1 Polymer Membranes???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 344
8.2.2 Metal Membranes???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 353
8.2.3 Ceramic and Zeolite Membranes???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 353
8.2.4 Thermally Rearranged/Microporous Carbon Membranes???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 354
8.2.5 Mixed-Matrix Membranes?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 354
8.3 Membrane Modules?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 354
8.4 Process Design?????????????????????????????????????????????????? 355
8.4.1 Pressure Ratio?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 356
8.4.2 Stage-Cut???????????????????????????????????????????? 359
8.4.3 Multistep and Multistage System Designs???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 361
8.4.4 Recycle Designs???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 363
8.5 Applications?????????????????????????????????????????????? 365
8.5.1 Hydrogen Separations?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 366
8.5.2 Oxygen/Nitrogen Separation?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 368
8.5.3 Natural Gas Separations???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 375
8.5.4 Carbon Dioxide Separation???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 377
8.5.5 Vapor/Gas Separations???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 384
8.5.6 Dehydration of Air?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 385
8.5.7 Carbon Dioxide/Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide/ Nitrogen Separations?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 386
8.5.8 Vapor/Vapor Separations???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 388
8.6 Conclusions and Future Directions???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 389
References 391
Chapter 9 Pervaporation???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 395
9.1 Introduction and History?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 395
9.2 Theoretical Background?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 397
9.3 Membrane Materials and Modules?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 405
9.3.1 Membrane Materials?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 405
9.3.2 Dehydration Membranes???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 408
9.3.3 Organic/Water Separation Membranes?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 409
9.3.4 Organic/Organic Separation Membranes?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 410
9.3.5 Membrane Modules?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 411
9.4 System Design???????????????????????????????????????????????? 414
9.5 Applications?????????????????????????????????????????????? 416
9.5.1 Solvent Dehydration???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 417
9.5.2 Separation of Dissolved Organics from Water???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 422
9.5.3 Separation of Organic Mixtures?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 425
9.6 Conclusions and Future Directions???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 428
References?????????????????????????????????? 428
Chapter 10 Ion Exchange Membrane Processes-Electrodialysis?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 433
10.1 Introduction/History???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 433
10.2 Theoretical Background???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 437
10.2.1 Transport through Ion Exchange Membranes???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 437
10.3 Chemistry of Ion Exchange Membranes?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 439
10.3.1 Homogeneous Membranes?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 441
10.3.2 Heterogeneous Membranes?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 442
10.4 Electrodialysis?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 444
10.4.1 Concentration Polarization and Limiting Current Density?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 444
10.4.2 Current Efficiency and Power Consumption???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 449
10.4.3 System Design?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 451
10.5 Electrodialysis Applications???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 454
10.5.1 Brackish Water Desalination?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 454
10.5.2 Salt Recovery from Seawater?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 454
10.5.3 Other Electrodialysis Separation Applications?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 456
10.5.4 Continuous Electrodeionization and Ultrapure Water???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 458
10.5.5 Bipolar Membranes?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 459
10.6 Fuel Cells???????????????????????????????????????????? 460
10.7 Membranes in Chlor-Alkali Processes?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 464
10.8 Conclusions and Future Directions?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 465
References 465
Chapter 11 Carrier Facilitated Transport?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 469
11.1 Introduction/History???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 469
11.2 Coupled Transport?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 475
11.2.1 Background???????????????????????????????????????????????? 475
11.2.2 Characteristics of Coupled Transport Membranes???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 479
11.2.3 Coupled Transport Membranes?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 484
11.2.4 Applications???????????????????????????????????????????????????? 488
11.3 Facilitated Transport?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 489
11.3.1 Background???????????????????????????????????????????????? 489
11.3.2 Process Designs?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 492
11.3.3 Applications???????????????????????????????????????????????????? 497
11.4 Conclusions and Future Directions?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 502
References?????????????????????????????????? 503
Chapter 12 Medical Applications of Membranes?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 509
12.1 Introduction???????????????????????????????????????????????? 509
12.2 Hemodialysis???????????????????????????????????????????????? 509
12.3 Blood Oxygenators?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 514
12.4 Plasma Fractionation???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 516
12.5 Controlled Drug Delivery???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 517
12.5.1 Membrane Diffusion-Controlled Systems?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 518
12.5.2 Biodegradable Systems?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 526
12.5.3 Osmotic Systems?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 528
References?????????????????????????????????? 534
Chapter 13 Other Membrane Processes???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 537
13.1 Introduction???????????????????????????????????????????????? 537
13.2 Dialysis???????????????????????????????????????? 537
13.3 Donnan Dialysis (Diffusion Dialysis)???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 538
13.4 Charge Mosaic Membranes and Piezodialysis?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 542
13.5 Membrane Contactors and Membrane Distillation?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 545
13.5.1 Applications of Membrane Contactors?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 548
13.6 Membrane Reactors?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 554
13.6.1 Applications of Membrane Reactors?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 557
13.7 Ion-Conducting Membrane Reactors???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 560
13.8 Pressure-Retarded Osmosis (PRO) and Reverse Electrodialysis (RED)?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 563
13.9 Chiral Drug Separation???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 567
13.10 Conclusions and Future Directions???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 568
References?????????????????????????????????? 569
Appendix 575
Index???????????????????????? 587
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 16.7.2012 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie ► Technische Chemie |
| Technik | |
| Schlagworte | bioethanol, fuel cells, Battery separators, chlor-alkali membranes, Greenhouse gas capture, gas separation, pervaporation, reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, microfiltration, electrodialysis, membrane science, transport theory, membrane technology • chemical engineering • Chemie • Chemische Verfahrenstechnik • Chemistry • Dünne Schichten, Oberflächen u. Grenzflächen • Dünne Schichten, Oberflächen u. Grenzflächen • Industrial Chemistry • Materials Science • Materialwissenschaften • Membran • process development • Technische u. Industrielle Chemie • Thin Films, Surfaces & Interfaces • Verfahrensentwicklung |
| ISBN-13 | 9781118359716 / 9781118359716 |
| Informationen gemäß Produktsicherheitsverordnung (GPSR) | |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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Buying eBooks from abroad
For tax law reasons we can sell eBooks just within Germany and Switzerland. Regrettably we cannot fulfill eBook-orders from other countries.
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