Neuromodulation (eBook)

eBook Download: EPUB

2009 | 1. Auflage
1088 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-092139-6 (ISBN)

Infos

Neuromodulation will be the first comprehensive and in-depth reference textbook covering all aspects of the rapidly growing field of neuromodulation. This book provides a complete discussion of the fundamental principles of neuromodulation and therapies applied to the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, autonomic nerves and various organs.
The textbook is highly structured and organized into overarching sections that cover chronic pain, movement disorders, psychiatric disorders, epilepsy, functional electrical stimulation, cardiac, gastrointestinal, genitourinary and organ neuromodulation. The fundamental principles of electricity and infusion, neural tissue interface, biomedical engineering, neuromodulation devices, basic science, neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, imaging and mechanisms are emphasized. In addition to providing details pertaining to the state-of-the-art current practice, innovative and emerging applications are discussed in specific chapters. Finally, the textbook provides specific chapters focusing on the technical aspects of the various neuromodulation procedures as well as technical specifications of various implantable devices.
All of the contributors to Neuromodulation represent leading experts in the field. The editors are internationally renowned in their respective fields of neuromodulation, pain management, functional neurosurgery and biomedical engineering. Neuromodulation will be the first and foremost authoritative text on neuromodulation therapies and will establish the gold standard that defines the field for years to come.

Key Features

• The first comprehensive reference on the emerging field of Neuromodulation
• Editors and authors include all leading figures in the field, and the leaders of the International Neuromodulation Society
• Over 90 chapters on topics ranging from a layout of the fundamentals (e.g. neuroanatomy, plasticity, bioelectrical effects, infusion therapies), solutions for the biomedical engineering challenges (e.g. materials, how to preserve normal function etc.), to a rundown of the existing applications and their future promise
• Over 1200 pages in splendid full color, richly illustrated
• Important areas of application include: control of chronic pain delivery of drugs to the nervous system via implanted devices control of epilepsy, Parkinson, etc. functional restoration, e.g. visual, auditory, restoration after stroke, restoration of motor function after traumatic events stimulation of body organs via neural devices (incl. the heart, abdominal organs, genitourinary organs) overview over newly emerging fields - control of obesity, blood pressure, tinnitus, brain injury, neurodegenerative diseases, brain-machine interfaces

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Neuromodulation will be the first comprehensive and in-depth reference textbook covering all aspects of the rapidly growing field of neuromodulation. This book provides a complete discussion of the fundamental principles of neuromodulation and therapies applied to the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, autonomic nerves and various organs. The textbook is highly structured and organized into overarching sections that cover chronic pain, movement disorders, psychiatric disorders, epilepsy, functional electrical stimulation, cardiac, gastrointestinal, genitourinary and organ neuromodulation. The fundamental principles of electricity and infusion, neural tissue interface, biomedical engineering, neuromodulation devices, basic science, neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, imaging and mechanisms are emphasized. In addition to providing details pertaining to the state-of-the-art current practice, innovative and emerging applications are discussed in specific chapters. Finally, the textbook provides specific chapters focusing on the technical aspects of the various neuromodulation procedures as well as technical specifications of various implantable devices. All of the contributors to Neuromodulation represent leading experts in the field. The editors are internationally renowned in their respective fields of neuromodulation, pain management, functional neurosurgery and biomedical engineering. Neuromodulation will be the first and foremost authoritative text on neuromodulation therapies and will establish the gold standard that defines the field for years to come. - The first comprehensive reference on the emerging field of Neuromodulation- Editors and authors include all leading figures in the field, and the leaders of the International Neuromodulation Society- Over 90 chapters on topics ranging from a layout of the fundamentals (e.g. neuroanatomy, plasticity, bioelectrical effects, infusion therapies), solutions for the biomedical engineering challenges (e.g. materials, how to preserve normal function etc.), to a rundown of the existing applications and their future promise- Over 1200 pages in splendid full color, richly illustrated- Important areas of application include:control of chronic paindelivery of drugs to the nervous system via implanted devicescontrol of epilepsy, Parkinson, etc.functional restoration, e.g. visual, auditory, restoration after stroke, restoration of motor function after traumatic eventsstimulation of body organs via neural devices (incl. the heart, abdominal organs, genitourinary organs)overview over newly emerging fields - control of obesity, blood pressure, tinnitus, brain injury, neurodegenerative diseases, brain-machine interfaces

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Neuromodulation 4
Copyright Page 6
Contents 7
List of Contributors 15
Foreword 23
Preface 25
VOLUME 1 27
SECTION I. AN INTRODUCTION TO NEUROMODULATION 27
Chapter 1. What Is Neuromodulation? 29
DEFINING NEUROMODULATION 29
THE FIELD OF NEUROMODULATION 31
NEUROMODULATION FOR CHRONIC PAIN 31
REFERENCES 33
Chapter 2. Neuromodulation: A Historical Perspective 35
REFERENCES 43
Chapter 3. Neuromodulation Technologies: Whom Do We Serve? 47
INTRODUCTION 47
PAIN AS PARADIGM 49
PAIN AND DEPENDENCY 49
PSYCHIATRIC OVERLAY 50
ETHICAL AND ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS: WHOM DO WE NOT SERVE? 50
HOW DO WE SERVE WHOM WE SERVE? 52
THE HEALER'S ART 52
REFERENCES 53
Chapter 4. Challenges in Moving Toward Product Development 55
INTRODUCTION 55
THE NEUROSTIMULATION MARKET 56
THE IMPLANTABLE MEDICAL DEVICE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 59
A MODERN DAY SUCCESS STORY – ADVANCED BIONICS AND ALFRED E. MANN 62
REFERENCES 66
Chapter 5. The Birth of an Industry 67
EARLY NEUROMODULATION DEVICES 67
THE 21ST CENTURY NEUROMODULATION INDUSTRY 68
COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE 72
COMMONALITY WITH CARDIAC DEVICES 72
NEW PRODUCT CATEGORIES 73
FUTURE OUTLOOK 73
REFERENCES 73
Chapter 6. Beginnings of the Societies 75
A: HISTORY OF THE SOCIETIES OF STEREOTACTIC AND FUNCTIONAL NEUROSURGERY 75
REFERENCES 78
B: HISTORY OF THE INTERNATIONAL NEUROMODULATION SOCIETY 78
FORMATION OF INTERNATIONAL CHAPTERS 79
MEMBERSHIP 80
MISSION STATEMENT OF THE INS 80
C: HISTORY OF THE INTERNATIONAL FUNCTIONAL ELECTRICAL STIMULATION SOCIETY 81
FES HISTORY 82
ADVANCES IN EXTERNAL CONTROL OF HUMANS EXTREMITIES (ECHE) MEETINGS 83
REHABILITATION ENGINEERING SOCIETY OF NORTH AMERICA (RESNA) 84
VIENNA INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON FUNCTIONAL ELECTRICAL STIMULATION 84
THE DEVELOPMENT OF IFESS 84
REFERENCES 86
Chapter 7. Clinical Study Design 87
INTRODUCTION 87
HIERARCHY OF CLINICAL STUDY DESIGN 87
CLINICAL OBJECTIVE 87
STUDY DESIGN 89
STUDY POPULATION, INTERVENTION, AND SETTING 89
ASSESSMENT OF OUTCOMES 90
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS 90
QUALITY OF THE CURRENT LITERATURE 91
FUTURE CLINICAL TRIALS OF NEUROMODULATION 91
FUTURE AREAS OF RESEARCH 92
CONCLUSION 92
SUMMARY POINTS 93
REFERENCES 93
Chapter 8. Psychological Issues and Evaluation for Patients Undergoing Implantable Technology 95
BACKGROUND 95
BRIEF REVIEW OF PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES 96
WHEN ARE PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS MOST LIKELY TO INFLUENCE OUTCOMES? 97
RELEVANT PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS 99
PSYCHOLOGICAL TEST(S) AND THE EVALUATION PROCESS 100
HOW TO MAKE WHAT WORKS WORK BETTER 102
SUMMARY 103
REFERENCES 103
Chapter 9. Deep Brain Stimulation: Ethical Issues in Clinical Practice and Neurosurgical Research 107
REGULATION: FROM RESEARCH TO THERAPY 107
INFORMED CONSENT: THEORETICAL AND OPERATIONAL ISSUES 109
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: DISCLOSURE AND JUSTIFICATION 112
HISTORICAL DETERMINANTS 113
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 115
REFERENCES 115
SECTION II. FUNDAMENTALS OF NEUROMODULATION 119
Introduction 119
Chapter 10. Anatomy of the Nervous System 121
GROSS STRUCTURES 121
REFERENCES 132
Chapter 11. Fundamentals of Electrical Stimulation 135
A BRIEF HISTORICAL NOTE 135
OVERVIEW 136
SOME BASIC CONCEPTS 136
RESTING POTENTIAL ACROSS THE NERVE MEMBRANE 137
VOLTAGE-GATED ION CHANNELS 137
ACTION POTENTIALS 138
ELECTRICALLY GENERATING ACTION POTENTIALS 138
CHOOSING THE DURATION OF THE STIMULUS 140
ELECTROCHEMISTRY OF STIMULATING ELECTRODES 141
ELECTRODE BEHAVIOR UNDER PULSED CONDITIONS 143
BIPHASIC PULSES, BALANCED CHARGE, AND IMBALANCED CHARGE 145
HOW STIMULUS WAVEFORM CHOICES IMPACT TISSUES 145
CURRENT/VOLTAGE STIMULATION 147
REFERENCES 147
Chapter 12. Neuromodulation and Neuronal Plasticity 149
INTRODUCTION 149
TOPOGRAPHIC ORGANIZATION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM – HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 149
NEURONAL PLASTICITY IN DISEASE STATES 151
NEUROSTIMULATION AND NEURONAL PLASTICITY 153
CONCLUSION 155
REFERENCES 155
Chapter 13. Gene-Based Neuromodulation 157
GENE-BASED NEUROMODULATION: AN UNMET NEED 157
TARGETED STRATEGIES FOR GENE-BASED NEUROMODULATION 158
CURRENT AND POTENTIAL INDICATIONS 162
CURRENT TRENDS TOWARDS FUTURE THERAPIES 166
REFERENCES 166
SECTION IIA. FUNDAMENTALS OF NEUROMODULATION: MECHANISMS 169
Chapter 14. Principles of Electric Field Generation for Stimulation of the Central Nervous System 171
INTRODUCTION 171
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRIC FIELD GENERATION 172
EFFECTS OF ELECTRODE GEOMETRY 176
CONCLUSION 180
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 180
REFERENCES 180
Chapter 15. Mechanisms of Action of Deep Brain Stimulation: A Review 183
INTRODUCTION 183
FIVE HYPOTHESES FOR MECHANISM/S OF ACTION OF DBS 184
CONCLUSIONS 191
REFERENCES 192
Chapter 16. Computational Modeling of Deep Brain Stimulation 197
DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION 197
MODELING NEUROSTIMULATION 198
MODELING DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION 199
CLINICAL APPLICATION OF DBS MODELS 201
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 203
REFERENCES 203
SECTION III. BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING CONSIDERATIONS 205
Introduction 205
Chapter 17. Electrodes for the Neural Interface 207
INTRODUCTION 208
NEURAL SCIENCE FUNDAMENTALS 208
DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR NEURAL INTERFACE ELECTRODE 220
NEURAL INTERFACE ELECTRODE EXAMPLES 225
CONCLUSION 235
REFERENCES 235
Chapter 18. Implantable Neural Stimulators 241
INTRODUCTION 241
IMPLANTABLE NEURAL STIMULATOR TECHNOLOGY 242
THE NEURAL INTERFACE: ELECTRODES AND LEADS 244
STIMULATING AND PROCESSING CIRCUITRY 245
THE POWER SYSTEM 247
DEVICE COMMUNICATION AND TELEMETRY 249
SENSORS FOR DEVICE COMMAND AND CLOSED-LOOP CONTROL 250
FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN IMPLANTABLE NEUROSTIMULATOR TECHNOLOGY 251
REFERENCES 252
Chapter 19. Designing a Neural Interface System to Restore Mobility 255
NEURAL INTERFACE SYSTEMS FOR PERSONS WITH IMPAIRED MOBILITY 255
BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR SENSING NEURAL INTERFACE SYSTEMS 258
APPLICATION OF INTEGRATED NI SYSTEMS 266
DISCLOSURE 267
REFERENCES 267
Chapter 20. MRI Safety and Neuromodulation Systems 269
INTRODUCTION 270
BIOEFFECTS OF STATIC MAGNETIC FIELDS 270
BIOEFFECTS OF GRADIENT MAGNETIC FIELDS 271
BIOEFFECTS OF RADIOFREQUENCY FIELDS 272
MRI SAFETY AND PATIENT MANAGEMENT 273
MRI PROCEDURES, AND IMPLANTS AND DEVICES: GENERAL INFORMATION 276
MRI PROCEDURES AND NEUROMODULATION SYSTEMS 280
CONCLUSIONS 305
REFERENCES 305
SECTION IV. NEUROMODULATION FOR CHRONIC PAIN 309
Introduction 309
REFERENCES 311
Chapter 21. Physiology and Pathophysiology of Chronic Pain 313
INTRODUCTION 313
PHYSIOLOGY/ANATOMY OF NOCICEPTION 313
PHYSIOLOGY OF PAIN 317
CONCLUSION 324
REFERENCES 324
Chapter 22. The Endogenous Neuromodulation System 329
INTRODUCTION 329
THE HISTORY OF ELECTRICAL BRAIN STIMULATION FOR THE RELIEF OF PAIN 330
BIDIRECTIONAL, INHIBITORY, AND FACILITATORY DESCENDING CONTROLS 331
ON AND OFF CELLS: CONTRASTING INHIBITORY AND FACILITATORY DESCENDING CONTROLS 331
ENDOGENOUS PAIN CONTROL MECHANISMS: RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PAIN 332
PHARMACOLOGICAL INSIGHTS INTO DESCENDING CONTROL: WELL BEYOND OPIOIDS 333
CONCLUSION 335
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 336
REFERENCES 336
Chapter 23. Management Strategies for Chronic Pain 339
INTRODUCTION 339
MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE PAIN IN THE CONTEXT OF CHRONIC PAIN 342
THE EVALUATION, TREATMENT PLANNING, AND TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN 342
ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN PAIN MANAGEMENT 354
CONCLUSION AND LOOKING TO THE FUTURE 354
REFERENCES 355
SECTION IVA. PERIPHERY AND SPINAL CORD ELECTRICAL STIMULATION FOR NON-VISCERAL PAIN 359
Chapter 24. Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS): A Review 361
INTRODUCTION 361
TENS TERMINOLOGY 362
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF APPLICATION OF TENS 362
THEORIES OF TENS ANALGESIA AND EFFECTS OF TENS IN ANIMAL MODELS 364
ANALGESIC MECHANISMS OF TENS 364
TRANSLATION OF MECHANISMS OF TENS ANALGESIA TO THE CLINIC 366
THE CLINICAL EFFICACY OF TENS 367
SUMMARY POINTS 368
REFERENCES 368
Chapter 25. Mechanisms of Spinal Cord Stimulation in Neuropathic and Ischemic Pain Syndromes 371
BACKGROUND 371
ANIMAL MODELS OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN 372
DORSAL HORN AND SPINAL CIRCUITRY 373
POSSIBLE TRANSMITTER MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN SCS 374
CLINICAL PAIN STATES ASSOCIATED WITH DYSAUTONOMIA 375
ISCHEMIC PAIN 376
CONCLUSIONS 377
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 378
REFERENCES 378
Chapter 26. The Cost-effectiveness of Spinal Cord Stimulation 381
INTRODUCTION 382
REVIEW OF SCS COST STUDIES 383
HOW CAN THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF SCS BE OPTIMIZED? 398
ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS 399
CONCLUSIONS 400
REFERENCES 400
Chapter 27. Spinal Cord Stimulation for Painful Neuropathies 403
INTRODUCTION 403
MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF NEUROSTIMULATION ON PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHIC PAIN 404
GENERAL CLINICAL SERIES 405
DIABETIC NEUROPATHY 406
POST-HERPETIC NEURALGIA (PHN) 408
CONCLUSIONS 409
REFERENCES 409
Chapter 28. Neurostimulation in the Treatment of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome 411
INTRODUCTION 411
THE EFFICACY OF SPINAL CORD STIMULATION IN TREATING CRPS 412
THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF SPINAL CORD STIMULATION 414
PATIENT SELECTION FOR A SCREENING TRIAL 416
THE ROLE OF SCS IN THE COMPREHENSIVE INTERDISCIPLINARY TREATMENT MODEL OF CRPS 416
CONDUCTING A SCREENING TRIAL 417
PATIENT MANAGEMENT 418
COST-EFFECTIVENESS 419
CONCLUSIONS 419
REFERENCES 420
Chapter 29. Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Pain Peripheral Neuralgia and Complex Regional Pain Syndrome 423
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 423
PERTINENT ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND DISEASE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 424
PERIPHERAL NERVE STIMULATION (PNS) – INDICATIONS 426
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE 428
STIMULATION PARAMETERS 429
OUTCOMES 429
REFERENCES 432
Chapter 30. Occipital Neurostimulation for Treatment of Intractable Headache Syndromes 435
INTRODUCTION 435
TREATMENT OF MIGRAINE HEADACHES 436
LITERATURE REVIEW 436
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE 437
RESULTS 439
POSITIONING AND SEDATION 440
MECHANISMS OF ACTION 440
CONCLUSIONS 440
REFERENCES 441
Chapter 31. Subcutaneous Targeted Stimulation 443
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 443
PERTINENT ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND DISEASE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 446
INDICATIONS AND RATIONALE FOR SELECTION 446
PATIENT SELECTION AND APPROACH 447
IMPLANTATION PROCEDURE 447
PROGRAMMING 448
OUTCOMES 448
COMPLICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS 450
WHAT THE FUTURE HOLDS 451
CONCLUSIONS 451
REFERENCES 451
SECTION IVB. INFUSIONAL THERAPIES FOR PAIN 455
Chapter 32. Relevant Anatomy for Spinal Delivery 457
INTRODUCTION 457
DISTRIBUTION OF INTRATHECAL AGENTS IN THE SPINAL FLUID 464
CONCLUSION 466
REFERENCES 466
Chapter 33. The Rational Use of Intrathecal Opioid Analgesics 467
INTRODUCTION 467
INDICATIONS FOR IT THERAPY 467
TRIALS FOR IT DELIVERY 469
IMPLANTABLE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS 470
AN ALGORITHMIC APPROACH TO INTRATHECAL THERAPY 476
CONCLUSION 478
REFERENCES 479
Chapter 34. Intrathecal Analgesics, Choice of System 483
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 483
CURRENT IMPLANTABLE SYSTEMS 483
COST EFFICACY 486
COMPLICATIONS 488
CONCLUSION 491
REFERENCES 491
Chapter 35. Intrathecal Non-Opioid Analgesics for the Control of Pain 493
INTRODUCTION 493
LOCAL ANESTHETICS 494
ADRENERGIC AGONISTS 497
OTHER INTRATHECAL AGENTS 498
CONCLUSIONS 503
REFERENCES 504
Chapter 36. Compounding Intrathecal Drugs 509
INTRODUCTION 509
WHAT IS COMPOUNDING? 509
HISTORY 510
IMPORTANT ISSUES FOR INTRATHECAL DRUG COMPOUNDING 510
THE UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA 511
RISK LEVELS 512
REGULATIONS 512
LEGAL SIDE OF COMPOUNDING 513
CONSIDERATIONS FOR COMPOUNDED FORMULATIONS FOR INTRASPINAL PUMPS 514
POLYANALGESIC CONSENSUS GUIDELINES 515
SUMMARY 516
REFERENCES 516
Chapter 37. Intracerebroventricular Opioid Administration for Chronic Pain 517
INTRODUCTION 517
ICV DRUG ADMINISTRATION: MECHANISMS OF ACTION 518
GENERAL INDICATIONS AND PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION 518
SURGICAL AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION TECHNIQUES 519
CLINICAL RESULTS 520
SIDE EFFECTS AND COMPLICATIONS 520
ICV OPIOIDS FOR THE TREATMENT OF PAIN OF NONMALIGNANT ORIGIN 521
REFERENCES 521
SECTION IVC. BRAIN STIMULATION FOR PAIN 523
Chapter 38. Deep Brain Stimulation for Pain 525
INTRODUCTION 525
CURRENT INDICATIONS FOR DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION 526
PATIENT ASSESSMENT AND SELECTION 526
FUNDAMENTALS OF THE STIMULATION TECHNIQUE 527
EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION 529
FUTURE PROSPECTS 529
CONCLUSIONS 531
REFERENCES 531
Chapter 39. Deep Brain Stimulation of the Posterior Hypothalamus in Chronic Cluster Headache 535
INTRODUCTION 535
PATIENTS 535
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE 536
MICROELECTRODE RECORDING 536
MACROSTIMULATION AT THE TARGET 537
CHRONIC STIMULATION PARAMETERS 537
RESULTS 537
CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION 538
REFERENCES 538
Chapter 40. Motor Cortex Stimulation for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain 541
INTRODUCTION 541
TECHNIQUE 542
INDICATIONS AND RESULTS 546
COMPLICATIONS 547
MECHANISM OF ACTION 550
CONCLUSIONS 550
REFERENCES 551
VOLUME 2 553
SECTION V. NEUROMODULATION FOR MOVEMENT DISORDERS 553
Introduction 553
Chapter 41. Movement Disorders: Anatomy and Physiology Relevant to Deep Brain Stimulation 555
INTRODUCTION 555
HISTORICAL EVENTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF FUNCTIONAL NEUROSURGERY FOR MOVEMENT DISORDERS 555
PHYSIOLOGY OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 556
DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION: MECHANISM OF ACTION 557
RATE MODEL 559
PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC OSCILLATIONS 560
THALAMOCORTICAL DYSRHYTHMIA 560
GPI/DYSTONIA 561
VIM THALAMUS/PARKINSONIAN AND ESSENTIAL TREMOR (ET) 561
CONCLUSION 562
REFERENCES 562
Chapter 42. Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson's Disease 565
HISTORY AND THEORY OF DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION FOR PARKINSON'S DISEASE 565
PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND SURGICAL INDICATIONS 566
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE 567
ALTERNATIVE TECHNICAL APPROACHES 571
DEVICE PROGRAMMING 571
OUTCOMES 571
FUTURE DIRECTIONS 573
CONCLUSIONS 573
KEY POINTS 573
REFERENCES 573
Chapter 43 Deep Brain Stimulation for Tremor 575
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 575
PERTINENT ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND DISEASE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 576
RATIONALE FOR NEUROMODULATION, TARGET SELECTION, AND APPROACH 579
INDICATIONS AND PATIENT SELECTION CRITERIA 580
IMPLANT PROCEDURE DETAILS 580
PROGRAMMING AND OTHER POINTS OF CONSIDERATION 581
OUTCOMES (REVIEW OF MOST RECENT LITERATURE) 581
COMPLICATIONS AND AVOIDANCE 582
WHAT THE FUTURE HOLDS (NEXT 5 YEARS) 583
CONCLUSIONS 583
REFERENCES 583
Chapter 44. Infusion Therapy for Movement Disorders 587
INTRODUCTION 587
BACLOFEN FOR SPASTICITY 588
GLIAL CELL-LINE DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (GDNF) FOR PARKINSON'S DISEASE 591
CONCLUSION 594
REFERENCES 594
Chapter 45. Deep Brain Stimulation for Torsion Dystonia 597
INTRODUCTION 597
DIAGNOSIS AND CLASSIFICATION OF DYSTONIA 597
MEDICAL THERAPY FOR DYSTONIA 598
SURGICAL THERAPY FOR DYSTONIA 598
DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION: SURGICAL TECHNIQUE 598
CLINICAL RESULTS 601
CONCLUSIONS 602
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 603
REFERENCES 603
Chapter 46. Deep Brain Stimulation in Tourette's Syndrome 605
INTRODUCTION 605
HISTORY OF NEUROSURGICAL TREATMENT OF TS 606
TARGETS 607
NEUROANATOMIC BASIS FOR DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION IN TS 608
CLINICAL AND SURGICAL EVALUATION 609
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS 611
REFERENCES 611
Chapter 47. Surgical Management of Hemifacial Spasm and Meige Syndrome 613
HEMIFACIAL SPASM 613
CLINICAL SYMPTOMS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF HFS 614
NEURODIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION OF HFS 614
OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE AND MICROSURGICAL ANATOMY FOR HFS 615
OPERATIVE RESULTS AND CLINICAL OUTCOME 617
COMPLICATIONS 618
CONCLUSIONS 618
MEIGE SYNDROME 618
CLINICAL SYMPTOMS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 619
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT 619
CONCLUSION 621
REFERENCES 621
Chapter 48. Deep Brain Stimulation of the Medial Thalamus for Movement Disorders: The Role of the Centromedian–Parafascicular Complex 625
INTRODUCTION 625
ANATOMY OF THE CM–Pf COMPLEX 626
EXPERIENCE DERIVED FROM FUNCTIONAL NEUROSURGERY 629
DISCUSSION 637
SUMMARY AND PERSPECTIVES 638
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 639
REFERENCES 639
SECTION VI. NEUROSTIMULATION FOR EPILEPSY 643
Introduction 643
Chapter 49. Epilepsy: Anatomy, Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Disorders 645
INTRODUCTION 645
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 646
INTERICTAL TO ICTAL TRANSITION 648
CONCLUSION 648
REFERENCES 648
Chapter 50. Vagus Nerve Stimulation 651
INTRODUCTION 651
NCP DEVICE COMPONENTS 651
THEORETICAL BASIS OF VNS 653
CLINICAL UTILITY OF VNS 655
PATIENT SELECTION 657
ALTERNATIVE USES OF VNS 657
OPERATIVE PROCEDURE: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 658
OPERATIVE PROCEDURE: RELEVANT ANATOMY 659
OPERATIVE PROCEDURE IN DETAIL 660
LEAD REMOVAL OR REVISION 661
SURGICAL COMPLICATION AVOIDANCE AND MANAGEMENT 661
REFERENCES 662
Chapter 51. Deep Brain Stimulation for Epilepsy 665
INTRODUCTION 665
DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION FOR EPILEPSY: EVIDENCE FROM ANIMAL STUDIES 666
DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION OF THE ANTERIOR NUCLEUS OF THE THALAMUS 666
OTHER ANATOMIC TARGETS FOR DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION FOR EPILEPSY 671
OPEN- VERSUS CLOSED-LOOP SYSTEMS 672
CONCLUSION 673
REFERENCES 673
Chapter 52. Cerebellar Stimulation for Epilepsy 677
INTRODUCTION 677
CEREBELLAR ORGANIZATION 677
RESEARCH LEADING TO CEREBELLAR STIMULATION FOR EPILEPSY 678
EFFECT OF STIMULATION 679
CLINICAL EXPERIENCE 679
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE 680
DISCUSSION 680
REFERENCES 680
Chapter 53. Closed Loop Stimulation in the Control of Focal Epilepsy 683
INTRODUCTION 683
METHODS AND MATERIALS 684
TECHNIQUE OF NEUROSTIMULATOR SYSTEM IMPLANTATION 685
RESULTS 687
CONCLUSIONS 687
REFERENCES 688
SECTION VII. NEUROMODULATION FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS 689
Introduction 689
REFERENCES 690
Chapter 54. Electroconvulsive Therapy, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, and Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Depression 691
INTRODUCTION 691
ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY (ECT) 692
TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION (TMS) 693
VAGUS NERVE STIMULATION (VNS) 696
CONCLUSION 699
DISCLOSURES 699
REFERENCES 699
Chapter 55. Electrical Brain Stimulation in Treatment-Resistant Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder: Parcellation, and Cyto- and Chemoarchitecture of the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis – a Review 703
INTRODUCTION 704
NOMENCLATURE OF DIVISIONS OF THE BST 704
CYTOARCHITECTURE OF THE BST 704
CHEMOARCHITECTURE OF THE BST 706
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM 710
REMARKS AND CONCLUSION 711
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 711
REFERENCES 711
Chapter 56. Deep Brain Stimulation for Highly Refractory Depression 715
INTRODUCTION 715
DEVELOPMENT OF DBS IN NEUROPSYCHIATRY 717
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF DBS 720
DBS FOR PRIMARY DEPRESSIVE ILLNESS 721
ADVERSE EFFECTS 724
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS 725
PERSPECTIVE 725
SUMMARY 726
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 726
REFERENCES 726
Chapter 57. Surgical Treatment for Refractory Drug Addictions 729
INTRODUCTION 729
RATIONALE FOR NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS AS THE TARGET OF SURGERY 730
INDICATIONS AND PATIENT SELECTION CRITERIA 731
SURGICAL PROCEDURE 731
PERIOPERATIVE PATIENT MANAGEMENT 732
PROGRAMMING AND OTHER POINTS OF CONSIDERATION 733
SURGICAL OUTCOMES 734
SIDE EFFECTS AND COMPLICATIONS 734
CONCLUSION 734
REFERENCES 735
SECTION VIII. NEUROMODULATION FOR FUNCTIONAL RESTORATION 737
Introduction 737
Chapter 58. Stimulation for the Return of Hearing 739
INTRODUCTION 739
DESIGN OF COCHLEAR IMPLANTS 740
PERFORMANCE WITH PRESENT-DAY UNILATERAL IMPLANTS 744
RECENT ADVANCES 745
POSSIBILITIES FOR THE FUTURE 746
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 747
REFERENCES 747
Chapter 59. The Development of Visual Prosthetic Devices to Restore Vision to the Blind 749
INTRODUCTION 749
VARIOUS APPROACHES TO TREAT NEURAL FORMS OF BLINDNESS 751
DEVELOPMENT OF A VISUAL PROSTHESIS TO RESTORE VISION TO THE BLIND 753
THE APPROACH OF THE BOSTON RETINAL IMPLANT PROJECT 754
OVERVIEW OF SPECIFIC TECHNOLOGIES NEEDED TO BUILD A RETINAL PROSTHESIS 756
ELECTRONICS 756
MICROFABRICATION OF THIN-FILM, FLEXIBLE CIRCUITS 756
CONSIDERATIONS FOR ENCAPSULATION OF IMPLANTED MICROELECTRONIC COMPONENTS 757
TITANIUM CASE AND FEEDTHROUGH TECHNOLOGY 758
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF THE STIMULATING ELECTRODE ARRAY 759
IRIDIUM OXIDE ELECTRODES 760
METHODS OF SURGICAL IMPLANTATION 761
OCULAR BIOCOMPATIBILITY 762
HUMAN TEST RESULTS TO DATE 762
SIGNIFICANT LONG-TERM PROBLEMS 765
CONCLUSION 766
REFERENCES 766
Chapter 60. Stimulation for Return of Function after Stroke 769
INTRODUCTION 769
MOTOR RELEARNING 770
SHOULDER PAIN 771
NEUROPROSTHESIS 773
CONCLUSIONS 775
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 775
REFERENCES 776
Chapter 61. Cortical Stimulation for the Treatment of Motor Deficits following Ischemic Stroke 779
INTRODUCTION 779
ANIMAL STUDIES 780
HUMAN STUDIES 782
DISCUSSION 790
REFERENCES 791
Chapter 62. Stimulation for Return of Upper and Lower Extremity Function 793
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 793
PERTINENT ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND DISEASE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 794
RATIONALE FOR NEUROMODULATION TARGET SELECTION AND APPROACH 794
INDICATIONS AND PATIENT SELECTION CRITERIA 795
IMPLANT PROCEDURE DETAILS 795
PROGRAMMING AND OTHER POINTS OF CONSIDERATION 795
OUTCOMES 796
COMPLICATIONS AND AVOIDANCE 799
WHAT THE FUTURE HOLDS 799
CONCLUSIONS 800
REFERENCES 800
Chapter 63. A Neural Prosthesis for Obstructive Sleep Apnea 803
INTRODUCTION 803
CONTROL OF AIRWAY PATENCY THROUGH TONGUE MUSCLES 804
PROSTHETIC DESIGN FOR OSA 806
SINGLE ELECTRODE CLOSED LOOP PROSTHESIS DESIGN FOR OSA 807
OSA PROSTHESIS WITH SELECTIVE STIMULATION 808
CONCLUSION 810
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 811
REFERENCES 811
SECTION IX. NEUROMODULATION OF BODY ORGANS 813
Introduction 813
REFERENCES 815
SECTION IXA. NEUROMODULATION FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS 817
Chapter 64. Neuronal Control of the Heart 819
HISTORY OF THE BASIC DISCOVERY OR TECHNOLOGY 819
CURRENT STATE OF BASIC SCIENCE OR TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE 820
USE OF KNOWLEDGE OR TECHNOLOGY IN CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 822
GAPS IN KNOWLEDGE OR TECHNOLOGY FOR CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 823
WHAT IS NEEDED TO FILL THESE GAPS/DEFICITS 823
REFERENCES 824
Chapter 65. Disorders of Pacing 827
HISTORY OF CARDIAC PACING 827
BASIC ELEMENTS OF A PACEMAKER SYSTEM 827
IMPLANT PROCEDURE 828
BASIC TERMINOLOGY, PROGRAMMING, AND TIMING CYCLES 828
ADDITIONAL PROGRAMMING AND FEATURES 830
CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY (CRT) 831
FUTURE DIRECTIONS 832
REFERENCES 832
Chapter 66. Cardiac Pacemakers – Past, Present, and Future 833
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 833
TECHNICAL ASPECTS 835
CARDIAC "ELECTRICAL" ANATOMY 836
PACING FOR SINUS NODE DYSFUNCTION 837
PACING FOR ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK 837
PACING FOR HEART FAILURE 838
OTHER INDICATIONS FOR PACING 839
PACEMAKER-RELATED COMPLICATIONS 839
FUTURE DIRECTIONS 840
REFERENCES 840
Chapter 67. Cardiac Defibrillators 843
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 843
BASIC ELEMENTS OF AN ICD SYSTEM 844
IMPLANT PROCEDURE DETAILS 844
FUNCTION, PROGRAMMING, AND OTHER POINTS OF CONSIDERATION 845
INDICATIONS AND PATIENT SELECTION CRITERIA 846
FUTURE DIRECTIONS 847
REFERENCES 847
Chapter 68. Spinal Cord Stimulation for Peripheral Vascular Disorders 849
INTRODUCTION 849
HISTORY OF STIMULATION FOR PAD 850
INDICATIONS AND PATIENT SELECTION CRITERIA 851
IMPLANT PROCEDURE DETAILS AND PROGRAMMING 852
COMPLICATIONS AND AVOIDANCE 853
OUTCOMES 853
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE EXPECTATIONS 854
REFERENCES 854
Chapter 69. Spinal Cord Stimulation for Refractory Angina 857
PERTINENT ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND DISEASE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 857
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF NEUROSTIMULATION 861
PATIENT SELECTION, INCIDENCE, AND PREVALENCE 862
IMPLANT PROCEDURE 862
PROGRAMMING AND OTHER POINTS FOR CONSIDERATION 863
OUTCOMES REVIEW OF MOST RECENT LITERATURE 864
COMPLICATIONS AND AVOIDANCE 865
WHAT THE FUTURE HOLDS (THE NEXT 5 YEARS) 866
CONCLUSIONS 866
REFERENCES 867
Chapter 70. Neuromodulation and Hypertension 871
INTRODUCTION 871
PHYSIOLOGY OF BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL BY THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 872
PHARMACOLOGIC NEUROMODULATION 874
REFERENCES 879
Chapter 71. Neuromodulation of Cardiac Dysfunction 881
INTRODUCTION 881
NEUROMODULATION FOR CHRONIC HEART FAILURE 882
NEUROSTIMULATION FOR ACUTE HEART FAILURE 882
NEUROSTIMULATION FOR ARRHYTHMIAS 884
SUMMARY 886
REFERENCES 886
SECTION IXB. NEUROMODULATION FOR GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS 889
Chapter 72. Neural Control of the Colon 891
BACKGROUND 891
CURRENT STATE OF BASIC SCIENCE 892
SIGNIFICANCE OF SCS FOR IBS IN CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 894
GAPS IN KNOWLEDGE FOR CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 894
WHAT IS NEEDED TO FILL THESE GAPS 895
CURRENT AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 895
REFERENCES 895
Chapter 73. Spinal Cord Stimulation for Gastrointestinal Painful Disorders 899
INTRODUCTION 899
SPINAL CORD STIMULATION FOR VISCERAL PAIN 901
CONCLUSIONS 904
REFERENCES 905
Chapter 74. Gastric Stimulation for Dysmotility Disorders and Obesity 907
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 907
GASTRIC STIMULATION FOR THE TREATMENT OF GASTROPARESIS AND OBESITY 908
GASTRIC STIMULATION – PRESENT AND FUTURE 912
CONCLUSIONS 914
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 914
REFERENCES 914
Chapter 75. Intestinal Electrical Stimulation: Methodologies, Effects, Mechanisms, and Applications 917
INTRODUCTION 917
PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF INTESTINAL MOTILITY 918
METHODOLOGIES 920
EFFECTS AND MECHANISMS OF IES ON INTESTINAL FUNCTIONS 921
POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF IES 924
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 925
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 926
REFERENCES 926
SECTION IXC. NEUROMODULATION FOR UROGENITAL DISORDERS 929
Chapter 76. Neurophysiology of the Genitourinary Organs 931
INTRODUCTION 931
LOWER URINARY TRACT 933
SEX ORGANS 948
REFERENCES 952
Chapter 77. Sacral Nerve Root Stimulation for Painful Bladder Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis 957
NOMENCLATURE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY 957
ETIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, AND RESEARCH EVIDENCE 958
CLINICAL FEATURES AND DIAGNOSIS 959
MANAGEMENT 960
SACRAL NERVE STIMULATION (SNS) 960
REFERENCES 968
Chapter 78. Neuromodulation for Voiding Dysfunction 971
INTRODUCTION 971
HISTORY 972
PUTATIVE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF SACRAL NEUROMODULATION 973
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION FOR STORAGE DISORDERS 973
SPECIAL POPULATIONS 974
CONTRAINDICATIONS 975
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE 975
OUTCOMES 977
COMPLICATIONS 978
SELECTIVE NERVE STIMULATION 978
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION FOR EMPTYING DISORDERS 979
SACRAL NEUROMODULATION OF EMPTYING DISORDERS 980
CONCLUSIONS 980
REFERENCES 981
SECTION X. NEUROMODULATION FOR EMERGING APPLICATIONS 983
Introduction 983
Chapter 79. Deep Brain Stimulation for Obesity 985
BACKGROUND 985
HYPOTHALAMIC ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 987
ANIMAL STUDIES OF HYPOTHALAMIC STIMULATION 988
HUMAN STUDIES OF HYPOTHALAMIC LESIONING AND STIMULATION 989
REFERENCES 990
Chapter 80. Deep Brain Stimulation for Blood Pressure Control 993
INTRODUCTION 993
CLINICAL OUTCOMES 993
CONCLUSIONS 995
REFERENCES 996
Chapter 81. Neuromodulation for Tinnitus 997
INTRODUCTION 997
PHYSIOLOGY 997
CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT 998
SURGERY FOR TINNITUS 999
NEUROMODULATION FOR TINNITUS 999
CONCLUSION 1000
REFERENCES 1001
Chapter 82. Brain and Cerebrospinal Fluid Infusion Therapies for the Treatment of CNS Disease 1003
INTRODUCTION 1003
SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND FOR CNS DRUG DELIVERY 1004
HISTORY OF DIRECT CNS DRUG THERAPY 1006
CONVECTION ENHANCED DELIVERY (CED) AND CED-BASED THERAPEUTIC PROGRAMS 1007
OTHER DRUG PRODUCTS, ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION, AND COMMERCIAL ENVIRONMENT 1007
CONCLUSION 1008
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1008
REFERENCES 1008
Chapter 83. Deep Brain Stimulation for Cognitive Neuromodulation 1011
SUMMARY POINTS 1013
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 1014
DISCLOSURE 1014
REFERENCES 1014
Chapter 84. Novel Neuromodulation Approaches for Alzheimer's Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Conditions 1015
INTRODUCTION 1015
REFERENCES 1016
SECTION XI. NEUROMODULATION DEVICE IMPLANT TECHNIQUES 1019
Introduction 1019
Chapter 85. Deep Brain Stimulation: Surgical Technique 1021
INTRODUCTION 1021
STEREOTACTIC FRAME OR FRAMELESS PROCEDURE 1022
PREOPERATIVE IMAGING 1022
TARGET LOCALIZATION 1023
THE SURGICAL PROCEDURE 1025
MICROELECTRODE RECORDINGS 1025
ELECTRODE IMPLANTATION AND FIXATION 1026
IPG IMPLANTATION 1027
COMPLICATIONS 1027
PROGRAMMING 1028
REFERENCES 1028
Chapter 86. Spinal Cord Stimulation: Placement of Surgical Leads via Laminotomy – Techniques and Benefits 1031
INTRODUCTION 1031
TECHNIQUE 1032
ANESTHETIC TECHNIQUES 1033
LAMINOTOMY-PLACED LEADS UNDER SPINAL ANESTHESIA: THE RESULTS 1035
DISCUSSION 1036
CONCLUSION 1036
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 1036
REFERENCES 1036
Chapter 87. Techniques for Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Implantation 1039
INTRODUCTION 1039
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE FOR MEDIAN AND ULNAR NERVES 1039
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE FOR SCIATIC NERVE 1040
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE FOR COMMON PERONEAL NERVE 1041
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE FOR POSTERIOR TIBIAL NERVE 1042
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE FOR FEMORAL NERVE 1042
TRIALING 1042
Chapter 88. Techniques for Subcutaneous Peripheral Nerve Field Stimulation for Intractable Pain 1043
Chapter 89. Surgical Placement of Leads for Occipital Nerve Stimulation 1047
INTRODUCTION 1047
TRIAL STIMULATION 1047
PERMANENT IMPLANT – PERCUTANEOUS WIRE ELECTRODES 1048
PERMANENT IMPLANT – PADDLE ELECTRODE 1051
REFERENCES 1052
Chapter 90. Surgical Technique for Intrathecal Medication Delivery System Implantation 1053
SURGICAL PLANNING/PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS 1053
POSITIONING AND SURGICAL PREPARATION 1054
CATHETER INSERTION 1055
PUMP PREPARATION AND INSERTION 1056
CLOSURE 1057
POSTOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS 1057
REFERENCES 1058
Chapter 91. Surgical Technique for Vagus Nerve Stimulator Implantation 1059
SURGICAL ANATOMY 1059
OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE 1061
REPLACEMENT OF THE ELECTRODE LEAD 1065
REPLACEMENT OF THE PULSE GENERATOR 1065
COMPLICATIONS OF SURGERY 1065
CONCLUSION 1066
REFERENCES 1066
APPENDICES 1067
1. Advanced Neuromodulation Systems (ANS) IPG Specifications 1067
2. Medtronic IPG Specifications 1068
3. Boston Scientific Neuromodulation IPG Specifications 1070
INDEX 1071
A 1071
B 1072
C 1072
D 1074
E 1076
F 1077
G 1077
H 1078
I 1079
J 1080
K 1080
L 1080
M 1081
N 1082
O 1083
P 1084
R 1085
S 1085
T 1087
U 1088
V 1088
W 1089
Z 1089

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 5.5.2009
• Mitarbeit: Chef-Herausgeber: Elliot S. Krames, P. Hunter Peckham, Ali R. Rezai
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Sachbuch/Ratgeber
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Chirurgie
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Neurologie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie
• ISBN-10: 0-08-092139-6 / 0080921396
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-092139-6 / 9780080921396