IUTAM Symposium on Flow Control and MEMS (eBook)

Proceedings of the IUTAM Symposium held at the Royal Geographical Society, 19-22 September 2006, hosted by Imperial College, London, England

D. M. Birch, P. Lavoie, Jonathan F. Morrison (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2010 | 2008
XVI, 456 Seiten
Springer Netherlands (Verlag)
978-1-4020-6858-4 (ISBN)

Infos

The Symposium brought together many of the world's experts in fluid mechanics, microfabrication and control theory to discover the synergy that can lead to real advances and perhaps find ways in which collaborative projects may proceed. The high profile meeting was attended by keynote speakers who are leaders in their fields. A key driver was the improvement in flow efficiency to reduce drag, and thereby emissions arising from transport. About 65 papers were presented.

Inhalt

Title Page 3
Copyright Page 4
Table of Contents 5
Introduction 11
Acknowledgements 15
MEMS DEVICES 16
High Power Density MEMS: Materials and Structures Requirements 17
1 Introduction 17
2 Low Temperature Structural Design 20
2.1 Mechanical Testing 20
2.2 Structural Design 21
3 Design for High Temperature Strength 21
3.1 Material Model 22
4 Use of Silicon Carbide in Hybrid Structures 23
4.1 Mechanical Considerations in SiC/Si Hybrid Structures 23
4.2 Process Considerations in SiC/Si Hybrid Structures 24
4.3 Mechanical Test Results 24
5 Summary 25
References 26
MEMS for Flow Control: Technological Facilities and MMMS Alternatives 28
1 Introduction 28
2 Recent Achievements in MEMS Actuators for Flow Control 29
2.1 Microballoon-Flap Actuators [2] 29
2.2 Seesaw Type Magnetic Actuator Array [3] 30
2.3 MEKA-5 MicroElectroKinetic Actuator [4] 30
2.4 Electrostatic Microvalve for Microjets [5] 31
2.5 “ZIP” Electrostatic Microvalve for Microjets [6] 32
2.6 Piezoelectric Microvalve for Microjets [7] 32
3 MMMS Alternatives 32
3.1 Magnetostatic Micro-Valve Based on a Mechanical Instability 33
3.2 MMMS Based on an Induced Magnetic Instability in Nanostructured Magnetostrictive Films 34
4 Conclusion 35
References 36
MEMS-Based Electrodynamic Synthetic Jet Actuators for Flow Control Applications 38
1 Introduction 38
1.1 MEMS (Micro) Synthetic Jets 38
1.2 Modeling 39
2 Electrodynamic Synthetic Jets 39
2.1 Electrodynamic Transduction 39
2.2 Electrodynamic Flow Control Actuator 39
2.3 Lumped Element Model 40
3 Scaling Analysis 41
3.1 Discussion of Various Performance Criteria 42
3.2 Fabrication Methods and Issues 43
4 Conclusions and Future Work 44
References 44
Suction and Oscillatory Blowing Actuator 46
1 Introduction 46
2 Experimental Setup 47
3 Jet Deflection Model 48
3.1 Overview 48
3.2 Minimum Switching Pressure 50
3.3 Jet Deflection Model Results 50
4 Self-Oscillations Frequency Model 52
4.1 Self-Oscillations Frequency Model Results 53
5 Small-Scale Ejector 53
6 Fourth Generation Small-Scale Actuator Characteristics 55
7 Conclusions 55
References 57
Numerical Investigation of a Micro-Valve Pulsed-Jet Actuator 58
1 Introduction 58
2 Numerical Methods 59
3 Results 60
3.1 Unimorph with No Fluid-Structure Interaction 60
3.2 Unimorph with Fluid-Structure Interaction 61
3.3 Outlet Orifice 62
4 The Complete Valve 62
References 63
Characterization of MEMS Pulsed Micro-Jets with Large Nozzles 65
1 Introduction 65
2 The MEMS Micro-Jets 66
3 Characterization of the MEMS Actuators 67
3.1 The Single Slot Actuator 67
3.2 The Three Slots Actuator 67
4 Application to the Backward-Facing Step Flow 69
5 Conclusion 69
References 70
Magnetically Actuated Microvalves for Active Flow Control 71
1 Introduction 71
2 General Layout 72
3 Fabrication Process 72
4 Continuous Jet Mode Characterization 74
5 Actuation 75
5.1 Low Frequency: Electromagnetic Actuation 75
5.2 High Frequency: Self-Oscillating Actuation 75
6 Conclusion 76
References 77
Micromachined Shear Stress Sensors for Flow Control Applications 78
1 Introduction 78
1.1 Ideal Traits of a Flow Control Sensor 79
1.2 Flow Control System Issues 80
1.3 Advantages of Shear Stress Sensing for Flow Control 80
2 Existing MEMS Sensors 81
2.1 Indirect MEMS Sensors 82
2.2 Direct MEMS Sensors 83
3 Conclusions 83
References 84
SYNTHETIC JETS 85
Synthetic Jets and Their Applications for Fluid/Thermal Systems 86
1 Introduction 86
2 Experimental Setup 87
2.1 Formation and Evolution of Finite Span Synthetic Jets 87
2.2 Flight Control Using Flow Control 88
2.3 Active Heat Transfer Enhancement of Spray Cooling 89
3 Results 91
3.1 Synthetic Jets 91
3.2 Flight Control Using Flow Control 94
3.3 Active Heat Transfer Enhancement of Spray Cooling 96
4 Conclusions 99
References 101
Is Helmholtz Resonance a Problem for Micro-Jet Actuators? 103
1 Introduction 103
2 Criterion for Helmholtz resonance 105
3 Boundary-layer Induced Helmholtz Resonance 106
4 Conclusions 108
References 109
Passive Scalar Mixing Downstream of a Synthetic Jet in Crossflow 110
1 Introduction 110
2 Water Channel and Synthetic Jet Actuator 111
3 PIV/LIF Technique 111
4 Proper Orthogonal Decomposition 112
5 Hydrodynamic Effects 112
6 Passive Scalar Effects 115
7 Conclusions 115
References 116
Towards a Practical Synthetic Jet Actuator for Industrial Scale Flow Control Applications 117
1 Aim of Work 117
2 Introduction 118
2.1 Definition and Evolution of Flow Control 118
2.2 Synthetic Jet Actuators (SJAs) 118
3 Laboratory Characterisation and Optimisation of SJAs 118
4 Industrial Scale Case Study – Application of SJAs to an A321 120
4.1 Case Study Assumptions Used for Scaling 120
4.2 Case Study Results 121
5 Conclusions 122
References 124
Measurements of Synthetic Jets in a Boundary Layer 125
1 Introduction 125
2 Experimental Approach 126
3 Results and Discussion 127
4 Conclusions 131
References 131
Large-Eddy Simulations of Synthetic Jets inStagnant Surroundings and Turbulent Cross-Flow 132
1 Introduction 132
2 Numerical Framework 133
3 Synthetic Jet in Stagnant Surroundings 133
4 Synthetic Jet in Turbulent Boundary Layer 135
4.1 Baseline Boundary Layer 135
4.2 Injection into Boundary Layer 135
References 138
Characteristics of Small-Scale Synthetic Jets –Numerical Investigation 140
1 Introduction 140
2 Method and Validation of Simulations 141
3 Results and Discussion 143
3.1 Comparison of Vortices Produced by SJAs of Different Scales 143
3.2 Performance of SJAs with Do = 0.5 mm 143
4 Conclusion 144
References 145
Large Eddy Simulations of Transitional and Turbulent Flows in Synthetic Jet Actuators 146
1 Introduction 146
2 Numerical Framework 147
3 Results and Discussion 148
References 149
SEPARATION CONTROL 150
Model Reduction and Control of a Cavity-Driven Separated Boundary Layer 151
1 Introduction 151
2 Direct Numerical Simulation 152
3 Eigenmodes and Optimal Growth 153
4 Control 156
5 Conclusions 157
References 159
Collaborative Studies on Flow Separation Control 160
1 Introduction 160
2 Model, Actuator and Test Conditions 161
3 Baseline Characteristics of the NACA0015 162
4 Effects of Steady Jets 163
5 Effects of Synthetic Jet Actuator 164
6 Time Scales of Flow Attachment and Separation 165
7 Development of Multi-Orifices-Single-Chamber Synthetic Jet Actuator 167
8 Conclusion 168
References 168
High Resolution PIV Study of Zero-Net-Mass-Flow Lift Enhancement of NACA 0015 Airfoil at High Angles of Attack 170
1 Introduction 171
2 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure 171
3 Parametric Study 173
4 Particle Image Velocimetry 174
5 Conclusions 175
References 176
Separation Control along a NACA 0015 Airfoil Using a Dielectric Barrier Discharge Actuator 177
1 Introduction 177
2 Experimental Setup 178
3 Flow Control by Barrier Discharge Actuator 179
3.1 Optimization of the Position of the Actuator 179
3.2 Effects of the Unsteady Actuation 180
4 Conclusion 181
References 182
Dynamic Surface Pressure Based Estimation for Flow Control 184
1 Introduction 184
2 Surface Pressure-Based Velocity Estimation 185
3 Dynamic Stochastic Estimation 187
4 ARMA Model 188
5 Summary/Conclusions 189
References 189
The Control of Laminar Separation Bubbles Using High- and Low-Amplitude Forcing 191
1 Introduction 191
1.1 Numerical Techniques and Unperturbed Flows 192
2 Low-Amplitude Forcing 193
3 High-Amplitude Forcing 193
3.0.1 The Important Parameters for High-Amplitude Control 194
4 Conclusions 196
References 196
Control of Subsonic Flows with High Voltage Discharges 198
1 Introduction 198
2 Experimental Setup 199
3 Induced Flow Measurements 199
4 Effect of the DC Corona Discharge on the Airflow 200
5 Conclusion 201
References 201
Control of Flow Separation on a Wing Profile Using PIV Measurements and POD Analysis 202
1 Introduction 202
2 Experiments on a Generic Blowing Actuator 203
3 POD Analysis and Close Perspectives 204
References 206
Control of the Shear-Layer in the Wake of an Axisymmetrical Airfoil Using a DBD Plasma Actuator 207
1 Introduction 207
2 Experimental Arrangements 208
2.1 Airfoil & Plasma Actuator
2.2 Aerodynamic Set-up & Velocity Measurement Device
3 Results 211
4 Conclusion 212
References 212
DRAG REDUCTION AND MIXING 214
Models for Adaptive Feedforward Control of Turbulence 215
1 Introduction 215
1.1 Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters 216
1.2 Least-Means Squared (LMS) Algorithm 217
1.3 Implementation 218
2 Results and Discussion 218
2.1 Filtered-X LMS (FXLMS) Algorithm 219
2.2 System Robustness 221
3 Conclusions 223
References 223
Minimum Sustainable Drag for Constant Volume-Flux Pipe Flows 224
1 Introduction 224
2 Equations for Pipe Flow 224
2.1 Energy Equations 225
3 Volume Flux Comparison between Laminar and Turbulent Flows 226
3.1 Quantitative Comparisons 228
4 Drag Comparisons for Pipe Flow 228
5 Concluding Remarks 229
References 230
Enhancement of Suboptimal Controllability in Wall Turbulence 231
1 Introduction 231
2 Direct Numerical Simulations 233
3 Results 235
4 Conclusion 236
References 236
An Improvement of Opposition Control at HighReynolds Numbers 237
1 Introduction 237
2 Numerical Procedure 239
3 Results 240
4 Conclusion 242
References 242
Direct Numerical Simulation of Alternated Spanwise Lorentz Forcing 244
1 Introduction 244
2 Direct Numerical Simulation 245
3 EM Force Model 246
4 Simulation of EM Forcing 246
5 Conclusions 249
6 Perspectives and Applications 250
References 250
Boundary Layer Control for Drag Reduction by Lorentz Forcing 251
1 Introduction 251
2 Experiments 252
3 Results 253
4 Conclusions 256
References 256
Multi-Scale Flow Control for Efficient Mixing: Laboratory Generation of Unsteady Multi-Scale Flows Controlled by Multi-Scale Electromagnetic Forces 258
1 Introduction 258
2 Conclusion 262
References 263
Multi-Scale Flow Control for Efficient Mixing: Simulation of Electromagnetically Forced Turbulent-Like Laminar Flows 264
1 Introduction 264
2 Conclusion 268
References 268
CLOSED-LOOP CONTROL 269
Active Control of Laminar Boundary Layer Disturbances 270
1 Introduction 270
2 Experimental Setup 272
3 Analysis 272
4 Open Loop 275
5 Closed Loop 277
6 Pseudo-Compliant Surface 278
7 Discussion and Conclusions 280
References 281
Low-Dimensional Tools for Closed-Loop Flow-Control in High Reynolds Number Turbulent Flows 282
1 Introduction 282
2 Pressure Correlations in a High-Speed Jet 283
3 Model Estimate of a Mach 0.85 Jet Flow from Near-Field Pressure 288
4 Dual-Time PIV Investigation of the High-Speed Jet 292
5 Control of the Flow Separation over an Airfoil 293
6 Concluding Remarks 297
References 298
Evolutionary Optimization of Feedback Controllers for Thermoacoustic Instabilities 300
1 Introduction 300
2 A Noise-Resistant Evolutionary Algorithm 301
3 Experimental Results 303
4 Summary 305
References 306
Active Cancellation of Tollmien–Schlichting Instabilities in Compressible Flows Using Closed-Loop Control 307
1 Introduction 307
2 Principle of an Active Wave Control System 308
3 Experimental Set-Up 309
4 Control Strategy 312
5 Results and Discussion 315
6 Conclusions and Outlook 317
References 318
Optimal Boundary Flow Control: Equivalence of Adjoint and Co-State Formulations and Solutions 320
1 The Variational Approach to Flow Control 320
2 Boundary Optimal Flow Control Formulation 321
3 Generalisation of Reverse Flow Concept 322
4 Reduced Order Modelling: Principal Component Analysis 323
References 324
Optimal Growth of Linear Perturbations in Low Pressure Turbine Flows 325
1 Introduction 325
2 Method 326
3 Optimal Growth Modes in Low Pressure Turbine Flow 327
References 328
Simulations of Feedback Control of Early Transition in Poiseuille Flow 330
1 Introduction 330
2 Method 331
3 Results and Conclusions 332
References 333
A Switched Reduced-Order Dynamical System for Fluid Flows under Time-Varying Flow Conditions 334
1 Introduction 334
2 Modelling Framework 335
3 Simulation Results 336
4 Conclusions 337
References 337
Strategies for Optimal Control of Global Modes 338
1 Introduction 338
2 Optimal Control through Disturbance Flow Modification 340
3 Optimal Control through Base Flow Modification 341
References 342
APPLICATIONS 343
Modeling and Development of Synthetic Jet Actuators in Flow Separation Control Application 344
1 Introduction 344
2 Design Problem and Analysis 345
2.1 Lumped Element Model & Equivalent Circuit Model
2.2 Actuator Characterization & Model Verification
References 347
Feedback Control Using Extremum Seeking Method for Drag Reduction of a 3D Bluff Body 348
1 Introduction 348
2 Experimental Set-up 349
2.1 Description of the Model 349
2.2 Wind Tunnel and Experimental Techniques 350
3 Measurements and Discussion 352
3.1 Open Loop Control and Gradient Estimator 352
3.2 Closed Loop: Extremum Seeking Control 354
4 Conclusion 354
References 354
Flow Control in Turbomachinery Using Microjets 356
1 Introduction 356
2 Active Controlled Aeroengine 357
3 Compressor Stability 358
4 Micro Valves 359
5 Flow Actuation Devices for Aeroengines 359
6 Requirement for Future Flow Actuation Devices 360
7 Numerical Techniques 360
8 Conclusions 362
References 362
ONERA/IEMN Contribution within the ADVACT Program: Actuators Evaluation 364
1 Introduction 364
References 369
Control of Flow-Induced Vibration of Two Side-by-Side Cylinders Using Micro Actuators 370
1 Introduction 370
2 Experimental Details and Methods 370
3 Results and Discussion 371
4 Conclusions 373
References 374
Improvement of the Jet-Vectoring through the Suppression of a Global Instability 375
1 Introduction 375
2 Results 376
3 Conclusion 377
References 378
PASSIVE CONTROL 379
Experimental Optimization of Bionic Dimpled Surfaces on Axisymmetric Bluff Bodies for Drag Reduction 380
1 Introduction 380
2 Experimental Apparatus and Testing Method 381
3 Design of Experiments and Results 382
4 Conclusions 383
References 384
Flow Regularisation and Drag Reduction around Blunt Bodies Using Porous Devices 385
1 Modelling and Numerical Simulation 385
2 Results of the Passive Control 386
3 Conclusions 387
References 388
The Effects of Aspect Ratio and End Conditionon the Control of Free Shear Layers Development and Force Coefficients for Flow Past Four Cylinders in the In-line Square Configuration 389
1 Introduction 389
2 Numerical Method and Models 390
3 Results and Discussion 390
4 Conclusions 392
References 392
Numerical Simulation on the Control of DragForce and Vortex Formation by Different Wavy(Varicose) Cylinders 394
1 Introduction 394
2 Numerical Method and Models 395
3 Results and Discussion 395
4 Conclusions 397
References 398
Passive Multiscale Flow Control by Fractal Grids 399
1 Introduction 399
2 Experimental Analysis 400
3 Conclusion 403
References 403
Hydraulic Model of the Skin Friction Reduction with Surface Grooves 404
1 Skin Friction Reduction 404
1.1 Formulation of the Hydraulic Model 406
1.2 Comparison with Computational Results 406
2 Outlook and Conclusion 407
References 407
Vortex Shedding behind a Tapered Cylinder and Its Control 409
1 Introduction 409
2 Experimental Set-Up and Results 410
References 412
Control of a Separated Flow over a Smoothly Contoured Ramp Using Vortex Generators 413
1 Introduction 413
2 Experimental Set-Up 413
3 Flat Plate Boundary Layer Modification 414
4 Application to a Smoothly Contoured Ramp 415
5 Conclusion 416
References 417
Biomimetic Flight and Flow Control: Learning from the Birds 418
1 Features of Bird Flight: Control Mechanisms and Strategies and Techniques Employed by Birds 418
2 Biomimetically Inspired Active and Passive Techniques of Flow Regulation 421
3 Modeling and Control of the Vortex Lift 421
4 Conclusions 422
References 422
Author Index 423
Subject Index 425

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 9.9.2010
• Reihe/Serie: IUTAM Bookseries
• Zusatzinfo: XVI, 456 p.
• Verlagsort: Dordrecht
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• Schlagworte: Control • Fluid Dynamics • fluid mechanics • IUTAM • MEMS Technology • Peak • Profil • session
• ISBN-10: 1-4020-6858-1 / 1402068581
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4020-6858-4 / 9781402068584