Landslide Disaster Mitigation in Three Gorges Reservoir, China (eBook)

Fawu Wang, Tonglu Li (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2009
XLIII, 563 Seiten
Springer Berlin (Verlag)
978-3-642-00132-1 (ISBN)

Infos

This heavily-illustrated book on research results on landslide disaster mitigation in Three Gorges Reservoir consists of three parts: Regional properties of landslides in this area; case studies for typical landslides; new methodologies applied in this area.

Inhalt

Foreword 5
Preface 10
Contents 12
Contributors 16
Top-Author Biographies 21
Introduction: The Scenary of Three Gorges, from Downstream to Upstream 28
Part I Regional Properties of Landslides 41
1 Geo-hazard Initiation and Assessment in the Three Gorges Reservoir 42
Introduction 42
Regional Assessments of Geo-hazards 42
Problems and Concepts 43
Basic Problems 43
Basic Concepts 43
Evaluation Method for Geological Hazards Regional Analysis 43
''Distribution Degree'' of Geological Hazards 44
''Potentiality Degree'' of Geological Hazards 45
''Dangerous Degree'' of Geological Hazards 45
''Harmful Degree'' of Geological Hazards 46
The Division Methods of Geological Hazard Evaluation 47
Evaluation of Geological Disasters in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area 47
Overall Features of Geological Disasters 48
Calculation and Analysis of Assessment 48
Disaster Prevention Measures 52
Initiation Mechanism of Complex Slope in the Three Gorges 52
Facts and Viewpoints 53
Basic Facts 53
Scientific Knowledge 53
Regional Geological Evidence 54
Regional Geological Structure 54
Neo-tectonic Stress Field in the Three Gorges Region Inversed Analysized by River System 54
River System Fractal Character 55
Supergene Dynamic Phenomenon 56
Ancient Chuanjiang River Connected with Ancient Xiajiang River Forming a Unified Yangtze River and Slope Evolution 58
The Ancient Chuanjiang River and the Xiajiang River Linking up Was a Great Natural Event 59
Geological Dynamic Background 60
The Complex Slope Failure Initiation and Assessment in Badong County 61
Statement of Problem 61
Geological Characteristic of Badong Big Slope 62
Morphologic Features 62
Stratum Combination 63
The Vestige of Geological Structure 64
The Question About the ''Badong Fracture'' 64
Joint and ''Fracture'' of Slope Area 66
Geomechanics Model of Superficial Deformation and Damage 67
Badong Complex Slope System and Its Failure Initiation 69
Badong Complex Slope System 69
Initiation Theory of Gravity 71
Numerical Simulation Analysis with FLAC 3D 72
Regional Geo-environment Quality Assessment of the Badong Slope 73
Basic Idea 73
Geo-environment Evaluation of Badong Slope 74
Conclusions 76
References 77
2 Bank Slope Stability Evaluation for the Purpose of Three Gorges Reservoir Dam Construction 0 80
Types of Reservoir Bank Slopes and Assessment of the Stability Conditions 82
Types and Characteristics of the Reservoir Bank Slopes 82
Assessment on Stable Conditions of the Reservoir Bank Slopes 83
Rock Falls, Landslides, and Dangerous Rocks 85
Distribution Features of the Landslides 86
Geographical Distribution 86
Elevation of the Landslides Distribution 90
Relationship with the Lithology and Stratigraphy 90
Relationship with Geological Structure 91
Relationship with the Structure of the River Bank Slope 92
Structural Characteristics of the Landslides 93
Physical and Mechanical Properties of the Sliding Zone 93
Material Composition of the Sliding Zone 93
Physical and Mechanical Properties 95
Microstructure Feathers of the Sliding Zone 99
Hydro-geological Characteristics of the Landslides 99
Water-Bearing Capacity and Permeability of the Landslides 99
Recharge and Discharge Conditions of Ground Water in the Landslides 100
Ground Water Fluctuation and Its Affecting Factors 101
Formation Age of the Landslides 102
Determination of the Absolute Age for the Soil in the Sliding Zone 103
Referring to the Terraces of Yangtze River Valley 103
Stability Assessment of the Sliding Masses 103
Micro-geologic Judgment 104
Calculation by Limit Equilibrium Methods 104
Failure Probability Analysis 105
Sensitivity Analysis 105
Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation 107
Effect on the Rock Falls and Landslide by the Reservoir Impounding 107
Effect of the Normal Water Level 112
Effect of the Reservoir Water Level Fluctuation 112
Hazard Assessment for Failure of the Reservoir Bank Slopes 113
Analysis of the Main Factors Inducing Hazards 113
Estimation of the Size Sliding into River 113
Estimation of the Surge 114
Analysis and Assessment for Potential Harm 116
Influence on Storage Capacity and Lifespan of the Reservoir 116
Influence on Construction and Operation of the Key Structures 116
Influence on Navigation 117
Effects to Towns and Immigrant Settlement in the Reservoir Area 118
Monitoring, Prediction, and Mitigation for the Main Landslides 121
Deformation Monitoring and Prediction for the Main Landslides 121
Ground Deformation Monitoring 121
Deep Deformation Monitoring 122
Prediction 123
Treatment of the Landslides 124
Water Drainage 124
Unloading 125
Anchoring and Retaining 125
3 Research on the Characteristics and Slope Deformation Regularity of the Badong Formation in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area 126
Introduction 126
Development Characteristics and Space Variation of the Strata of the Badong Formation in the Three Gorge Reservoir Area 127
The Lithology and Space Variation of Lithology Combinations of the Strata of the Badong Formation 127
Space Variation of Stratum Thickness of Badong Formation 128
Characteristics of Structural Deformation of Badong Formation 129
Cleavage 129
Joint 131
Geological and Construction Property of the Rock Mass Structure in the Badong Formation 132
Property of Rock Mass Structure 132
Physical--Mechanical Property of the Soft Layer 133
Engineering Properties of the Rock Mass 135
Physical--Mechanical Property of the Rock Mass 135
Mechanical Properties of the Structural Plane 135
Estimation of Mechanical Parameters of Rock Masses 136
Recommended Parametric Values for Mechanical Calculation of Rock Mass 137
Typical Landslide of the Badong Formation Deformation Mode of the Huangtupo Landslide 137
Geological Background 138
Long-Term Deformation of the Slope 139
Landslide 144
Subsequent Reform of Landslide 149
Landslide Evolution Pattern 150
Conclusions 151
References 152
4 Distribution of Dangerous Rockmasses on the High Steep Slopes in the Three Gorges Area 153
Introduction 153
Geological Background for High Steep Bank Slopes and Dangerous Rockmasses in the Three Gorges River Valley 154
Basic Features of Rock and Soil 154
Basic Features of the Weak Structural Plane of Rock and Soil 155
Features of Rockmass Structural Plane 156
Distribution Features of Dangerous Rockmasses in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area 156
Profiles of Dangerous Rockmasses 157
Description of the Key Dangerous Rockmass 158
Fengxiangxia Dangerous Rockmass in Qutang Gorge 159
Hengshixi Dangerous Rockmass in Wu Gorge 159
Tongxincun Dangerous Rockmass in Wangxia Village, Wu Gorges 161
Liaojiaping Dangerous Rockmass in Wangxia Village, Wu Gorge 163
Jianchuandong Dangerous Rockmass in Wu Gorge 165
Jiandaofeng Rockfall in Wu Gorge 170
Huangyanwo Dangerous Rockmass in Wu Gorge 171
Shangpingtuo Landslide and Houzibao Dangerous Rockmass in the Front of Wu Gorge 172
Suozishan Dangerous Rockmass in Xiling Gorge 175
Baituo Dangerous Rockmass in Xiling Gorge 176
The Wentianjian Dangerous Rockmass in Xiling Gorge 179
The Jiuwanxi Dangerous Rockmass at the Entrance of Jiuwanxi Brook, Xiling Gorge 182
Conclusions 182
References 184
5 An Evaluation Study of Bank Collapse Prediction in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area 185
Introduction 185
Bank Collapse Types in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area 187
Wash and Abrasion 188
Toe-Erosion Collapse 189
Rock Break-Off and Slides 191
Landslide 192
The Prediction Parameter in Three Gorges Reservoir Area 193
Eigenvalue of the Bank Collapse Prediction Parameter 193
Sampling Investigation of Bank Collapse Prediction Parameter 193
Statistics of the Eigenvalue of Bank Collapse Prediction Parameter in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area 195
Bank Collapse Prediction Parameter of the Alluvial--Proluvial Bank Slope 195
Bank Collapse Prediction Parameter of the Residual Soil Slope and Landslide Accumulation Slope 195
Bank Collapse Prediction Parameter of the Wushan Loess-Like Soil and the Intensely Whole Weathered Granite Belt 195
Bank Collapse Prediction Parameter of Redbed Slope 197
Evaluation of Bank Collapse Predictions in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area 197
Classified Illustration in Terms of BSSPM 198
Illustration of Wash--Abrasion and Toe-Erosion Collapse 198
Bank Collapse Prediction of Landslide 206
Attention Points on the Application of BSSPM 206
Application of BSSPM 207
Application of BSSPM in the Analogical Prediction of Reservoir Bank Collapse 207
The Application of BSSPM to the Bank Collapse Prediction in Three Gorges Reservoir Area 207
Conclusions 209
References 210
6 Distribution Features of Landslides in Three Gorges Area and the Contribution of Basic Factors 211
Distribution Features of Landslides 211
Landslides and Lithology 211
Landslides and Environment 211
Landslides and Landforms 212
Characteristics of Landslide Hazards 213
Root Factors of Landslides 215
Inversion of Root Factors 216
Determining the Root Factors of Landslides 216
Statistics of Environmental Root Factors 217
The Contribution Rates of Root Factors to Landslides 217
Contribution Index 218
Contribution Rate 219
The Contribution Rates of Strata 220
The Contribution of the Stratas Areas 220
The Contribution to the Number of Landslides 221
The Contribution to the Scales of Landslides 221
Calculating the Contribution Rates 222
Giving Values 222
Superimposing Counting 224
Analysis of Contribution Rates 224
The Contributions of Height Differences 225
The Contribution Rate of Slope Shape 225
The Contribution Rate of Slope Grade 226
The Contribution Rate of Aspect 226
Comprehensive Evaluations and Weights of the Root Factors Contribution Rates 227
Evaluations of Contribution Rates 227
The Switch of Contribution Rate and Weight 227
References 230
7 Discussion on Land Use Based on Landslide Management in Three Gorges Reservoir Areas 231
Introduction 231
The Effect of the Landslide Disasters on the Three Gorges Reservoir Areas 232
The Historical Landslide Management Situations 232
The Present Growth of the Geographic Disaster Areas in Zigui County 234
The Forced Conversion of Land-Use Types 234
Research on the Development and Utilization of the Land Destroyed in the Landslide Disasters 236
Engineering Technical Methods for the Land Treatment 236
Example of Analysis: Treatment, Development, and Utilization of Land in Xintan Which Was Destroyed in the Landslide 237
Research on the Mode 241
Conclusions 244
References 244
Part II Case Studies for Typical Landslides 245
8 Mechanism for the Rapid Motion of the Reactivated Qianjiangping Landslide in Three Gorges Dam Reservoir, China 246
Introduction 246
Features of the Landslide 248
Scratches on the Failure Surface 252
Possible Triggering Factors and Sliding Mechanism 253
Experimental Study on the Rapid Sliding Mechanism of the Reactivated Landslide 255
Sampling the Sliding Planes 256
Soil Properties 257
Ring Shear Tests to Simulate the Sliding Process 259
Shear Torque Test to Simulate the Sliding Process 260
Shear Velocity-Controlling Test to Simulate the Sliding Process 262
Discussion and Conclusions 265
References 266
9 Evaluation of the Roles of Reservoir Impoundment and Rainfall for the Qianjiangping Landslide in Zigui County,Three Gorges Area 268
Introduction 268
Site Description 269
Analysis Methods 271
Results and Discussion 274
Sensitivity of the FS to the Parameters Within the Reservoir Impoundment and Rainfall 276
Quantitative Roles of the Reservoir Impoundment and Rainfall in Occurrence of the Landslide 277
Conclusions 278
References 279
10 Unsaturated Creep Test and Modeling of Soils from the Sliding Zone of the Qianjiangping Landslide in the Three Gorges Area, China 280
Introduction 280
Unsaturated Soil Creep Apparatus 281
Design Concept 281
The Structure of the Unsaturated Soil Creep Apparatus 282
Testing Method 283
Some Important Items That Need Attention 284
Unsaturated Creep Test of Slip Soils in the Qianjiangping Landslide 285
Test Soil Samples 285
Unsaturated Soil Shear Creep Loading Test 285
Test Procedure 286
Creep Test Result 286
Unsaturated Creep Modeling of Slip Soils in the Qianjiangping Landslide 287
Modeling Concept 287
Creep Strain--Time Relation 288
Creep Strain--Stress Relation 289
Creep Strain--Time--Stress Relation 290
Determination of the Model Parameters 291
Model Verification 291
Conclusions 292
References 293
11 Monitoring on Shuping Landslide in the Three Gorges Dam Reservoir, China 294
Introduction 294
Description of the Shuping Landslide 296
Landslide Geometry 300
Extensometers Monitoring Results 300
Part 1: August 2004--July 2006 300
Part 2: August 2006--July 2007 302
Part 3: August 2007--May 2007 304
Longitudinal Deformation Model 304
Conclusions 306
References 310
12 The Anlesi Landslide in Wanzhou, China: Characteristics and Mechanism of a Gentle Dip Landslide 311
Introduction 312
Geological Backgrounds 313
Characteristics of Anlesi Landslide 314
Macroscopic Geological Features of Slip Zones 316
The Mineral Components of the Slip Zones of the Anlesi Landslide 318
X-Ray Diffraction Analysis 318
Infrared Ray Analysis 319
The Microcosmic Structure Features of Slip Zone 319
Features of Striations 319
Features of Mineral Directional Crystal Structure 320
Physical Properties of Slip Zones 321
Grain Size 321
Maximum Dry Density and Optimum Water Content 322
Liquid and Plastic Limit 322
Swelling Potential 322
Shear Strengths 324
Factors Contributing to the Gentle Dip Landslides 325
Incompetent Beds 325
Distribution of Incompetent Beds 326
Fabric and Structure of Incompetent Beds 326
Shear Strength of Incompetent Beds 327
Contributions of Incompetent Beds to Landslide Formation 328
Latest Tectonic Activities 329
Intensive Rainfall 329
Creep Properties of the Slip Zones of the Anlesi Landslide 330
Test Facilities 330
Test Procedure 330
Test Results 331
Burgers Rheological Model of Slip Zone Soils 333
The Burgers Model Parameters 333
The Nonlinear Burgers Model 333
Numerical Simulation of the Anlesi Landslide 336
Geological Model 337
Meshes for Numerical Modeling 337
Numerical Simulation Considering the Elastic--Plastic Properties of Rock and Soil 338
Numerical Simulation Considering the Rheological Properties of Rock and Soil 338
Conclusions 343
References 347
13 Preliminary Study on Mud-Rock Flows Channel of the Bailuxi River, Wuxi County, China 349
Introduction 349
Physical Geography, Geology and Geomorphology Background 350
Physical Geography 350
Geomorphology 351
Lithology 352
Tectonics 353
Vegetation, Cultivation and Human Activity 354
Distribution and Growth Features of Mud-Rock Flow 354
Analysis of the Yangjiawan Branch Channel Mud-Rock Flow 356
The Mud-Rock Flow of the Yangjiawan Branch Channel 356
Formation Area of Yangjiawan Branch Channel Mud-Rock Flow 357
The Movement and Accumulation Region of the Yangjiawan River Channel Mud-Rock Flow 358
Evaluation of the Probability of a Yangjiawan Branch Channel Mud-Rock Flow 360
Analysis on the Possibility for the Bailuxi Main Channel to Burst into a Mud-Rock Flow 361
Hazard Analysis of the Bailuxi River Mud-Rock Flow and the Resulting Countermeasures 365
Reference 366
14 Stability Assessment and Stabilizing Approaches for the Majiagou Landslide, Undergoing the Effects of Water Level Fluctuation in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area 367
Introduction 368
Engineering Geologic Characteristics of the Majiagou Landslide 369
The Geologic Background of the Landslide 369
The Geomorphic Form of the Landslide 371
The Material Components of the Landslide 372
The Hydrogeological Characteristics of the Landslide 372
Physical and Mechanical Properties of the Soil of the Landslide 373
Density of the Slide Mass 373
Shear Strength of the Slide Zone 374
Permeability of the Soils of the Landslide 375
Effect on the Ground Water by the Reservoir Water Level Fluctuation 375
Stability Assessment of the Landslide Undergoing the Reservoir Water Level Change 379
Stabilizing Work and the Efficiency 385
Conclusions 387
References 387
15 Mass Rock Creep and Landsliding on the Huangtupo Slope in the Reservoir Area of the Three Gorges Project, Yangtze River, China 389
Introduction 390
Geological Setting 391
Mass Rock Creep 391
Brief Introduction of Mass Rock Creep 392
Mass Rock Creep at Huangtupo 393
Toppling 393
Deep-Seated Creep 396
Landslide at Huangtupo 397
Landform 398
Surface Geological Texture 398
Sliding Zone 400
Electrical Resistivity Constraints for Landslide Geometry 401
Shallow Process on the Surface of the Preexisting Huangtupo Landslide 403
Summary and Discussion 405
Conclusion 408
References 409
16 Study on the Possible Failure Mode and Mechanism of the Xietan Landslide When Exposed to Water Level Fluctuation 411
Introduction 411
Introduction to the Xietan Landslide 411
Fluctuation of Reservoir Water Level 412
Physical Model Test 413
Apparatus for the Model Test 413
Section Plane Selection for the Model Test 415
Preparation of Similarity Materials for the Model Test 416
Formulation of Similarity Material of the Model Test 416
Simulation of Fluctuation of Reservoir Water Level 417
Model Test Phenomenon and Its Analysis 418
Failure Mode and Mechanism of the Landslide 418
Exploration of the Failure Modes of Other Landslides Similar to the Landslide 421
References 421
17 A Study of the 1985 Xintan Landslide in Xiling Gorge, Three Gorges Area, China 422
Introduction 422
Natural Settings and the Geological Structure of the Xintan Slope 423
Features and Mechanism of the Landslide 427
Developing Process of the Landslide 427
Upslope-Stepwise Progressive Deformation Stage (Before the Rainy Season of 1983) 427
Integral Pushing-Type Slide Stage (May 1983--Major Landsliding in 1985) 428
The Course of the Landslide 429
Scope and Magnitude of the Landslide 431
Mechanism and Causes of the Landslide 432
Mechanical Analysis of Jiangjiapo Landslide 437
Study of the Parameters of the Sliding Movements 440
Slide Seismogram Studies 441
Monitoring and Prediction of Landslide Activities 442
Slope Deformation Monitoring 442
Prediction of the Landslide Occurrence 443
Conclusions 444
References 444
18 Time Prediction of the Xintan Landslide in Xiling Gorge, the Yangtze River 445
Introduction 445
The Sliding Process 447
Characteristics of Landslide Movement 448
Deformation Features of the Landslide 450
The Features of Sliding Debris 451
Essential Features of the Landslide 451
Topography 451
Materials and Structure 452
Bedrock Structures 452
Hydro-geological Conditions 453
Boundary Conditions 453
Formation Mechanism of the Landslide 453
Mechanism of Destabilization 454
Falling Loading 455
The Effect of Precipitation 455
Landslide Monitoring and Prediction 457
Features of Deformation Monitoring 457
Progressing Development Features of the Landslide 460
Landslide Prediction 462
Deformation Features of Sliding Remains 462
Aspects of Successful Prediction for Failure of the Xintan Landslide 464
Conclusions 464
References 465
19 Back-Analysis of Water Waves Generated by the Xintan Landslide 466
Introduction 466
Engineering Geology of the Xintan Landslide 467
Topography and Geomorphology of Xintan Landslide 467
Rock and Soil of the Xintan Landslide 468
Calculations of Landslide Velocity and Water Wave 470
Calculation of Landslide Velocity 470
Calculation of the Initial Water Wave Characteristics Generated by the Landslide 472
Calculation of the Propagation of Water Wave 474
Calculation of the Run-up of the Wave 475
Back-Analysis of Water Waves Generated by the Xintan Landslide 475
The Shear Strength Parameters of the Sliding Zone of the Xintan Landslide 475
Back-Analysis of the Internal Friction Angle of the Sliding Zone in a State of Movement 475
Conclusions 476
References 477
Part III New Methodologies Applied in this Area 479
20 Intelligent Optimization of Reinforcement Design Using Evolutionary Artificial Neural Network for the Muzishu Landslide Based on GIS 480
Introduction 481
Integration Method for Optimization of Landslide Reinforcement Design 482
Evolutionary Artificial Neural Network 482
Construction of Nonlinear Relationship Between Reinforcement Parameters, Factor of Safety and Engineering Cost 483
Search of Optimal Reinforcement Parameters Using Genetic Algorithm in Global Space 483
Three-Dimensional Visualization and Subsidiary Analysis for Strata Information and Reinforcement Design Based on GIS Technique 485
Intelligent Optimization of Reinforcement Design for the Muzishu Landslide 485
Brief Description of the Muzishu Landslide 485
Reinforcement Design and Optimization Procedure 486
Three-Dimensional Visualization and Subsidiary Analysis for Reinforcement Design 491
Discussion and Conclusions 492
References 494
21 The Application of Fractal Dimensions of Landslide Boundary Trace for Evaluation of Slope Instability 495
Introduction 495
Features of Landslides in the Study Area 497
Methodology 498
Results and Discussion 499
Fractal Dimensions of Landslides 499
Relationship Between Fractal Dimensions and Slope Instability 499
Qualitative Analysis of the Relationship Between Landslide Boundary Traces and Slope Instability 499
Quantitative Description for Slope Instability Using Fractal Dimensions of Landslide Boundary Traces 501
Conclusions and Remarks 502
References 503
22 Uncertainty Evaluation of the Stability of the Huanglashi Landslide in the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River 505
Introduction 505
Characters and Geological Environment of the Huanglashi Landslide 506
General Characters of the Landslide 506
Character of the Hengping Landslide 506
Character of the Dashiban Landslide 508
Character of the Taizijiao Landslide 508
Geological and Environmental Characters 508
Deformation and Failure Mechanism of the Landslide 509
The Hengping Landslide 510
The Dashiban Landslide 510
Taizijiao Landslide 510
Uncertainty Analysis on the Stability of the Huanglashi Landslide 510
Uncertainty Analysis on the Stability of the Hengping Landslide 511
Determination of Safety Coefficient 511
Uncertainty Analysis of the Hengping Landslide 511
Preliminary Elevation of the Stability of the Hengping Landslide 513
Analysis of the Stability of the Dashiban Landslide 513
Character of Deformation Development 513
The Probable Location of Shear Outlets 514
Analysis on the Stability of the Dashiban Landslide 514
The Effect of the Dashiban Landslide Failure on the Hengping Landslide 514
Analysis on the Stability of the Taizijiao Landslide 514
Conclusions 514
References 515
23 Recognition of Lithology and Its Use in Identification of Landslide-Prone Areas Using Remote Sensing Data 516
Introduction 516
The Study Area 517
Recognition of Lithology Using Remote Sensing Data 519
Preparation of Remote Sensing Data 519
Interpretation of Lithology Units Using Remote Sensing Images 519
Analysis of the Lithostratigraphic Factor in Landslide Hazard Zonation 521
Results and Discussions 523
References 525
24 Construction and Application of a Real-Time Monitoring System for Landslides 526
Introduction 526
Signification and Characteristic of Real-Time Monitoring 527
System Structure 529
Data Collection System 529
Data Transmission System 530
Information Processing and Distribution System 530
Key Technologies and Solutions 531
Acquisition System and the Automatic Convergence of the Transmission System 532
Servo Data Processing and Storage Procedures 533
Data File Names Agreement 533
Application and Evaluation 535
Monitoring Method and Monitoring Instruments 535
Management 538
Demonstrative Station Data Collection System 539
GPRS Remote Wireless Transmission System 539
Demonstrative Station Information Issuance System 540
Bottom Database System 541
Information Issue Homepage 541
Assessment 544
Conclusion 544
References 546
25 Entropy-Based Hazard Degree Assessment for Typical Landslides in the Three Gorges Area, China 547
Introduction 547
Method 549
Index Selection 549
Data Standardization 549
Entropy Calculations 550
Weights of Index 550
Model 550
Application 550
The Study Area 551
Data and Index Selection 552
Model Established 552
Hazard Assessment 554
Discussion 555
Conclusion 555
References 556
26 The Conceptual Model of Groundwater Systems in a Large-Scale Landslide -- A Case Study of the Baota Landslide in the Impoundment Area of Three Gorges Project 558
Introduction 558
The Characteristics and the Conceptual Model of the Groundwater Systems of the Landslide 559
Geological Setting and Hydro-geological Structure 559
The Flow Field and the Regime of the Groundwater Systems 561
The Chemical Characteristics and Temperature Fields of the Groundwater Systems in the Landslide 562
The Environmental Isotopes of the Groundwater 562
Conclusion and Discussion 566
References 566
27 Bank Collapse Along the Three Gorges Reservoir and the Application of Time-Dependent Modeling 568
Introduction 568
Modeling Test Design and Procedure 569
Mono-factor Model Test 570
Multi-factor Model Test 574
Design and Procedure of the Multi-factor Model Test 574
Model Test in Different Types of Bank Collapse 575
Sensitivity Analysis for Effect Factors 575
Time-Dependent Model Test 578
Design Procedure of the Time-Dependent Model Test 578
Test Results and Analysis 579
Analysis of Bank Collapse Development Process 580
General Process of Bank Collapse 580
Evidence of Bank Collapse Termination 583
Conclusion 584
References 584
Appendix A: Stratigraphic Column in the Three Gorges Area(Modified from Yin 2007) 585
Appendix B: Distribution of main landslides in the Three GorgesReservoir 589

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 26.6.2009
• Reihe/Serie: Environmental Science and Engineering
• Reihe/Serie: Environmental Science and Engineering
• Zusatzinfo: XLIII, 563 p.
• Verlagsort: Berlin
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geologie
• Themenwelt: Sozialwissenschaften ► Politik / Verwaltung
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Schlagworte: Deformation • Disaster Mitigation • Landslides • risk analysis • Three Gorges • Water Reservoir
• ISBN-10: 3-642-00132-7 / 3642001327
• ISBN-13: 978-3-642-00132-1 / 9783642001321