International Migration Outlook 2016 (eBook)

Oecd (Autor)

eBook Download: EPUB

2016 | 1. Auflage
428 Seiten
OECD Publishing (Verlag)
978-92-64-26066-5 (ISBN)

Infos

The 2016 edition of the International Migration Outlook analyses recent developments in migration movements and policies in OECD countries and selected non-OECD countries, and looks at the evolution of the labour market outcomes of recent immigrants in OECD countries. The report includes two special chapters: “The economic impact of migration: Why the local level matters” and "International migration following environmental and geopolitical shocks: How can OECD countries respond?", as well as country notes and a statistical annex.

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The 2016 edition of the International Migration Outlook analyses recent developments in migration movements and policies in OECD countries and selected non-OECD countries, and looks at the evolution of the labour market outcomes of recent immigrants in OECD countries. The report includes two special chapters: "e;The economic impact of migration: Why the local level matters"e; and "e;International migration following environmental and geopolitical shocks: How can OECD countries respond?"e;, as well as country notes and a statistical annex.

Inhalt

Foreword 5
Table of contents 7
Editorial: OECD countries need to address the migration backlash 9
Executive summary 11
Main trends 11
The local impact of migration 12
Migration associated with environmental and geopolitical shocks 12
Main findings 12
Migration is rising and has returned to its pre-crisis level 12
The impact of migration at the local level should not be underestimated 12
Migration policies could better respond to geopolitical and environmental shocks 13
Chapter 1. Recent developments in international migration movements and policies 15
Introduction 16
Main findings 16
Recent trends in international migration 17
Migration trends in 2015 based on preliminary and partial data 17
Figure 1.1. Permanent migration flows to OECD countries, 2006-15 18
Trends in migration flows by country of destination and by category in 2014 18
Table 1.1. Inflows of permanent immigrants into selected OECD countries, 2007-14 19
Figure 1.2. Permanent migration flows to OECD countries by category of entry, 2007­14 21
Box 1.1. Free establishment in the European Union and in Mercosur 22
Figure 1.3. Permanent migration flows into selected OECD countries, 2014 23
Temporary labour migration 24
Table 1.2. Workers who obtained a seasonal work permit by main destination country, 2007-14 25
Table 1.3. Intra-company transfers to the main OECD destinations, 2007-14 27
Figure 1.4. Evolution of the number of posted workers by receiving European OECD country, 2005-14 27
Figure 1.5. Inflows, ouflows and net balance of posted workers in UE/EFTA countries in 2014 28
Table 1.4. Entries of trainees and Working Holiday Makers in selected OECD countries, 2007-14 29
Asylum seekers 30
Figure 1.6. New asylum applications since 1980 in the OECD and the EU 30
Figure 1.7. New asylum applications in the OECD by Syrians, Q1 2012 to Q1 2016 32
Figure 1.8. Distribution of new asylum seekers by origin, 2013-15 32
Table 1.5. New asylum applications by country where application is filed, 2011-15 34
Figure 1.9. Average recognition rates of applications for international protection in selected European countries, 2010-15 35
Table 1.6. Number of new beneficiaries of international protection in OECD countries, 2007-15 36
International student mobility 35
Table 1.7. International students enrolled in OECD countries, 2013 37
Figure 1.10. International students enrolled in OECD countries by origin, 2013 38
International migrants’ countries of origin 38
Table 1.8. Top 50 countries of origin of new immigrants to the OECD, 2004-14 39
Flows of migrant women 40
Figure 1.11. Share of women in migration flows to OECD countries, 2009­14 41
Foreign­born population 40
Figure 1.12. Number of foreign-born in the OECD area, 2000­14 41
Figure 1.13. The foreign-born as a percentage of the total population in OECD countries, 2000 and 2014 42
Acquisition of nationality 42
Figure 1.14. Acquisitions of citizenship as a percentage of foreign population, 2013 and 2014 43
General policy developments 43
Major revisions in the managed migration framework have not taken place 43
Economic migration 43
Recent development in European migration and asylum policies 49
Notes 54
Bibliography 55
Annex 1.A1.1. Supplementary tables and figures 56
Figure 1.A1.1. Changes in inflows of migrants by country of origin, selected OECD countries, 2004-13 and 2014 56
Table 1.A1.1. Preliminary trends in migration flows, 2015 59
Table 1.A1.2. Permanent flows to OECD countries by category, 2014 60
Chapter 2. Labour market outcomes of recent migrants and integration policies in OECD countries 61
Introduction: a focus on recent migrants 62
Main findings 62
Recent changes in labour market outcomes of migrants in the OECD 63
Figure 2.1. Share of recent migrants in the working age population, 2009 and 2015 64
Overall trends in migrants’ labour market outcomes 65
Figure 2.2. Employment and unemployment rates by place of birth, 2007, 2011 and 2015 65
Figure 2.3. The risk of long-term unemployment faced by workers by place of birth, 2007, 2011 and 2015 67
Labour market outcomes by duration of stay 66
Figure 2.4. Employment rates by place of birth and duration of stay, 2015 68
Figure 2.5. Employment rates of recent migrants by region of origin in selected OECD countries, 2015 68
Figure 2.6. Unemployment rates by place of birth and duration of stay, 2015 69
Figure 2.7. NEET rates by place of birth in selected OECD countries, 2015 70
Have disparities between recent and settled migrants grown or declined? 71
Figure 2.8. Employment rates of recent migrants, 2011 and 2015 71
Figure 2.9. Ratio of recent migrants’ employment rate to settled migrants’ employment rate, 2008-11 and 2012-15 72
Figure 2.10. Demographic characteristics of recent and settled migrants in selected OECD countries, 2015 73
Figure 2.11. Changes in labour market outcomes by demographic group and country of birth, in selected OECD countries, 2011-15 74
Trends in the employment of migrants 75
Figure 2.12. Quarterly employment by place of birth in selected OECD countries, 2007-15 75
Table 2.1. Ten industries with the largest changes in foreign-born employment by duration of stay, in selected OECD countries, 2011-15 76
Recent changes in integration policies in OECD countries 79
OECD countries are streamlining the process of naturalisation 79
Box 2.1. The White House Task Force on New Americans 80
Many countries have facilitated access to citizenship for certain groups and increasingly allowed dual citizenship 79
Alongside this, however, language and other requirements to earn citizenship have been raised 81
New grounds for citizenship revocation have been introduced 81
Integration activities are frequently tailored to the needs of the migrant 82
Streamlining qualification recognition 82
Raising awareness, enhancing transparency and facilitating recognition for those without proof of their qualifications 83
Countries are working to increase access and incentives to undertake language training… 84
… to strengthen the pedagogical basis of language tuition… 84
… and to enhance the vocational focus and flexibility of language learning 84
Recent policy changes to foster the integration of refugees and their children 85
Early interventions are becoming more prominent 86
Many governments have increased co-operation between different levels of governance and actors in order to respond to asylum seekers and refugees in a faster and more efficient manner 86
There have also been efforts to include volunteer initiatives and work with the private sector more closely 87
There have been sustained efforts to address housing shortages 88
Countries have attempted to avoid the concentration of asylum seekers and refugees in urban and disadvantaged areas 88
However, only some countries distribute asylum seekers and refugees according to local labour market needs or migrants’ skills 89
Many countries had to increase the capacities of schools and teachers 89
Many countries have rolled out language courses for adult asylum seekers and refugees 90
Public Employment Services play an important role in delivering integration programmes for asylum seekers and refugees 90
Vocational education and training schemes are rolled out to facilitate labour market integration 91
Civic integration measures are strengthened 92
Bibliography 92
Annex 2.A1. Additional tables 94
Table 2.A1.1. Employment, unemployment and participation rates by region of birth in selected OECD countries in 2008 (2007 in the United States), 2011 and 2015 95
Table 2.A1.2. Employment of foreign-born persons by industry, 2015 96
Table 2.A1.3. Quarterly employment rates by place of birth and gender in OECD countries, 2011-15 97
Chapter 3. The economic impact of migration: Why the local level matters 107
Introduction 108
Figure 3.1. Distribution of the population by population density and place of birth, 2013 109
Figure 3.2. Difference between the unemployment rates of persons living in densely-populated areas and the persons living in intermediate or thinly-populated areas 109
Figure 3.3. Difference in the share of very-low educated among persons living in densely populated areas and among persons living in intermediate or thinly populated areas 110
Main findings 111
Labour market impact of immigration 112
Box 3.1. Labour market data by spatial scale 113
Box 3.2. Estimating the impact of migration on the labour market: the role of infra-national data 114
Table 3.1. Overview of studies on the labour market impact of migration using national and sub-national data 117
The impact of migration on housing 119
Overview 119
Figure 3.4. Average number of rooms per occupant by immigration status of the household, selected OECD countries, 2013 119
Impact on housing demand, housing prices and rents 120
Box 3.3. A model of the impact of migration on housing prices 121
Table 3.2. Empirical studies on the impact of immigration on housing prices 122
Figure 3.5. Share of immigrant households among all owner-occupied and rented dwellings, 2012 123
Figure 3.6. Immigrant households renting at a reduced-rate rent, 2012 124
Impact on social housing 124
The impact of migration on public infrastructure 126
Box 3.4. Specific issues related to the housing of asylum seekers 127
Impact on the school system 128
Health care system 130
Figure 3.7. Migrants’ health status 131
Figure 3.8. Share of foreign-born health professionals, 2010 and 2011 132
Transportation 133
Local fiscal impact of migration 133
Conclusion 136
Notes 137
References 138
Annex 3.A1. Supplementary tables and figures 143
Figure 3.A1.1. Employment rates of the persons who live in urban and rural areas 143
Table 3.A1.1. Share of households with children by migration status of the household, 2012 144
Table 3.A1.2. Dispersal and housing policies for asylum seekers in OECD countries, 2015 145
Table 3.A1.3. Take-up of social benefits by immigrant households relative to native-born households in European OECD countries, 2011-12 147
Chapter 4. International migration following environmental and geopolitical shocks: How can OECD countries respond? 149
Introduction 150
Main findings 150
Understanding the links between external shocks and international migration 153
How do environmental and geopolitical shocks affect international movements? 153
National and international policy frameworks 155
Box 4.1. The Paris Agreement (COP21) 156
Box 4.2. The Nansen Initiative 157
Lessons learnt from past policy responses to shock-related migration 158
Migration related to environmental shocks 158
Box 4.3. Natural disasters that have affected immigrants in OECD destination countries 160
Migration related to geopolitical shocks 163
Box 4.4. Why has the Temporary Protection Directive never been used? 165
Figure 4.1. Resettlement arrivals in OECD countries 166
Table 4.1. Countries whose nationals in the United States currently benefit from Temporary Protection Status 167
Box 4.5. Can people smuggling be ended? 168
Alternative pathways for people in need of international protection 171
Figure 4.2. Resettlement and alternative pathways for people in need of international protection 172
Alternative general mobility pathways for beneficiaries of international protection 172
Box 4.6. Addressing bottlenecks for skilled refugees and asylum seekers in the EU legal migration framework 174
Box 4.7. Matching refugee skills with labour needs during the interwar period 1920-30 176
Alternative humanitarian pathways 183
Evaluating the potential of alternative pathways 187
Table 4.2. Potential and feasibility of alternative pathways for persons in need of protection: a summary table of previous analyses 189
Table 4.3. First work permits granted to Syrians in OECD countries, 2010-15 191
Table 4.4. Distribution of Syrian workers by occupation, 2007 and 2010 192
Figure 4.3. Distribution of the population born in third countries employed in European OECD countries by occupation, 2013 192
Table 4.5. First student permits granted to Syrians, 2010-15 193
Figure 4.4. Gross enrolment ratio at higher education level, 2002 and 2010 194
Table 4.6. First permits granted to Syrians for family reasons, 2010-15 195
Figure 4.5. Assessing the potential of alternative pathways for Syrians in the OECD 196
Main points and concluding remarks 197
Notes 199
Bibliography 201
Annex 4.A1. Environmental disasters 2009-14 207
Table 4.A1.1. Major environmental events, 2009-14 207
Annex 4.A2. Responses to recent environmental disasters 209
The Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami (2004) 209
The Haiti earthquake (2010) 210
Earthquakes in Japan and New Zealand (2011) 211
Hurricanes Katrina (2005) and Sandy (2012) 212
Flood, cyclones and volcanic eruptions 213
Droughts and famines 214
Notes 215
Annex 4.A3. Responses to geopolitical shocks 216
The Indochinese refugee crisis (1975-97) 216
The Geneva conference in 1979 217
The Comprehensive Plan of Action (CPA) in 1989 217
Table 4.A3.1. Indochinese arrivals by territory of first asylum, 1975-95 218
Table 4.A3.2. Resettlement of Indochinese refugees by destination, 1975-95 218
Break-up of Yugoslavia: Kosovo (1998-99) and Bosnia (1992-95) 219
Bosnia (1992-95) 219
Table 4.A3.3. Bosnia refugees, 1992-20051 220
Kosovo (1998-99) 219
Figure 4.A3.1. Kosovo refugee inflows by destination during the emergency, 23 March-9 June 1999 221
Figure 4.A3.2. Humanitarian Evacuation Programme and total number of asylum application lodged in 1999 221
Libya (2011-) 221
Migration to OECD countries 222
Figure 4.A3.3. Applications for asylum by Libyan nationals in selected OECD countries (top 4 in 2015) 222
Figure 4.A3.4. Detections of illegal border crossings in the Central Mediterranean route, 2008-15 223
Policy responses 223
Table 4.A3.4. Libyan asylum seekers in selected OECD countries, 2005-15 225
Syria (2011-) 225
Displacement to neighbouring countries of Syria 225
Figure 4.A3.5. Syrian nationals in main host countries in 2014-15 225
Asylum application in OECD countries 226
Table 4.A3.5. Syrian asylum seekers in selected OECD countries, 2005-15 227
Table 4.A3.6. Refugee and other humanitarian statuses granted to Syrians, 2010-15 228
Policy response 227
Notes 230
Annex 4.A4. Conditions for family migration for humanitarian migrants by status 231
Table 4.A4.1. Conditions for family migration for Conventional Refugees 231
Table 4.A4.2. Conditions for family migration for beneficiaries of subsidiary protection 234
Table 4.A4.3. Conditions for family migration for unaccompanied minors 236
Chapter 5. Country notes: Recent changes in migration movements and policies 239
Australia 240
For further information 240
Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks 241
Austria 242
For further information 242
Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks 243
Belgium 244
For further information 244
Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks 245
Bulgaria 246
For further information 246
Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks 247
Canada 248
For further information 248
Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks 249
Chile 250
For further information 250
Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks 251
Czech Republic 252
For further information 252
Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks 253
Denmark 254
For further information 254
Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks 255
Estonia 256
For further information 256
Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks 257
Finland 258
For further information 258
Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks 259
France 260
For further information 260
Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks 261
Germany 262
For further information 262
Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks 263
Greece 264
For further information 264
Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks 265
Hungary 266
For further information 266
Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks 267
Ireland 268
For further information 268
Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks 269
Israel 270
For further information 270
Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks 271
Italy 272
For further information 272
Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks 273
Japan 274
For further information 274
Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks 275
Korea 276
For further information 276
Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks 277
Latvia 278
For further information 278
Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks 279
Lithuania 280
For further information 280
Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks 281
Luxembourg 282
For further information 282
Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks 283
Mexico 284
For further information 284
Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks 285
Netherlands 286
For further information 286
Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks 287
New Zealand 288
For further information 288
Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks 289
Norway 290
For further information 290
Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks 291
Poland 292
For further information 292
Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks 293
Portugal 294
For further information 294
Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks 295
Romania 296
For further information 296
Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks 297
Russian Federation 298
For further information 298
Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks 299
Slovak Republic 300
For further information 300
Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks 301
Slovenia 302
For further information 302
Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks 303
Spain 304
For further information 304
Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks 305
Sweden 306
For further information 306
Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks 307
switzerland 308
For further information 308
Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks 309
Turkey 310
For further information 310
Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks 311
United Kingdom 312
For further information 312
Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks 313
United States 314
For further information 314
Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks 315
Sources and notes of the country tables of Chapter 5 316
Migration flows of foreigners 316
Long­term migration inflows of foreigners by type (standardised inflows) 316
Temporary migration 316
Inflows of asylum seekers 316
Components of population growth 316
Total population 316
Naturalisations 316
Labour market outcomes 316
Statistical annex 317
Introduction 318
General comments 318
Inflows and outflows of foreign population 320
Table A.1. Inflows of foreign population into selected OECD countries and in Russia 322
Table B.1. Inflows of foreign population by nationality 323
Australia (Permanent) 323
Austria 323
Belgium 324
Canada (Permanent) 324
Chile 325
Czech Republic 325
Denmark 326
Estonia 326
Finland 327
France 327
Germany 328
Hungary 328
Iceland 329
Israel 329
Italy 330
Japan 330
Korea 331
Luxembourg 331
Mexico 332
Netherlands 332
New Zealand 333
Norway 333
Poland 334
Portugal 334
Russian federation 335
Slovak Republic 335
Slovenia 336
Spain 336
Sweden 337
Switzerland 337
Turkey 338
United Kingdom 338
United States (Permanent) 339
Table A.2. Outflows of foreign population from selected OECD countries 340
Metadata related to Tables A.1., A.2. and B.1. Inflows and outflows of foreign population 341
Inflows of asylum seekers 346
Table A.3. Inflows of asylum seekers into OECD countries and Russia 347
Table B.3. Inflows of asylum seekers by nationality 348
Australia 348
Austria 348
Belgium 349
Canada 349
Chile 350
Czech Republic 350
Denmark 351
Estonia 351
Finland 351
France 352
Germany 352
Greece 353
Hungary 353
Iceland 354
Ireland 354
Israel 355
Italy 355
Japan 356
Korea 356
Luxembourg 357
Mexico 357
Netherlands 358
New Zealand 358
Norway 359
Poland 359
Portugal 360
Russian Federation 360
Slovak Republic 360
Slovenia 361
Spain 361
Sweden 362
Switzerland 362
Turkey 363
United Kingdom 363
United States 364
Metadata related to Tables A.3 and B.3. Inflows of asylum seekers 364
Stocks of foreign and foreign-born populations 365
Table A.4. Stocks of foreign-born population in OECD countries and the Russian Federation 366
Table B.4. Stock of foreign-born population by country of birth 368
Australia 368
Austria 368
Belgium 369
Canada 369
Chile 370
Czech Republic 370
Denmark 371
Estonia 371
Finland 372
France 372
Germany 373
Greece 373
Hungary 374
Iceland 374
Ireland 375
Israel 375
Italy 376
Luxembourg 376
Mexico 377
Netherlands 377
New Zealand 378
Norway 378
Poland 379
Portugal 379
Russian Federation 380
Slovak Republic 380
Slovenia 381
Spain 381
Sweden 382
Switzerland 382
United Kingdom 383
United States 383
Metadata related to Tables A.4 and B.4. Stocks of foreign-born population 384
Table A.5. Stocks of foreign population by nationality in OEC 386
Table B.5. Stock of foreign population by nationality 388
Austria 388
Belgium 388
Czech Republic 389
Denmark 389
Estonia 390
Finland 390
France 391
Germany 391
Greece 392
Hungary 392
Iceland 393
Ireland 393
Italy 394
Japan 394
Korea 395
Luxembourg 395
Mexico 396
Netherlands 396
Norway 397
Poland 397
Portugal 398
Russian Federation 398
Slovak Republic 399
Slovenia 399
Spain 400
Sweden 400
Switzerland 401
United Kingdom 401
Metadata related to Tables A.5 and B.5. Stocks of foreign population 402
Acquisitions of nationality 404
Table A.6. Acquisitions of nationality in OECD countries and the Russian Federation 405
Table B.6. Acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality 407
Australia 407
Austria 407
Belgium 408
Canada 408
Chile 409
Czech Republic 409
Denmark 410
Estonia 410
Finland 411
France 411
Germany 412
Greece 412
Hungary 413
Iceland 413
Ireland 414
Italy 414
Japan 415
Korea 415
Luxembourg 415
Mexico 416
Netherlands 416
New Zealand 417
Norway 417
Poland 418
Portugal 418
Russian Federation 419
Slovak Republic 419
Slovenia 420
Spain 420
Sweden 421
Switzerland 421
Turkey 422
United Kingdom 422
United States 423
List of the members of the OECD expert group on migration 427
List of OECD Secretariat members involved in the preparation of this publication 429
International Migration Division 429

Textauszug

Chapter 1. Recent developments in international migration movements and policies1

This chapter provides an overview of how international migration movements have evolved in OECD countries. After a quick glance at 2015 migration flow trends, it presents an analysis of the trends in permanent migration between 2007 and 2014, by country and by main category of migration – migration for work, family or humanitarian purposes, and migration within free movement areas. The next section covers temporary labour migration flows, paying particular attention to seasonal workers, posted workers and Working Holiday Makers. The chapter then takes up the dramatic rise in the number of asylum seekers in OECD countries and furnishes a brief overview of international student mobility, gender composition of flows by country of destination, size of foreign-born populations, and the acquisition of nationality in OECD countries. The chapter concludes with a policy section relating the main changes in countries’ migration management frameworks, in particular in the European Union.

Introduction

In 2015, the overall growth rate of the gross domestic product (GDP) in the OECD area stood at 2%, a slight increase from 2014. Of 34 OECD member countries, 32 showed positive growth in 2015. Since the last quarter of 2013, the overall unemployment rate in the OECD area fell by over 1 percentage point to reach 6.6% by end-2015 – 6 million fewer unemployed in two years. This change applies to most countries, although its magnitude varies from one country to another. Seven countries have an unemployment rate that remains above 10%; this is also the case for the Eurozone as a whole. The macroeconomic environment and the improving employment situation constitute a relatively favourable context for labour migration.

This chapter first takes a look at these most recent trends, and then offers a global view of international migration flows and policies. It covers total permanent movements into OECD countries, entries by category, temporary labour migration, asylum movements, international students and movements by gender and country of origin. Particular attention is paid to recent trends in asylum seekers, fuelled partly by the deteriorating security situation in Syria and Libya. The chapter then provides an overview of the size and composition of foreign-born populations, and acquisition of citizenship. The second part of this chapter is a policy section, which culls major recent policy developments that regulate the entry and stay of foreign nationals in OECD countries. Large-scale revisions in migration frameworks are reviewed, as well as specific policy changes affecting particular categories of migrants, and revisions of asylum procedures and enforcement measures.

Main findings

• Permanent migration flows to OECD countries amounted to 4.3 million entries in 2014 (+4% compared with 2013). According to preliminary data, they increased by around 10% in 2015.

• Humanitarian and free movement were the two migration categories on the rise in 2014 (+13% and +8%, respectively).

• Family migration and free movement migration each accounted for a third of the total in 2014.

• In 2014, international recruitment of seasonal workers increased in most countries outside the European Union, and in Poland.

• Poland has quickly become the leading destination in the OECD area for seasonal workers with 387 000 permits issued in 2014, which was more than twice the number of seasonal workers admitted to the United States that year.

• In 2014 intra-firm mobility and secondment of workers between countries of the European Union and EFTA rose by 17% and 38%, respectively.

• In 2014 Australia, the United States, New Zealand and Canada received over 440 000 young holiday workers (+4% compared to 2013), employed mainly in seasonal agricultural activities and in hotels and restaurants.

• In 2015 OECD countries recorded a number of asylum seekers unprecedented since World War II. Applications for asylum in the OECD area doubled that year, reaching 1.65 million.

• Syria is by far the main country of origin of asylum seekers, with 370 000 applications in 2015.

• Germany registered 440 000 asylum applications in 2015, accounting for one-quarter of all applications in the OECD area. Sweden received the highest number of applications in proportion to its population (1.6%).

• In 2013 there were almost 3 million international students enrolled in OECD countries, 23% of whom came from China.

• On average, international students make up 8% of total tertiary enrolment in OECD countries. This share rises to 13% at the master’s level and to 22% at the doctoral level. Among international students, 55% of the doctoral graduates earned a degree in either science or engineering.

• In 2014, one in three new immigrants to the OECD was a citizen of another OECD country. Emigration of Romanian, Bulgarian, Italian and French citizens to OECD countries increased sharply in 2014.

• Eight OECD countries received more migrant women than migrant men in 2014.

• The total foreign-born population in OECD countries stood at 120 million persons in 2014.

• The increase in the foreign-born population accounted for approximately three-quarters of the total population increase in EU/EFTA countries over the period.

• In 2014, almost two million people acquired the nationality of an OECD country. This represents an average of 2.5% of foreign populations in OECD countries.

Recent trends in international migration

Migration trends in 2015 based on preliminary and partial data

The conflict in Syria and the subsequent refugee crisis, which worsened dramatically in 2015, had an unprecedented impact on migration flows to some OECD countries. This makes it difficult to discuss global trends for the area as a whole. However, given the importance of these events, it is necessary to analyse preliminary and/or partial data that are available for a number of countries (Annex Table 1.A1.1).

Germany is more than ever at the centre of the picture, with 50% more new migrants in 2015 than in 2014 – which was already a peak year – according to estimations by the German national statistical office. In particular, 430 000 Syrians, 150 000 Afghans and 120 000 Iraqis appeared in the German asylum pre-registration system “EASY” in 2015. With recognition rates in 2015 close to 100% for Syrians and Iraqis, and 70% for Afghans, up to 650 000 people from these three countries who have entered Germany in 2015 have been, or will eventually be, granted refugee status. German national statistics for 2015 show that migration from within the EU also rose in 2015, by 4%. These statistics include temporary and permanent movements, but applying this increase to the permanent inflows registered in 2014, one can imagine between 450 000 and 500 000 new permanent entries from other EU countries. With at least 1 million new permanent entries in 2015 (although not all will be registered as such in 2015), Germany stood at comparable immigration levels as the United States, if not higher.

Besides Germany, half of the countries for which data are available received a sharply higher number of migrants in 2015 than in 2014 and among them, many EU countries such as Austria (+12%), Denmark (+16%), Ireland (+17%), Luxembourg (+8%), the Netherlands (+13%) and Sweden (+7%). Preliminary migration figures also show rising flows in Israel (+7%), New Zealand (+14%), Japan (+10%) and Korea (+7%). After several years of increase, inflows to France (flows coming from third-countries only), Switzerland and to the United Kingdom were stable in 2015, at high levels. The only countries recording lower flow levels in 2015 than in 2014 are Finland and Norway.

Preliminary data indicate that, overall, migration flows to the OECD area are at their highest level in 2015, with 4.8 million new permanent entries, a +10% increase compared to 2014 (Figure 1.1).

Figure 1.1. Permanent migration flows to OECD countries, 2006-15

Notes: Data for 2006 to 2014 is the sum of standardised figures for countries where they are available (accounting for 95% of the total), and unstandardised figures for other countries.

Source: OECD...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 19.9.2016
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Sozialwissenschaften ► Pädagogik ► Sozialpädagogik
• Themenwelt: Sozialwissenschaften ► Politik / Verwaltung ► Staat / Verwaltung
• Themenwelt: Sozialwissenschaften ► Soziologie
• ISBN-10: 92-64-26066-8 / 9264260668
• ISBN-13: 978-92-64-26066-5 / 9789264260665