Unaccompanied Minors in International, European and National Law (eBook)

Ralf Roßkopf (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2016
X, 268 Seiten
Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag
978-3-8305-2966-8 (ISBN)

Infos

Worldwide, 59.5 million people were displaced in 2014, 51 % of which were children under the age of 18. Officially, 34,400 asylum applications were submitted by unaccompanied minors. Due to their particular vulnerability, they pose a particular challenge for their host societies.°°°°The study describes the phenomenon of unaccompanied minors and compares the international, European and national standards of protection with the current situation and the legal practice in Austria, Canada, Hungary, Germany, Italy, Poland and the United States.°°In addition to the overall situation, the following topics are analysed: the application of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, special treatment as a minor, age determination, guardianship, residences status, asylum procedure, accommodation, youth services, livelihood support benefits, medical treatment, schooling, work permit and changes in the protection status when coming of age. Recent developments are identified, and conclusions are drawn regarding further improvements.°°°°The study makes an important contribution to highlighting the particular vulnerability of unaccompanied minors even in the face of the enormous challenges which the current refugee situation brings with it.°°

Inhalt

Contents 7
Abbreviations 10
Introduction (Ralf Roßkopf) 13
I. Lifeworlds of Unaccompanied Minors 19
Unaccompanied Minors – Lifeworlds in the Spheres of Childhood and Seeking Refuge (Katharina Heilmann) 21
1. The Term “Unaccompanied Minors” 22
1.1 Definition according to the Convention on the Rights of the Child 22
1.2 Refugee Child 22
1.3 Unaccompanied Minors 23
2. Politics 24
2.1 The Current Special Status of Europe 24
2.2 Unaccompanied Minors in Europe 25
3. Reasons for Seeking Refuge 26
3.1 The Decision to Seek Refuge and the Families of UM 27
3.2 Escape Routes and Escape Aid 27
4. Physical and Psychological Developments of UM 28
4.1 The Phase of Adolescence 28
4.2 Forced Migration as a Critical Life Event 28
4.3 The Risk of Traumatization 29
4.4 Effect on the Mental Development 29
5. Social Environment and Pedagogic Supervision 30
5.1 Adolescence between the Home and Host Country 30
5.2 Autonomy and Independence 31
5.3 Pedagogic Perspectives of Action 31
5.4 Pedagogic Approach 32
6. Synopsis: Challenges and Responsibility 33
II.Unaccompanied Minors in International and European Law 39
Unaccompanied Minors in International Law (Andrea Crescenzi) 41
1. Introduction 41
2. International Law on the Protection of Unaccompanied Minors 42
2.1 The Principle of Non-discrimination 45
2.2 The Principle of the Best Interest of the Child 45
3. The International Law and the Protection of Unaccompanied Minors by the State 47
3.1 Immediate Measures 47
3.2 Durable Measures 48
The Council of Europe and Unaccompanied Minors (Chiara Pelaia) 51
1. Introduction 51
2. The Rights-based Approach to the Issue of Unaccompanied Minors 51
3. The Recommendations of the Parliamentary Assembly 53
4. The Recommendation of the Committee of Ministers on Life Projects 58
5. The Rights of Unaccompanied Minors in the Work of the Commissioner for Human Rights 59
6. Concluding Remarks: the Added Value of the Documents of the Council of Europe 61
Unaccompanied Minors in the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (Réka Friedery) 63
1. Introductory Remarks 63
2. The Notion of Vulnerability in the Practice of the ECtHR 65
3. The Principle of the Best Interest of the (Unaccompanied) Child 69
4. Interim Measures of ECtHR 75
5. Conclusion 75
Unaccompanied Minors in EU Law (Nicola Colacino) 77
1. Introduction 77
2. The Relevant Legal Famework 79
2.1 The Definition of Unaccompanied Minor or Children in EU Law 79
2.2 EU Primary Law 80
2.3 EU Legislation 82
2.4 The Case Law of the EU Court of Justice 99
2.5 The EU Policy Framework on Unaccompanied Minors and the Agencies Involved 101
2.6 Concluding Remarks 102
III. Unaccompanied Minors in National Law 105
Unaccompanied Minors in Austria (Iris Gachowetz) 107
1. Overall Situation 107
2. Application of the Convention on the Rights of the Child 108
3. Special Treatment as a Minor 109
4. Age Determination 111
5. Guardianship 112
6. Residence Status (Aufenthaltsstatus) 113
7. Asylum Procedure 114
8. Accommodation 115
9. Youth Services 117
10. Livelihood Support Benefits 118
11. Medical Treatment 119
12. Schooling 119
13. Work Permit 120
14. Changes with Majority 121
15. Conclusions for the National Situation 122
Unaccompanied Minors in Canada (Simone Emmert) 127
1. Canada – Overall Situation 127
2. Application of the Convention on the Rights of the Child 130
3. Special Treatment as a Minor 133
4. Age Determination 135
5. Guardianship 136
6. Residence Status 138
7. Asylum Procedure 140
8. Accommodation 143
9. Youth Services 145
10. Livelihood Support Benefits 145
11. Medical Treatment 146
12. Schooling 147
13. Work Permit 148
14. Changes with Majority 149
15. Conclusions for the National Situation 149
Unaccompanied Minors in Germany (Anne Bick/Ralf Roßkopf) 155
1. Overall Situation 155
2. Application of the Convention on the Rights of the Child 159
3. Special Treatment as a Minor 161
4. Age Assessment 165
5. Guardianship 169
6. Residence Status 172
7. Asylum Procedure 179
8. Accommodation 183
9. Youth Welfare Services 184
10. Livelihood Support Benefits 187
11. Medical Treatment 188
12. Schooling 189
13. Work Permit 190
14. Changes with Majority 191
15. Conclusions for the National Situation 194
Unaccompanied Minors in Hungary (Zsófia Bende/Réka Friedery) 203
1. Overall Situation 203
2. Application of the Convention on the Rights of the Child 204
3. Special Treatment as a Minor 206
4. Age Determination 206
5. Guardianship 208
6. Residence Status 209
7. Asylum Procedure 210
8. Accommodation 211
9. Livelihood Support B enefits 213
10. Medical Treatment 216
11. Schooling 217
12. Work Permit 218
13. Changes with Majority 219
14. Conclusions for the National Situation 221
Unaccompanied Minors in Italy (Luigino Manca/Gianfranco Gabriele Nucera) 223
1. Introductory Remarks 223
2. Application of the Convention on the Rights of the Child 227
3. Special Treatment as a Minor 229
4. Age Determination 230
5. Guardianship 231
6. Residence Status 234
7. Asylum Procedure 235
8. Accommodation 238
9. Youth Services 239
10. Livelihood Support Benefits 240
11. Medical Treatment 240
12. Schooling 242
13. Work Permit 243
14. Changes with Majority 244
15. Conclusions on the National Situation 246
Unaccompanied Minors in Poland (Andrzej Sakson) 251
1. Overall Situation 251
2. Application of the Convention on the Rights of the Child 253
3. Special Treatment as a Minor 254
4. Age Determination 255
5. Guardianship 255
6. Residence Status 255
7. Asylum Procedure 256
8. Accommodation 257
9. Youth Services 259
10. Medical Treatment 259
11. Schooling 260
12. Work Permit 261
13. Conclusions for the National Situation 261
Unaccompanied Minors in the United States of America 263
1. Overall Situation 263
2. Application of the Convention on the Rights of the Child 263
3. Special Treatment as a Minor 266
4. Age Determination 267
5. Guardianship 268
6. Residence Status 269
7. Asylum Procedure 269
8. Accommodation 270
9. Youth Services 271
10. Livelihood Support Benefits 271
11. Medical Treatment 272
12. Schooling 272
13. Work Permit 273
14. Changes with Majority 273
15. Conclusions for the National Situation 274
Conclusions (Ralf Roßkopf) 277
List of Contributors 280

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 13.1.2016
• Reihe/Serie: Abhandlung zu Migration und Flüchtlingsfragen
• Reihe/Serie: Abhandlung zu Migration und Flüchtlingsfragen
• Verlagsort: Berlin
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Recht / Steuern ► Arbeits- / Sozialrecht
• Themenwelt: Sozialwissenschaften ► Politik / Verwaltung
• Schlagworte: accomodation • Age Determination • asylum procedure • EU law • Flüchtlinge • Guardianship • International Law • National Law • residence status • unaccompanied minors • unbegleitete Minderjährige
• ISBN-10: 3-8305-2966-X / 383052966X
• ISBN-13: 978-3-8305-2966-8 / 9783830529668