Dynamical Geology of Salt and Related Structures (eBook)

I. Lerche (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2017 | 1. Auflage
832 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
9781483288802 (ISBN)

Infos

Dynamical Geology of Salt and Related Structures deals with many aspects of the dynamical evolution of salt bodies in sedimentary basins. This book consists of four major sections. Section A deals with salt dynamics and the motion of salt. The impact of a mobile salt mass on the structural development of the overlying formations is considered in Section B, while the development of caprock, which is commonly found overlying salt diapirs, is emphasized in Section C. The last section deliberates the interrelationships between fluid flow, salt dissolution, and heat flow in the vicinity of a salt diapir, including the connections with maturation of source rocks, migration, and trapping of hydrocarbons in salt-related structures. This publication is valuable to professional geoscientists interested in processes involved in salt dynamics.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Dynamical Geology of Salt and Related Structures 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 8
Dedication 6
Preface 12
Section A: Salt Structures 16
Chapter 1. Island Salt Plugs in the Middle East and Their Tectonic Implications 18
I. INTRODUCTION 18
II. THE IRANIAN MODEL 20
III. THE GULF ISLAND SALT PLUGS 28
V. SALT PLUGS OF THE ARABIAN MAINLAND 42
V. REGIONAL IMPLICATIONS: THE AGE OF THE HORMUZ COMPLEX 45
VII. AKNOWLEDGEMENTS 50
REFERENCES 51
Chapter 2. Deformation within Salt Bodies 54
I. INTRODUCTION 54
II. PHYSICAL REASONS FOR SALT DEFORMATION 55
III. GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS FOR SALT MOTION 57
IV. DISHARMONIC STRUCTURES 76
V. CARNALLITE DEFORMATION 81
VI. CONCLUSIONS 86
REFERENCES 89
Chapter 3. Influence of Differential Sediment Loading on Salt Tectonics in the East Texas Basin 92
I. INTRODUCTION 92
II. TECTONIC FRAMEWORK 97
III. SEDIMENTOLOGIC FRAMEWORK 114
IV. DEPOSITIONAL AND STRUCTURAL MODEL 130
V. CONCLUSIONS 136
VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 137
REFERENCES 138
APPENDIX A: Cross-section wells 141
Chapter 4. Modelling of Buoyant Salt Diapirism 144
I. INTRODUCTION 144
II. BUOYANT UPLIFT OF SALT 146
III. GRAVITY ANOMALIES 158
IV. INFLUENCE OF FORMATION STRENGTH ON DIAPIRISM 161
V. VISCOUS FLOW OF SALT 164
VI. MUSHROOM CAPS ON SALT DOMES 168
VII. DEFORMATION OF FORMATIONS IN THE VICINITY OF A SALT 170
VIII. CONCLUSIONS 176
REFERENCES 177
Chapter 5. Stepwise Centrifuge Modeling of the Effects of Differential Sedimentary Loading on the Formation of Salt Structures 178
I. INTRODUCTION 178
II. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 180
III. STATIC DIFFERENTIAL LOADING OF SOURCE LAYER 208
IV. PROGRADING DIFFERENTIAL LOAD OVER TABULAR SOURCE LAYER 216
V. PROGRADING DIFFERENTIAL LOAD OVER BOUNDARY OF TABULAR SOURCE LAYER 233
VI. DISCUSSION 246
VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 264
APPENDIX A: EDGE EFFECTS 264
REFERENCES 268
Section B: Structural Impact of Salt on Surrounding Formations 276
Chapter 6. Active Salt Dome Development in the Levant Basin, Southeast Mediterranean 278
I. INTRODUCTION 278
II. GENERAL SETTING 279
III. FLOW OF THE MESSINIAN EVAPORITIC SERIES 291
IV. DISCUSSION: CONDITIONS OF FLOWAGE OF THE MESSINIAN SERIES 304
V. CONCLUSIONS 310
VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 312
REFERENCES 312
Chapter 7. Thin-Skinned Deformation over Salt 316
I. INTRODUCTION - SALT STRUCTURES AND FOLD BELTS 316
II. IDEAS ABOUT THIN-SKINNED DEFORMATION 318
III. WEAK DETACHMENT MECHANICS 324
IV. APPALACHIAN PLATEAU DEFORMATION 331
V. SALT-RELATED STRUCTURES IN OTHER FOLDBELTS 342
VI. SUMMARY 348
VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 349
REFERENCES 349
Chapter 8. Salt Control on Thrust Geometry, Structural Style and Gravitational Collapse along the Himalayan Mountain Front in the Salt Range of Northern Pakistan 354
I. INTRODUCTION 354
II. TECTONIC SETTING 360
III. STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK 369
IV. STRUCTURE OF THE THRUST FRONT 377
V. THRUST FRONT GEOMETRY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR SALT DISTRIBUTION 408
VI. SALT FLOWAGE AND THRUST FRONT COLLAPSE 413
VII. DISCUSSION 423
VIII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 431
REFERENCES 431
Chapter 9. Modelling of the Deformation and Faulting of Formations Overlying an Uprising Salt Dome 434
I. INTRODUCTION 434
II. PRINCIPAL AXES 438
III. ANGLE OF FAULT PLANE 457
IV. RADIAL FAULTING 458
V. INFLUENCE OF SALT DOME SIZE 460
VI. STRESS RELAXATION 463
VII. ROCK PROPERTY VALUES 465
VIII. CONCLUSIONS 468
REFERENCES 469
Chapter 10. Fractured Chalk Overburden of a Salt Diapir, Laegerdorf, NW Germany—Exposed Example of a Possible Hydrocarbon Reservoir 472
I. INTRODUCTION 472
II. GEOLOGIC SETTING 474
III. FRACTURING: GEOMETRICAL CHARACTERISTICS 476
IV. FRACTURING: PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS 484
IV. CONCLUSIONS 489
VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 491
REFERENCES 492
Chapter 11. The Origin and Development of Salt Structures in Northwest Germany 494
I. INTRODUCTION 494
II. SALIFEROUS SEDIMENTS IN NORTH-WEST GERMANY 494
III. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE FORMATION OF SALT STRUCTURES 497
IV. DATING THE DEVELOPMENT OF STRUCTURES 499
V. DEVELOPMENT SEQUENCE OF STRUCTURES IN NORTH-WEST GERMANY 502
VI. INTERACTION OF HALOKINESIS AND TECTONICS 506
REFERENCES 507
Section C: Caprock 510
Chapter 12. Textural and Paleomagnetic Evidence for the Mechanism and Timing of Anhydrite Cap Rock Formation, Winnfield Salt Dome, Louisiana 512
I. INTRODUCTION 512
II. GEOLOGY OF THE WINNFIELD DOME 515
III. INTERNAL STRUCTURES WITHIN THE ANHYDRITE ZONE 524
IV. RELATION OF SULFIDE MINERALIZATION TO CAP ROCK FORMATION 538
V. PALEOMAGNETIC DATA 542
V. TIMING OF CAP ROCK FORMATION AT WINNFIELD DOME 546
VI. PALEOMAGNETIC EVIDENCE 550
VII. CONCLUSIONS 554
VIII. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 555
REFERENCES 555
Chapter 13. Evolution of Boling Dome Cap Rock with Emphasis on Included Terrigenous Clastics, Fort Bend and Wharton Counties, Texas 558
I. INTRODUCTION 558
II. CAP-ROCK FACIES 566
III. SUMMARY OF MAJOR FINDINGS 602
IV. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 603
REFERENCES 604
Chapter 14. Mixed Carbon Sources for Calcite Cap rocks of Gulf Coast Salt Domes 608
I. INTRODUCTION 608
II. GEOLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY 613
III. DISCUSSION 627
IV. MODEL 639
V. CONCLUSIONS 642
VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 643
REFERENCES 643
Chapter 15. Organic Geochemistry of Salt Dome Cap Rocks, Gulf Coast Salt Basin 646
I. INTRODUCTION 646
II. GULF COAST SALT DOME CAP ROCKS 647
III. ORIGIN OF GULF COAST OIL AND GAS 652
IV. EVIDENCE FOR CRUDE OIL BIODEGRADATION 657
V. CONCLUSIONS 661
Section D: Fluid Flow, Salt Dissolution, Heat Flow, and Hydrocarbon Migration 666
Chapter 16. Dynamics of Subsurface Salt Dissolution at the Welsh Dome, Louisiana Gulf Coast 668
I. INTRODUCTION 668
II. STUDY AREA AND TECHNIQUES 669
III. PHYSICAL SETTING AND SALINITY REGIME 671
IV. MASS TRANSPORT REGIME 676
V. DISCUSSION 688
VI. CONCLUSIONS 690
VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 691
REFERENCES 691
Chapter 17. The Development by Salt Diapirs of Superficial Overhang Features, and Effects on Associated Sediments 694
I. INTRODUCTION 694
II. PRINCIPAL FORCES INVOLVED IN DIAPIR EMPLACEMENT 695
III. PRINCIPAL FACTORS GOVERNING DIAPIR MORPHOLOGY 697
IV. SUPERFICIAL SPREADING OVERHANG FEATURES 698
V. A SEISMIC EXAMPLE OF LATERAL SPREADING OF SALT 705
VI. THE EFFECTS OF DISSOLUTION 708
VII. OVERBURDEN THICKNESS DURING LATERAL INJECTION 714
VIII. CAPROCK 717
IX. "REGRESSIVE" CAPROCK 721
X. CONCLUSIONS 722
XI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 723
REFERENCES 723
Chapter 18. Heat Flow and Thermal Maturation near Salt Diapirs 726
I. INTRODUCTION 726
II. SALT DOME EMBEDDED IN AN INFINITE MEDIUM 729
III. SALT DOME EMBEDDED IN A SEMI-INFINITE MEDIUM 738
IV. ANALYTICAL MODEL RESULTS 742
V. INFLUENCE ON HYDROCARBON MATURATION 751
VI. COMPARISON OF THEORY WITH OBSERVATIONS 755
VII. CONCLUSIONS 763
REFERENCES 765
Chapter 19. Salt Domes, Organic-Rich Source Beds and Reservoirs in Intraslope Basins of the Gulf Coast Region 766
I. INTRODUCTION 766
II. SALT STRUCTURES AND EXPLORATION PLAYS IN THE GULF COAST REGION 768
III. INTRASLOPE BASINS AS SITES FOR SOURCE BEDS ON THE GULF COAST MARGIN 773
IV. HIGH SALINITY BASIN WATERS AND INTRASLOPE BASINS 776
V. THE "RADIATOR EFFECT" OF SALT DOMES: THERMAL ANOMALIES AND ENHANCED HEAT FLUX IN SURROUNDING SEDIMENTS 782
VI. SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF SALT MOVEMENT, BASINAL 
787 
VII. CONCLUSIONS 795
VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 797
REFERENCES 797
Chapter 20. Model for the Origins of Geopressured Brines, Hydrocarbons, Cap Rocks and Metallic Mineral Deposits: Gulf Coast, U.S.A. 802
I. INTRODUCTION 802
II. SALT DIAPIRISM 816
III. FORMATION OF SALT DOME CAP ROCKS 819
IV. GROWTH FAULT SYSTEMS 836
V. CONCLUSIONS 837
VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 839
REFERENCES 840
Index 846

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 29.9.2017
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Sachbuch/Ratgeber ► Natur / Technik ► Natur / Ökologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geologie
• Themenwelt: Sozialwissenschaften
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie
• ISBN-13: 9781483288802 / 9781483288802