Gangs in America′s Communities
SAGE Publications Inc (Verlag)
978-1-4833-7972-2 (ISBN)
- Titel erscheint in neuer Auflage
- Artikel merken
Gangs in America′s Communities offers a comprehensive, up-to-date, and theoretically grounded approach to gangs and associated youth violence. Authors Dr. James C. Howell and Dr. Elizabeth Griffiths introduce readers to the foundations of gang studies through the origins of gangs, definitions and categories of youth/street gangs, transnational as well as prison gangs (and the distinctions between these arguably different types), national trends in gang presence and gang-related violence across American cities, distinguishing attributes of serious street gangs, and myths and realities.
Students and instructors will benefit from the Second Edition’s comprehensive treatment of the state of the literature on individual-level causes and consequences of gang membership. Going beyond the traditional topics covered in most texts in the market, this book uniquely describes specific gang patterns, trends, and cultures within a group-based structure while illuminating the most promising avenues for reducing the presence and seriousness of gangs in American communities.
Dr. James C. (Buddy) Howell is a Senior Research Associate with the National Gang Center, in Tallahassee, Florida, where he has worked for over twenty years. He formerly worked at the U.S. Department of Justice for 23 years, mostly as director of research and program development in the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. He has published over 50 works on youth and street gangs, and a similar number on juvenile justice and delinquency prevention, and seven books on both topics. His gang publication topics include street gang history; gang homicides; drug trafficking; gangs in schools; hybrid gangs; myths about gangs; risk factors; gang problem trends; gang history in the United States; and what works in preventing gang activity, combating gangs, and reducing gang crime. He is very active in helping states and localities reform their juvenile justice systems and use evidence-based programs, and in working with these entities to address youth gang problems in a balanced approach. Dr. Elizabeth Griffiths is an Associate Professor in the School of Criminal Justice at Rutgers University-Newark. After completing her Ph.D. in Sociology at the University of Toronto, she joined the faculty of the Department of Sociology at Emory University before moving to Rutgers in 2011. She is also a former predoctoral fellow of the National Consortium on Violence Research and a former Junior Fellow of the Centre of Criminology at the University of Toronto. Her research spans multiple substantive and methodological areas, including communities and crime, spatial diffusion of violence, temporal trends in homicide, the emergence of gangs in places, the transformation of public housing, youth crime and the code of the street, the efficacy of drug-free zones, and victimization risk, among others.
Chapter 1: History of Gangs in the United States
Introduction
The Influence of Population Migration Patterns on Gang Emergence
Street Gang Emergence in the Northeast Region
First Period of New York City Gang Growth
Second Period of New York City Gang Growth
Third Period of New York City Gang Growth
Modern-Day Eastern Gangs
Street Gang Emergence in the Midwest Region
First Period of Chicago Gang Growth
Second Period of Chicago Gang Growth
Third Period of Chicago Gang Growth
Modern-Day Midwest Gangs
Street Gang Emergence in the West Region
First Period of Los Angeles Gang Growth
Second Period of Los Angeles Gang Growth
Third Period of Los Angeles Gang Growth
Modern-Day Western Gangs
Street Gang Emergence in the South Region
First Period of Southern Gang Growth
Second Period of Southern Gang Growth
Modern-Day Southern Gangs
Another Wave of Immigrant Groups
The Institutionalization of Street Gangs
Chapter 2: Myths and Realities of Youth Gangs
Introduction
Consideration of Key Myths About Gangs
Myth 1: Most Gangs Have a Formal Organization
Myth 2: Gangs of the Same Name Are Connected
Myth 3: Our Gangs Came From Somewhere Else
Myth 4: The Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13) and 18th Street (M-18) Gangs Are Spreading Across the United States
Myth 5: Gangs, Drugs, and Violence Are Inexorably Linked
Myth 6: A “Wanna-Be” Is a “Gonna-Be
Myth 7: Children Are Joining Gangs at Younger and Younger Ages
Myth 8: Gang Members Spend Most of Their Time Planning or Committing Crimes
Myth 9: Gangs Often Have Highly Unusual Initiation Rites
Myth 10: Most Youths Are Pressured to Join Gangs
Myth 11: Adults Recruit Many Adolescents to Join Gangs
Myth 12: Once Kids Join a Gang, They’re Pretty Much Lost for Good
Myth 13: The Gang’s Here for Good
Myth 14: Gang Members Are a New Wave of Super Predators
Myth 15: Gangs Were Actively Involved in the Crack Cocaine Epidemic
Myth 16: Zero Tolerance of Gang Behaviors Will Eliminate Gangs From Schools
Myth 17: Sole Reliance on Law Enforcement Will Wipe Out Gangs
Myth 18: Nothing Works With Gangs
Chapter 3: Defining Gangs and Gang Members
Introduction
Defining Gangs
Typologies of Gang Members and Gang Structures
A Spectrum of Gangs and Other Groups
Gang Subculture
Key Elements of a Gang Definition
A Recommended Gang Definition for Practical Purposes
Defining Gang Members
National Data on Gang Members
National Data on the Number of Gangs and Associated Members
Age of Gang Members
Race and Ethnicity of Gang Members
Gender
Chapter 4: General Macro-Level Theories and Modern-Day Applications
Introduction
The Chicago School and Development of the Social Disorganization Perspective
Thrasher’s Contributions to Social Disorganization Theory
Application of Social Disorganization Theory to Gangs
Modern-Day Application of Social Disorganization Theory to Gangs
Other Pioneering Gang Theorizing
An Explanation of Gang Origins, Expansion, and Violence
Macro-level Theories
Underclass Theory
Routine Activities (Opportunity) Theory
Conflict Theory
Chapter 5: Gang Involvement as a Developmental Trajectory
Introduction
Developmental Theories
Developmental Delinquency Pathways
Location of Gang Membership in Developmental Pathways
A Developmental Model of Gang Involvement
Perceived Benefits of Joining a Gang: Gang Attractions
Relationship of Risk Factors to Gang Involvement
A Delinquency and Gang Theory
A Review of Risk and Protective Factors for Gang Involvement
The Preschool Stage
The School Entry Stage
The Later Childhood Stage
The Early Adolescence Stage
Protective Factors
Apex of Gang Member Criminal Activity
Long-term Impact of Gangs on Participant
Desistance from Gang Membership
Chapter 6: Girls and Gangs
Introduction
Females in Early Gang Studies
Modern-Day Studies of Female Gang Members
Level of Female Gang Involvement and Seriousness of Crimes
The Question of Increasing Female Gang Involvement
The Importance of Gang Gender Composition
Female Associates of Gang Members: Risks and Re-victimization
Risk Factors for Girls’ Gang Joining
Girls’ Unique Treatment Needs and Implications for Prevention and Treatment
Recommended Female-Specific Services
Recommended Gender-Neutral Services
Chapter 7: National Gang Problem Trends: 1996 to 2009
Introduction
An Overview of Nationwide Gang Activity in the Modern Era
Gang Growth From the 1960s to the 1990s
Explanations of Gang Growth in the 1980s and 1990s
Nationally Reported Youth Gang Activity From the Mid-1990s
Patterns in U.S. Localities’ Histories of Gang Activity
Patterns of Gang Emergence
Presence of Gang Activity, 1996 – 2009
Patterns of Gang Presence in Larger Cities
Political & Criminal Justice Context
Economic Context
Demographic Context
Cultural Context
Modal Cities
Chronic Gang City: Modesto, California
Emerging Gang City: Warwick, Rhode Island
Contracting Gang City: Newport Beach, California
Variable Gang City: Asheville, North Carolina
Regional Variations in Gang Presence
Explaining the Emergence, Persistence, and Decline of Gang Activity
Factors affecting the Emergence of Gangs in New Cities
Factors affecting the Persistence of Gang Activity in Cities
Factors affecting the Decline of Gang Activity in Cities
Chapter 8: Urban Gangs and Violence
Introduction
The Intensity of Gangs in Cities
Patterns and Trends in the Number of Active Gangs in Cities
Patterns and Trends in the Number of Gang Members in Cities
Serious Gang Problem Trends
Gang-Related Homicides and Serious Gang Activity
Regional Variation in Gang-Related Homicide Trends
A Snapshot of Gang Homicide in the Largest Cities
Case Studies of Gang Problems in Large Cities
Contextual Characteristics That Contribute to Serious Gang Problems
City Characteristics
Availability of Crime Facilitators
Drug-Related Factors
Features of Gangs That Contribute to Serious Gang Problems
Number of Gangs
Number of Gang Members
Gang Structure & Conflicts
Prison Gangs
Transnational Gangs as a Version of Street Gangs
Violent Hot Spots and Gang Set Space
Group Process
Code of the Street
Chapter 9: What Works: Gang Prevention
Introduction
Gang Intervention: Risk-Focused, Data-Driven, and Research-Based Gang Prevention
Community Assessments
Starter Gangs
Bullying
A Framework for Prevention and Early Intervention
Strategies for Delinquency and Gang Intervention and Prevention
Building a Continuum of Effective Delinquency Prevention and Early Intervention Programs
Child Exposure to Violence and Community Safety
Chapter 10: What Works In A Comprehensive Gang Program Approach
Introduction
The Comprehensive, Communitywide Gang Program Model
Comprehensive Gang Program Model Administrative Structure
Implementing the Comprehensive Gang Program Model
Evidence-Based Gang Programs
Evidence-Based Gang Prevention Programs
Evidence-Based Gang Intervention Programs
Gang Suppression
The Evidence-Based Comprehensive Gang Program Model
The Six-Site Comprehensive Gang Program Model Evaluation
Compatibility of the Comprehensive Gang Program Model and Operation Ceasefire
On the Horizon
| Verlagsort | Thousand Oaks |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Maße | 187 x 231 mm |
| Gewicht | 570 g |
| Themenwelt | Literatur ► Biografien / Erfahrungsberichte |
| Recht / Steuern ► Strafrecht ► Kriminologie | |
| Sozialwissenschaften ► Soziologie | |
| ISBN-10 | 1-4833-7972-8 / 1483379728 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-1-4833-7972-2 / 9781483379722 |
| Zustand | Neuware |
| Informationen gemäß Produktsicherheitsverordnung (GPSR) | |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
aus dem Bereich
