Race, Ethnicity, and Health (eBook)
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-118-21938-6 (ISBN)
Race, Ethnicity and Health, Second Edition, is a critical selection of hallmark articles that address health disparities in America. It effectively documents the need for equal treatment and equal health status for minorities. Intended as a resource for faculty and students in public health as well as the social sciences, it will be also be valuable to public health administrators and frontline staff who serve diverse racial and ethnic populations. The book brings together the best peer reviewed research literature from the leading scholars and faculty in this growing field, providing a historical and political context for the study of health, race, and ethnicity, with key findings on disparities in access, use, and quality. This volume also examines the role of health care providers in health disparities and discusses the issue of matching patients and doctors by race.
New chapters cover: reflections on demographic changes in the US based on the current census; metrics and nomenclature for disparities; theories of genetic basis for disparities; the built environment; residential segregation; environmental health; occupational health; health disparities in integrated communities; Latino health; Asian populations; stress and health; physician/patient relationships; hospital treatment of minorities; the slavery hypertension hypothesis; geographic disparities; and intervention design.
Thomas A. LaVeist, Ph.D. is William C. and Nancy F. Richardson Professor in Health Policy and Director of the Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. He is a frequent visiting lecturer on minority health issues at other universities. He is also a frequent speaker at professional conferences and workshops sponsored by leading public health professional associations. Dr. LaVeist consults often with federal agencies and healthcare organizations on minority health and cultural competency issues and racial disparities in health. He has conducted several important studies of minority health. His research on minority health has been funded by the National Institutes of Health, National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Center for Disease Control, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Brookdale Foundation, Commonwealth Fund, Russell Sage Foundation and the Kaiser Family Foundation.
Lydia Isaac, PhD, is assistant professor and fieldwork coordinator, Community Health, Department of Urban Public Health, Hunter College. She formerly served with the Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions. Dr. Isaac's research interests include translating research into policy and practice, racial and ethnic health disparities, the social determinants of health and the neighborhood environment and its role in health promotion.
Race, Ethnicity and Health, Second Edition, is a critical selection of hallmark articles that address health disparities in America. It effectively documents the need for equal treatment and equal health status for minorities. Intended as a resource for faculty and students in public health as well as the social sciences, it will be also be valuable to public health administrators and frontline staff who serve diverse racial and ethnic populations. The book brings together the best peer reviewed research literature from the leading scholars and faculty in this growing field, providing a historical and political context for the study of health, race, and ethnicity, with key findings on disparities in access, use, and quality. This volume also examines the role of health care providers in health disparities and discusses the issue of matching patients and doctors by race. New chapters cover: reflections on demographic changes in the US based on the current census; metrics and nomenclature for disparities; theories of genetic basis for disparities; the built environment; residential segregation; environmental health; occupational health; health disparities in integrated communities; Latino health; Asian populations; stress and health; physician/patient relationships; hospital treatment of minorities; the slavery hypertension hypothesis; geographic disparities; and intervention design.
Thomas A. LaVeist, Ph.D. is William C. and Nancy F. Richardson Professor in Health Policy and Director of the Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. He is a frequent visiting lecturer on minority health issues at other universities. He is also a frequent speaker at professional conferences and workshops sponsored by leading public health professional associations. Dr. LaVeist consults often with federal agencies and healthcare organizations on minority health and cultural competency issues and racial disparities in health. He has conducted several important studies of minority health. His research on minority health has been funded by the National Institutes of Health, National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Center for Disease Control, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Brookdale Foundation, Commonwealth Fund, Russell Sage Foundation and the Kaiser Family Foundation. Lydia Isaac, PhD, is assistant professor and fieldwork coordinator, Community Health, Department of Urban Public Health, Hunter College. She formerly served with the Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions. Dr. Isaac's research interests include translating research into policy and practice, racial and ethnic health disparities, the social determinants of health and the neighborhood environment and its role in health promotion.
Race, Ethnicity, and Health: A Public Health Reader 5
Copyright 6
Contents 7
Sources 13
The Editors 17
The Authors 19
Introduction: The Ethnic Demographic Transition 31
Race, Ethnicity, and Health 34
About This Book 37
Acknowledgments 39
References 39
Chapter 1: Defining Health and Health Care Disparities and Examining Disparities Across the Life Span 41
History of Health Disparities 41
Health Disparity Versus Health Inequality Versus Health Inequity 42
Health Disparities 42
Health Inequalities 47
Health Equity and Inequities 48
Health Status Disparities and Health Care Disparities 49
Disparities Across the Life Span 50
Morbidity 53
Summary 57
References 57
Part 1: Historical and Political Considerations 63
Chapter 2: The Color Line: Race Matters in the Elimination of Health Disparities 65
Race Matters 66
The Historical Perspective 69
References 70
Chapter 3: Health Care Disparities—Science, Politics, and Race 71
References 75
Part 2: Conceptualizing Race and Ethnicity 77
Chapter 4: Why Genes Don't Count (for Racial Differences in Health) 79
The Myth of Race as Biology 80
The Double Error Inherent in Genetic Explanations of Racial Differences 83
Why Race-as-Genes Fails in Practice 83
From Studies of Race-as-Genetics to Studies of Racialism and Racism 84
Acknowledgments 85
References 85
Chapter 5: Using "Socially Assigned Race" to Probe White Advantages in Health Status 87
Introduction 87
Methods 88
Data Analysis 89
Results 90
Discussion 96
Conclusion 99
Acknowledgments 100
References 100
Author Contributions 103
Part 3: Explaining Racial and Ethnic Disparities 105
Psychosocial and Individual-Level Determinants 107
Chapter 6: Racism as a Stressor for African Americans: A Biopsychosocial Model 109
Conceptualizations of Racism 109
Evidence of Racism 110
Biopsychosocial Effects of Perceived Racism in African Americans: A Contextual Model 111
Environmental Stimuli 113
Moderator Variables 114
Mediator Variables 116
Summary 123
Conclusions and Recommendations 123
1. What Is the Relationship Between Perceived Racism and Health Outcomes for African Americans? 124
2. What Are the Psychological and Physiological Concomitants of Perceived Racism? 124
3. What Are Some of the General and Racism-Specific Responses Used in Response to Perceived Racism? 124
4. Does the Context in Which Racism Is Perceived Modify Its Psychological and Physiological Effects? 125
5. What Other Factors Influence the Relationship Between Perceived Racism and Health Outcomes? 125
References 125
Chapter 7: A Systematic Review of Empirical Research on Self-Reported Racism and Health 135
Methods 136
Results 137
Defining Racism 140
Exposure Measurement 140
Socio-Demographic Variations in Self-Reported Racism 142
Associations Between Self-Reported Racism and Health-Related Outcomes 143
Associations Between Study/Exposure Characteristics and Health-Related Outcomes 147
Effect Modification of the Association Between Self-Reported Racism and Health-Related Outcomes 150
Mediation of the Association Between Self-Reported Racism and Health-Related Outcomes 151
Discussion 152
Acknowledgments 155
References 156
Chapter 8: Stress, Coping, and Health Outcomes Among African-Americans: A Review of the John Henryism Hypothesis 169
John Henryism 170
Empirical Support for the John Henryism Hypothesis 171
Methodological Approaches to the Study of John Henryism 176
Race 178
Gender 179
Measurement of John Henryism 181
Determinants of John Henryism 182
Alternative Mediating Mechanisms 183
Conclusion 184
References 185
Chapter 9: Race and Unhealthy Behaviors: Chronic Stress, the HPA Axis, and Physical and Mental Health Disparities Over the Life Course 189
Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 189
The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenalcortical Axis 191
Methods 192
Measures 193
Analyses 194
Results 195
Discussion 199
Limitations 200
Conclusions 200
References 202
Chapter 10: Epigenetics and the Embodiment of Race: Developmental Origins of U.S. Racial Disparities in Cardiovascular Health 205
Background 209
Early Environments and Adult Health 209
The Mechanisms of Phenotypic "Memory"—Growth, Development, and the Epigenetic Code 212
Epigenetics and Adult Cardiovascular Disease Risk 215
An Epigenetic Model of Black-White Disparities in CVD 217
Birth Weight and Adult CVD Risk in African Americans 217
Lower African American Birth Weight 218
Social Origins of African American Low Birth Weight 218
Transgenerational Impacts 221
Discussion 223
Epigenetics as a Challenge to the Concept of Genetic Race 226
Literature Cited 227
The Effects of Culture 243
Chapter 11: Acculturation and Latino Health in the United States: A Review of the Literature and Its Sociopolitical Context 245
Introduction 245
Acculturation and Assimilation: A History of the Concepts 246
Definitions of Acculturation Used in the Public Health Literature 248
Unidimensional and Bidimensional Acculturation Models 248
Acculturation Measures and Scales 250
Current Evidence Regarding the Effects of Acculturation on Latino Health Outcomes 252
Literature Review Methods 252
Overview of Findings 252
Acculturation Is Associated with Improved Access to Care and Use of Preventive Health Services Among Latinos 261
In Other Areas, the Effects of Acculturation Are Not Clear to Date 263
Recommendations for Public Health Practice and Research 263
Public Health Practice Recommendations 263
Research Recommendations 266
Conclusions 269
Acknowledgments 270
Literature Cited 270
Chapter 12: Measuring Culture: A Critical Review of Acculturation and Health in Asian Immigrant Populations 283
Introduction 283
Background 284
The Study of Acculturation 284
Method 285
Literature Review 286
Measures and Findings 286
The Acculturation Scales 286
Mental Health 286
Health Services Use 288
Physical Health 289
Non-Scale Acculturation Measures 290
Time Measures 291
Westernization 293
Discussion 294
Sociodemographic Variables and Acculturation: Effect Modifiers? 295
Socio-Economic Status 295
Gender 296
Ethnic Heterogeneity: How Generalizable Are Acculturation Measures? 297
Measurement of Biculturalism and Endogenous Change 298
Conclusion 299
Acknowledgments 301
Appendix A 301
Notes 311
References 312
Chapter 13: Racial Influences Associated with Weight-Related Beliefs in African American and Caucasian Women 321
Introduction 321
Method 322
Participants 322
Procedure 323
Analysis 324
Measures 324
Results 324
Discussion 328
Limitations 329
Implications 329
References 329
Author Contributions 331
Chapter 14: Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: Differences Between U.S.- and Foreign-Born Women in Major U.S. Racial and Ethnic Groups 333
Introduction 333
Methods 334
Data 334
Variables 335
Statistical Analysis 335
Results 335
Discussion 346
Acknowledgments 347
References 347
Social Determinants 351
Chapter 15: Levels of Racism: A Theoretic Framework and a Gardener's Tale 353
Levels of Racism 353
Levels of Racism: A Gardener's Tale 356
References 359
Chapter 16: Racial Residential Segregation: A Fundamental Cause of Racial Disparities in Health 361
Nature and Origins of Residential Segregation 362
Segregation and Health Status: Individual and Household SES 363
Segregation and Educational Opportunity 363
Segregation and Employment Opportunities 364
Consequences of Segregation: Racial Differences in SES 365
Race, SES, and Health 367
Segregation and the Effects of Place 369
Segregation and Neighborhood and Housing Quality 370
Segregation and Health Behaviors 371
Segregation and Medical Care 373
Segregation and Crime, Homicide, and Social Context 373
Research Directions 374
Conclusion 376
References 376
Chapter 17: Life Course Theories of Race Disparities: A Comparison of the Cumulative Dis/Advantage Theory Perspective and the Weathering Hypothesis 385
Introduction 385
Overview 386
How Social Disadvantage Affects Health 388
Similarities and Distinctions Between the CDA Perspective and the Weathering Hypothesis 394
Future Directions for the CDA Perspective and the Weathering Hypothesis in Health Disparities Research 396
Summary 397
References 398
Chapter 18: U.S. Socioeconomic and Racial Differences in Health: Patterns and Explanations 405
Introduction 405
Socioeconomic Status and Health 406
Widening Inequality 407
Nature of the Gradient 408
Measuring Socioeconomic Position 410
Other Emerging Issues 413
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Health Status 415
Worsening Health Status 416
Major Historical Events 418
Race and SES 420
Racism 422
Acculturation 425
Conceptualization of Race 426
Problems with Racial Data 427
Mechanisms Underlying SES and Racial Differences in Health 429
Medical Care 429
Health Behavior 430
Working Conditions 431
Environmental Exposure 432
The Economy and Health 432
Personality 432
Early Life Conditions 433
Power 434
Are Inequalities in Health Inevitable? 436
Conclusion 438
Literature Cited 439
Chapter 19: Exploring Health Disparities in Integrated Communities 449
Introduction 449
Limited Data 449
Different Health Risk Exposures 450
Confounding of Race and Socioeconomic Status 451
Exploring Health Disparities in Integrated Communities—EHDIC 453
Analysis Strategy 454
Findings from the EHDIC-SWB Study 455
Hypertension 455
Diabetes 458
Obesity 458
Tobacco 458
Alcohol 459
Health Services Utilization 459
Race Inequalities, Health Policy, and Social Conditions 460
References 463
Environmental Determinants 467
Chapter 20: Race/Ethnicity, the Social Environment, and Health 469
Perceptions of Race/Ethnicity and Socio-Economic Status 470
Understanding the Social Context of Health 472
Reasons for Racial/Ethnic Differences in Health 475
Race/Ethnicity and Health 476
The Social Environment and Substance Use 477
Methodological Issues in Studying Race/Ethnicity and the Social Environment 478
Importance of Research on Race/Ethnicity and the Social Environment 480
References 482
Chapter 21: Built Environments and Obesity in Disadvantaged Populations 485
Introduction 485
Background 485
Methods 487
Results 488
Food Environment 496
Urban Form: Density, Connectivity, and Land Use Mix 498
Sidewalks, Parks, and Exercise Facilities 500
Aesthetics and Safety 501
Discussion 503
References 505
Chapter 22: Health Risk and Inequitable Distribution of Liquor Stores in African American Neighborhoods 515
Background 515
Methods 517
Results 517
Summary and Conclusions 519
References 521
Chapter 23: Environmental Health Disparities: A Framework Integrating Psychosocial and Environmental Concepts 523
Health Disparities and the Environment 524
The Stress-Exposure Disease Framework 524
The Exposure-Disease Paradigm 527
Race and Residential Location 527
Environmental Hazards and Pollutants 529
Structural Factors 530
Community Stressors 532
Health Effects of Stress 533
Types of Community Stressors 534
Racial Disparities in Exposure to Stressors 535
Neighborhood Resources 536
Community Stress 538
Future Directions 538
Conclusions 539
References 540
Chapter 24: Sick and Tired of Being Sick and Tired: Scientific Evidence, Methods, and Research Implications for Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Occupational Health 553
People of Color in the US Workforce 554
Classic Case Studies 554
Disproportionate Exposure, Disproportionate Disease 556
Methodological Issues 557
Strategies to Decrease Injury and Disease 558
Research and Surveillance Agenda 559
References 563
Part 4: Health Services and Health System Effects 567
Patients 569
Chapter 25: Attitudes About Racism, Medical Mistrust, and Satisfaction with Care Among African American and White Cardiac Patients 571
New Contribution 572
Conceptual Framework 572
Methods 572
Results 575
Discussion 581
Appendix 583
References 584
Chapter 26: The Legacy of Tuskegee and Trust in Medical Care: Is Tuskegee Responsible for Race Differences in Mistrust of Medical Care? 587
Introduction 587
Methods 588
Study Design and Population 588
Measures 589
Results 589
Respondent Characteristics 589
Discussion 595
References 597
Chapter 27: Patient Race/Ethnicity and Quality of Patient–Physician Communication During Medical Visits 599
Methods 600
Study Design and Population 600
Data Collection 600
Measures of Communication 601
Patient and Physician Characteristics 602
Statistical Analysis 603
Results 604
Recruitment and Sample Characteristics 604
Quality of Medical-Visit Communication 609
Discussion 610
References 612
Providers 617
Chapter 28: Implicit Bias Among Physicians and Its Prediction of Thrombolysis Decisions for Black and White Patients 619
Background 619
Methods 620
Participants and Study Procedures 620
Study Design 621
Analysis 622
Results 623
Physicians' Explicit and Implicit Racial Biases 623
Diagnosis of CAD and Treatment with Thrombolysis 627
Implicit (But Not Explicit) Bias Predicts Differences in Physicians' Thrombolysis Decisions 627
Participants Who Were Aware of the Study's Purpose 629
Comment 630
Appendix 633
Clinical Case Vignette 633
References 633
Chapter 29: The Effect of Patient Race and Socio-Economic Status on Physicians' Perceptions of Patients 637
Introduction 637
Methods 639
Sample 639
Clinical/Medical Record Data Collection Procedures 639
Sample Characteristics 640
Measures 640
Results 649
Summary of Results 654
Discussion 654
Limitations 658
Conclusion 659
References 660
Chapter 30: Ethnicity and Analgesic Practice 667
Introduction 667
Materials and Methods 667
Results 669
Discussion 671
References 675
Chapter 31: The Effect of Race and Sex on Physicians' Recommendations for Cardiac Catheterization 677
Methods 678
Survey Instrument 678
Study Subjects and Data Collection 680
Statistical Analysis 681
Results 682
Discussion 689
References 691
System 695
Chapter 32: Advancing Health Disparities Research Within the Health Care System: A Conceptual Framework 697
Three Phases of Health Disparities Research 697
Background and Theoretical Underpinning 698
Phase 1: Detection 699
What Is a Health Disparity? 700
Disparities as Gaps in Quality 700
Consider Selection Effects 701
Disparities in Patient Preferences 701
Vulnerable Populations 701
Defining Vulnerable Populations 703
Phase 2: Understanding 704
Considering Multilevel Factors 704
Individual Preferences 705
Biology and Genetics 706
Provider Factors 707
Health Care Organizational Culture 708
Phase 3: Reducing Disparities 709
Developing Interventions 709
Evaluation 711
Implementation and Translation 712
Researcher–Community Collaborations 712
Conclusions 713
References 714
Chapter 33: Linking Cultural Competence Training to Improved Health Outcomes: Perspectives from the Field 719
The Evolution and Key Principles of Cultural Competence 720
The "Buy-In" Is Critical 720
Focus on Cases and Clinical Applications 721
Address the Demand for the Categorical Approach 721
Think Longitudinally 721
Integrate When Possible 721
Evaluating Cultural Competence and Linking It to Health Care Outcomes 722
Key Framework for Evaluation 722
Choosing Measures 723
Control for Confounders 724
Summing Up 725
References 725
Chapter 34: "We Don't Carry That"—Failure of Pharmacies in Predominantly Nonwhite Neighborhoods to Stock Opioid Analgesics 727
Methods 727
Results 730
Discussion 733
References 734
Chapter 35: Do Hospitals Provide Lower-Quality Care to Minorities Than to Whites? 737
Study Data And Methods 738
Data 738
Quality Measures 739
Limitations and Strengths of PSIs and IQIs 740
Methods 740
Study Results 741
Overall Rates of Mortality and Adverse Events 741
Comparison of Hospitals 743
Pairwise Comparisons 745
Discussion 747
Limitations 748
Conclusions 748
Notes 748
Part 5: Health Disparities Solutions 751
Chapter 36: Linking Science and Policy Through Community-Based Participatory Research to Study and Address Health Disparities 753
Methods 754
Results 755
Addressing Diesel Bus Pollution and Its Health Consequences 756
Addressing Food Insecurity 759
Facilitating Factors Across Sites 762
Tensions and Challenges Across Sites 763
Discussion 764
Conclusions 765
References 766
Chapter 37: The National Health Plan Collaborative to Reduce Disparities and Improve Quality 771
Genesis of the NHPC 771
Design of the NHPC 773
Progress to Date 774
Obtaining Race/Ethnicity Data 774
Identifying Disparities 775
Targeting and Testing Interventions 775
Challenges and Lessons Learned 782
Next Steps 787
Summary and Conclusions 788
Epilogue 789
References 789
Chapter 38: Interventions to Reduce Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care 791
New Contribution 793
Conceptual Model of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care 793
Key Questions 796
Lessons Learned from Each Paper 800
Cardiovascular Disease 800
Hypertension 800
Tobacco Cessation 801
Hyperlipidemia and Physical Inactivity 801
Coronary Artery Disease and Heart Failure 801
Diabetes 802
Patient 802
Provider 802
Health Care Organizations and Community 803
Multitarget 803
Depression 804
Breast Cancer 804
Screening 805
Expedited Diagnostic Testing and Treatment 805
Culture 806
Performance Incentive Programs: Pay-for-Performance and Public Reporting 807
Summary Conclusions 808
Promising Intervention Strategies 808
Questions for Future Research 809
References 812
Index 817
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 18.9.2012 |
|---|---|
| Reihe/Serie | Public Health/Vulnerable Populations |
| Public Health/Vulnerable Populations | Public Health/Vulnerable Populations |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Medizin / Pharmazie ► Allgemeines / Lexika |
| Medizin / Pharmazie ► Gesundheitswesen | |
| Studium ► Querschnittsbereiche ► Prävention / Gesundheitsförderung | |
| Sozialwissenschaften ► Ethnologie | |
| Sozialwissenschaften ► Soziologie | |
| Schlagworte | disparities in health care, health care and race, health care for ethnic populations, research literature on disparities in health care for minority populations, study of health race and ethnicity, role of health care providers in health disparities, matching patients and doctors by race, demographics and health care, Latino health, Asian Americans and health, stress and health, hospital treatment of minorities • Gesundheits- u. Sozialwesen • Health & Social Care • Public Health • Public Health / Ausbildung u. Verhaltensweisen • Public Health Behavior & Education • Social Policy & Welfare • Social Work • Sociology • Sociology of Health & Illness • Sozialarbeit • Sozialpolitik u. Wohlfahrt • Soziologie • Soziologie d. Gesundheit u. Krankheit |
| ISBN-10 | 1-118-21938-4 / 1118219384 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-1-118-21938-6 / 9781118219386 |
| Informationen gemäß Produktsicherheitsverordnung (GPSR) | |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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