Child Welfare in Developing Countries (eBook)

John Cockburn, Jane Kabubo-Mariara (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2010 | 2010
X, 298 Seiten
Springer New York (Verlag)
978-1-4419-6275-1 (ISBN)

Infos

to establish impact, attributing observed changes in welfare to the intervention, while identifying key factors of success. Impact evaluations are aimed at providing feedback to help improve the design of programs and policies. They also provide greater accountability and a tool for dynamic learning, allowing policymakers to improve ongoing programs and ultimately better allocate funds across programs. Such a causal analysis is essential for understanding the relative role of alternative interventions in reducing poverty. The papers in this section again adopt a variety of techniques. The rst two impact evaluation studies employ propensity score matching to establish, ex-post, a valid control group to assess the impact on child schooling outcomes among b- e ciaries of various interventions in Kenya and Ethiopia. The third chapter c- ries out an ex-ante evaluation of alternative cash transfer programs on child school attendance in Uruguay. The nal paper further carries out in-depth macro-modeling and micro-regression analysis to simulate the impacts of the food crisis and various policy responses, including food subsidies and cash transfers, on various dimensions of child poverty in Mali. Though using different approaches, the studies are gen- ally in agreement concerning the positive impact of the cash transfer program on child schooling and labor market outcomes. The studies from Kenya and Uruguay both nd that the schooling interventions are progressive.

Inhalt

Contents 5
About the Authors 7
Child Welfare in Developing Countries: An Introduction 11
1 Introduction 11
2 Multidimensional Poverty Analysis 13
3 Impact Evaluation Studies 16
Reference 20
Part I Multidimensional Child Poverty Analysis 21
Multidimensional Poverty, Survival and Inequality Among Kenyan Children 22
1 Introduction 22
1.1 Background 22
1.2 Motivation and Contribution of the Study 24
2 The Data 25
3 Methodology 26
3.1 Poverty and Inequality Comparisons 26
3.1.1 Analytical Framework for Multidimensional Poverty Comparisons 27
3.1.2 Analytical Framework for Inequality Dominance 28
3.2 Determinants of Childhood Mortality 29
3.2.1 Dependent Variable 31
3.2.2 Explanatory Variables 33
3.2.3 Child Characteristics 33
3.2.4 Mother's Characteristics 33
3.2.5 Household Characteristics 34
3.2.6 Cluster, District, and Regional Characteristics 35
3.2.7 National Characteristics 36
4 Results 36
4.1 Descriptive Statistics 36
4.2 Multidimensional Poverty Comparisons 40
4.2.1 Poverty Decompositions and First-Order Dominance Testing 41
4.2.2 Bivariate Dominance 44
4.2.3 Bi-dimensional Dominance 44
4.2.4 Measuring Inequality in Child Welfare 46
4.2.5 The Linkage Between Well-Being and Probability of Child Survival 49
4.3 Correlates of Childhood Mortality 51
4.3.1 Child Characteristics 54
4.3.2 Mothers' Characteristics 54
4.3.3 Household Characteristics 55
4.3.4 Cluster-Level Variables 56
4.3.5 Regional Dummies 56
4.3.6 Macro-Level Variables 56
4.3.7 District Characteristics 58
4.4 Policy Simulations for Economic Recovery Strategies and Millennium Development Goals 60
4.4.1 Improved Household Well-Being 61
4.4.2 Improved Maternal Education 61
4.4.3 Improved Health Care 62
5 Summary and Conclusions 64
References 66
Profiling Child Poverty in Four WAEMU Countries: A Comparative Analysis Based on the Multidimensional Poverty Approach 69
1 Introduction 69
2 Literature Review 71
2.1 Literature on Child Poverty 71
2.1.1 Definition of Child Poverty 71
2.1.2 The Empirical Work on Child Poverty 72
2.2 Literature on Theoretical Approaches to Measuring Poverty 73
2.2.1 The Monetary Approach 73
2.2.2 The Non-monetary Approach 73
2.3 The Practical Tools for Measuring Multidimensional Poverty 74
2.3.1 The Well-Being Composite Indicator 74
2.3.2 The Welfare Index 74
3 Study Methodology 75
3.1 Analysis of Multidimensional Poverty 75
3.1.1 Constructing the Composite Welfare Indicator (CWI) 75
3.1.2 Techniques for Measuring the Index of Multidimensional Poverty 77
3.1.3 Decomposing the Impact of Child Poverty by Source 79
3.1.4 Verifying the Relationship Between Child Poverty and Poor Children 79
3.2 Tools for Analyzing Inequality 79
3.2.1 The Absolute Gini Index 79
3.2.2 Decomposition of the Absolute Gini Index 80
3.3 Nature and Sources of Data 81
4 Presentation and Analysis of Results 81
4.1 Poverty Analysis 82
4.1.1 Descriptive Analysis of Children's Situation 82
4.1.2 Interpretation of the Results of the Multiple Correspondence Analyses 87
4.1.3 Measurement and Analysis of the Effects of Child Poverty 88
4.2 Inequality Analysis 94
4.2.1 Analysis of the Gini Index at the National Level 94
4.2.2 Breakdown of the Absolute Gini Index by Place of Residence According to the Shapley Approach 95
4.2.3 Breakdown of the Gini Index by Economic Region 96
4.2.4 Breakdown of the Gini Absolute Inequality Index by Source 97
5 Conclusion 98
References 99
Multidimensional Poverty Among West African Children: Testing for Robust Poverty Comparisons 102
1 Introduction 102
2 Estimating the Welfare Indicators 105
2.1 Calculating an Indicator of Health and Nutrition 105
2.2 Estimating the Asset Index 105
2.2.1 An Inertia Approach 105
2.2.2 A Factor Analysis Approach 106
3 Multidimensional Stochastic Dominance 107
3.1 First-Order Dominance 107
3.2 Higher-Order Stochastic Dominance 109
3.3 Statistical Inference 109
4 Empirical Comparisons of Child Poverty in West Africa 113
4.1 The Data 113
4.2 Results of the Dominance Tests 115
5 Conclusion 121
References 128
Part II Impact Evaluation 130
Free Primary Education in Kenya: An Impact Evaluation Using Propensity Score Methods 131
1 Introduction 131
2 Free Primary Education Programme in Kenya 132
3 Justification and Objectives of the Study 134
4 Data and Variables 135
5 Methodology 138
5.1 Correlates of Primary Schooling Performance Indicators 138
5.2 Propensity Score Matching Methods 139
5.3 FPE Programme Benefit Incidence Analysis 142
6 Results and Discussions 143
6.1 Summary Descriptive Statistics of the Variables 143
6.2 Correlates of the Selected Primary Education Performance Indicators 144
6.2.1 Primary School Enrolment 144
6.2.2 Primary School Grade Progression 145
6.2.3 Secondary School Enrolment 147
6.3 FPE Programme Impact Evaluation Using PSM Results 148
6.3.1 Primary School Enrolment Rates 148
6.3.2 Primary School Grade Progression 150
6.3.3 Secondary School Enrolment 152
6.4 Benefit Incidence Analysis Results 155
7 Summary and Conclusion 156
References 158
Productive Safety Net Program and Children's Time Use Between Work and Schooling in Ethiopia 162
1 Introduction 163
2 Literature Review in Brief 166
2.1 Definition of child labor 166
2.2 Theoretical Models of Child Labor 167
2.3 Concept of Social Protection 168
2.4 Social Protection and Its Relation with Child Work and Education 170
3 Description of Public Employment and Agricultural Extension Support Programs in Ethiopia 173
3.1 Public Employment Programs 173
3.2 Agricultural Extension Program 176
4 Theoretical Framework, Method of Estimating Impact and Data Set Description 177
4.1 Theoretical Framework 177
4.2 Estimating Impact of EGS on Child Work and Schooling and Study Time 179
4.3 Description of Data 181
5 Estimation Results and Discussions 187
5.1 Propensity Score Matching Regression 188
5.2 Treatment Effect of Support Programs in Rural and Urban Areas 188
6 Conclusion and Policy Implications 195
References 210
Family Allowances and Child School Attendance: An Ex-ante Evaluation of Alternative Schemes in Uruguay 215
1 Introduction 215
2 Asignaciones Familiares: Short History and PresentLegislation 216
2.1 Programme Background and History 216
2.2 The New Asignaciones Familiares Regime 217
2.3 Baseline Scenario 218
3 Poverty, School Attendance and Child WorkBefore the Reform 219
4 The Microsimulation Model 222
5 Main Results 226
5.1 Basic Equations Estimates 227
5.2 Potential Effects on Teenage Schooling 231
5.3 Potential Effects on Poverty 235
5.4 Potential Effects on Inequality 238
5.5 Potential Effects on Adult Labour Supply 239
6 Concluding Remarks 244
References 248
The Impact of the Increase in Food Prices on Child Poverty and the Policy Response in Mali 250
1 Introduction 251
2 General Context 251
2.1 National Context -- Mali 252
2.2 Compensatory Policies Adopted in West and Central Africaand in Mali 254
2.2.1 Price Stabilization Measures 256
2.2.2 Structural Policies 257
3 Methodology 257
4 Empirical Results 260
4.1 Policy Costs 261
4.2 Food Poverty 263
4.2.1 Initial Situation (2006) 263
4.2.2 Impact of the Food Crisis 263
4.2.3 Policy Simulations 266
4.3 Caloric Insufficiency 271
4.3.1 Initial Situation (2006) 271
4.3.2 Impact of the Food Crisis 274
4.3.3 Policy Simulations 274
4.4 School Participation and Child Labor 278
4.4.1 Initial Situation (2006) 278
4.4.2 Determinants of School Participation and Child Labor 281
4.4.3 Impact of the Food Crisis 286
4.4.4 Policy Simulations 286
4.5 Access to Health Services 288
4.5.1 Initial Situation (2006) 288
4.5.2 Determinants of Access to Children's Health Services 288
4.5.3 Impacts of the Food Crisis 292
4.5.4 Policy Simulations 292
5 Conclusion 293
References 298
Index 300

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 9.8.2010
• Zusatzinfo: X, 298 p.
• Verlagsort: New York
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Sozialwissenschaften ► Politik / Verwaltung
• Themenwelt: Sozialwissenschaften ► Soziologie
• Themenwelt: Wirtschaft ► Betriebswirtschaft / Management ► Unternehmensführung / Management
• Themenwelt: Wirtschaft ► Volkswirtschaftslehre
• Schlagworte: aging • Child labor • Child Mortality • Child Poverty • Developing Countries • Inequality • multidimensional poverty • Poverty • welfare
• ISBN-10: 1-4419-6275-1 / 1441962751
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4419-6275-1 / 9781441962751