Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics (eBook)

Margie Berns (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2010 | 1. Auflage
571 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
9780080965031 (ISBN)

Infos

Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics formalizes, organizes and analyzes the relation of knowledge about language to decision-making in practice. It synthesizes research in psycholinguistics, educational linguistics and sociolinguistics, freely crossing subject fields to establish innovative and expert responses to some of the key debates in the field. Authored and compiled by leaders in their various specialties and collated and extensively re-edited from the award-winning Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, Second Edition, this collection will be an ideal one-stop desk reference solution for any linguistics professional and researcher interested in how language operates at the leading edge. - Authoritative review of this dynamic field placed in an interdisciplinary context - Over 100 articles by leaders in the field - Compact and affordable single-volume format

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics 4
Copyright page 5
The Editors 6
Table of Contents 8
Subject Classification 12
Introduction 16
Contributors 18
Part I: Introduction to Applied Linguistics 22
Applied Linguistics 24
Introduction 24
Overview 24
History 27
Applied Linguistics Today 31
Bibliography 34
Critical Applied Linguistics 35
Doing Applied Linguistics Critically 35
The Critical in Applied Linguistics 38
Applied Linguistics and the Critical 39
Bibliography 41
Educational Linguistics 43
The Emergence of Educational Linguistics 43
Taking Stock of the Field 44
Future Directions 46
Bibliography 47
Relevant Websites 48
Part II: Regional Studies 50
Africa 52
Multilingualism and the Role of the Excolonial Languages 52
Language Development: Some African Initiatives 53
Translation and Interpretation 53
Language Learning and Teaching 53
Language Learning and Teaching: African Languages 54
Academic Literacy Development in Higher Education 54
Literacy 55
Conclusion 56
Bibliography 57
Australasia and the Pacific 58
The Domain of Applied Linguistics in the Region 58
The World of Australasia and the Pacific 58
The World of Applied Linguistics in the Region 59
Bibliography 64
Relevant Websites 65
China 66
Introduction 66
Historical Background 66
Modern Linguistics in China 67
Linguistics Applied and Applied Linguistics in Contemporary China 67
Conclusion 71
Bibliography 71
Europe 66
Language Planning and Policy 73
Sociolinguistic Aspects of Multilingualism 75
Sociolinguistic Aspects of Multilingualism 76
Psycholinguistic Aspects of Multilingualism 77
Final Remarks 78
Bibliography 78
North America 80
A Brief History of Applied Linguistics in North America 80
Defining and Delimiting Applied Linguistics 81
Research in Applied Linguistics in North America 82
Critical Perspectives in Applied Linguistics 85
New Trends in Applied Linguistics in North America 85
Bibliography 86
South America 87
Some Publications in South America 87
Four Publications outside South America 88
The Path of Applied Linguistics in South America: The Shadow Metaphor 89
Final Remarks 90
Bibliography 91
Relevant Websites 92
South Asia 87
Introduction 93
Applied Linguistics in the Subcontinent 93
Multilingualism and Language-Related Concerns 94
Language Policies: Scheduled and Nonscheduled Languages 94
Language and Education 95
Languages in Contact 96
Stylistics and the Teaching of Literature 97
Computational Linguistics 98
Language Disorders 99
Problems in Translation 100
Conclusion 100
Bibliography 101
Southeast Asia 103
Applied Linguistics and the Region of Southeast Asia: Definitions 103
Southeast Asia as a Linguistic Region 103
From Nationalism to Nationism: The Adoption of National Languages 104
Language Acquisition Planning in Multilingual Societies 105
Language use in Multilingual Settings and the Question of Social Identity 105
English: Its Expanding Role and Varieties 106
English Language Teaching and Learning 107
Bilingualism in Multilingual Societies 109
Publications on Applied Linguistics in Southeast Asia 109
Bibliography 110
Part III: Language, Learners And Learning 112
Acquisition of Second Language Phonology, Morphology, and Syntax 114
Introduction 114
L2 Acquisition of Phonology 114
L2 Acquisition of Inflectional Morphology 116
L2 Acquisition of Derivational Morphology 117
L2 Acquisition of Syntax 118
Bibliography 120
Assessment of First Language Proficiency 121
Sociopolitical Issues in First Language Proficiency Testing 121
Functional and Processural Criteria for Assessing L1 Speaking, Listening, Writing, and Reading 122
Beyond the Four Modalities of Language 123
Integrated, Standard-Based Performance Assessment of L1 Proficiency 123
Implementation and Washback of L1 Proficiency Testing 123
Bibliography 124
Assessment of Second Language Proficiency 126
Introduction 126
Developments in Validity Theory 126
Evidence-Centered Design 127
Developing a Language Assessment System: An Example 129
Messick on Test Validation: The Social Dimension 130
Bibliography 132
Bilingual Lexicography 134
Introduction 134
A Brief History of Bilingual Lexicography 134
The Techniques of Modern Bilingual Lexicography 136
Working with Frameworks 137
Structure of a Bilingual Entry 137
Main Issues of Bilingual Lexicography 138
Directionality 138
Bilingual Dictionaries Today and Tomorrow 141
Bibliography 143
Endangered Languages 144
School-Based Programs 144
Outside of the Schools 145
Potential Difficulties 146
Bibliography 146
Relevant Websites 146
Grammar 147
History 147
The Scope of Grammar Teaching 147
The Aims and Methods of Grammar Teaching 148
Evaluating the Success of Grammar Teaching 149
Bibliography 149
Immigrant Languages 151
Assimilation versus Pluralism 151
Language as a Right, a Resource, or a Problem 151
Minority and Majority Languages in Education 152
Bibliography 154
Interlanguage 155
Interlanguage 155
The Interlanguage Hypothesis 155
Development of the Interlanguage Hypothesis to the Early 1990s 158
Bibliography 160
Language Assessment Standards 161
Standards as the Goal 161
Setting Standards 162
Measuring and Reporting Standards 163
Bibliography 163
Languages for Specific Purposes 165
Defining the Object 165
Basic Distinctions: Relations between Communicators 166
Traditional Approaches 166
Recent Trends for the Development of the Discipline 168
Bibliography 169
Learning Sign Language as a Second Language 170
Learning Two Languages in Infancy 170
Learning Two Languages Sequentially 170
Delayed L1 Learning and L2 Learning 171
Bibliography 172
Learners’ Dictionaries 174
Main Features of the MLDSummary 174
In More Detail 175
The Impact of Corpora 176
Signs of Change 176
Bibliography 177
OtheReferences 177
Listening in a Second Language 178
Introduction 178
Bottom-up Interpretation 178
Interpretation and Inference 180
The Context of Utterance 181
Listening as 'Input' to Second Language Learning 183
Bibliography 183
Motivation and Attitudes in Second Language Learning 185
Motivation Defined 185
Attitudes Defined 185
Theoretical Conceptualizations of Motivation in Second Language Learning 185
Issues 188
Bibliography 191
Pedagogical Grammars for Second Language Learning 193
Types of Grammars 193
Characteristics of Pedagogical Grammars 194
Pedagogical Grammar in Language Education 196
Conclusion 198
Bibliography 198
Reading in a Second Language 200
Introduction 200
Current State of Theory 200
Revisiting L1/L2 Relationships: the Transfer of Literacy and Language Knowledge 201
Transferring Knowledge About Language Elements 202
Transferring Language Elements: Grammar and Vocabulary 203
Contextual Variables 205
Conclusion 205
Bibliography 206
Second Language Attrition 208
Introduction 208
Theoretical Models 209
Extralinguistic Factors 210
Linguistic Levels 210
Research Designs 212
Conclusion 213
Bibliography 213
Second Language Corpus Studies 215
Bibliography 216
Relevant Websites 216
Second Language Discourse Studies 217
Discourse and SLA 217
Language Identity 218
Language Socialization 219
Sociocultural Theory 219
Bibliography 219
Learning Second Language Vocabulary 221
Learning Burden 221
Word Form 221
Word Meaning 221
Word Use 222
Idioms 222
Learning Conditions 223
Deliberate and Incidental Learning 223
Involvement Load 223
Negotiation 223
Interference 224
Massed versus Spaced Learning 225
First Language Definitions 225
Bibliography 226
Sign Language Acquisition 227
Bibliography 230
Speaking in a Second Language 233
Introduction 233
Models and Descriptions of Second Language Speaking 233
Areas of Growing Influence and Debate in the Area of Second Language Speaking 237
Bibliography 239
Third Language Acquisition 240
Introduction. The Spread of Third Language Acquisition: Sociolinguistic Perspectives 240
Differences between Second and Third Language Acquisition 241
Third Language Acquisition Research 242
Multilingual Competence and the Multilingual Mind 243
Contribution of Third Language Acquisition Research to Applied Linguistics 244
Bibliography 244
Relevant Website 245
Variation in Second Language Acquisition 246
The L2 Grammar 247
The Role of the Interfaces 248
Syntactic Processing in the Second Language 251
Conclusion 252
Bibliography 252
Writing in a Second Language 254
Introduction 254
History 254
Current Status 258
Future Directions 259
Bibliography 260
Part IV: Language, Teachers And Education 262
Bilingual Education 264
Introduction 264
Types of Bilingual Education 264
Immersion Bilingual Education 264
Heritage Language Bilingual Education 265
Dual Language Bilingual Education 265
Bilingual Education and Politics 266
Language Revitalization through Bilingual Education 267
The Advantages of 'Strong' Forms of Bilingual Education 267
The Effectiveness of Bilingual Education 268
The English Language and Bilingual Education 269
The Limitations of Bilingual Education 269
Bibliography 270
Classroom Talk 272
Bibliography 274
Communicative Language Teaching 275
Linguistic Theory and Classroom Practice 275
Interpretations of CLT 278
CLT in the 21st Century 279
Bibliography 280
Computer-Assisted Language Education 282
A Definition of CALL 282
A Brief History of CALL 282
CALL Typology 282
The Future of CALL 289
Professional CALL Associations 289
Bibliography 290
Relevant Websites 291
Content Teaching and Learning 293
Second Language Education 293
Foreign Language Programs 294
Bilingual Programs 295
Instructional Practices 295
Teacher Preparation 295
Future Directions and Research 296
Bibliography 296
Culture in Language Teaching 297
The Cultural Dimensions of Language Study 297
New Ways of Integrating Language, Culture, History, and Identity 300
Bibliography 302
Education in a Former Colonial Language 304
Colonization 304
Political Goals of Ex-colonies 304
Colonization and Educational Language Policy 304
Conclusion 306
Bibliography 306
Internet and Language Education 308
History of the Internet 308
The Internet as Classroom 308
Research and Resources: The Internet as Tool 309
Activities: The Internet as Tutor 311
Equality, Democracy, and the Internet 311
Future 313
Bibliography 313
Relevant Websites 313
Language Awareness 314
Bibliography 315
Language Education of the Deaf 317
Methods 317
Natural Language of Deaf Children 317
The Situation Today 318
Do the Methods Work? 319
Bibliography 319
Languages in Tertiary Education 320
Languages as Medium of Tertiary-Level Teaching: Overview 320
Official Language and Medium of Teaching 320
Differences According to Disciplines and Levels of Teaching 320
Recent Changes in the Role of English 321
Problems and Attempts at Alleviation 321
Foreign Language Requirements 322
Bibliography 322
Minority Language Education 323
Definitions and Purposes 323
Traditions, Continuities, Possibilities, and Controversies 323
Power-Related Dimensions of Minority Languages and Their Access to Education 324
Organization of Minority Language Education around the World 325
Conclusion 326
Bibliography 326
Nonnative Speaker Teachers 328
Introduction 328
Definitions of Native and Non-native Speakers 328
Non-native English-Speaking Teachers' Perceptions of Their Status and Roles 329
Professional Development of Non-native English-Speaking Teachers 331
Conclusion 333
Bibliography 334
Oracy Education 336
Bibliography 337
Pedagogy of Languages for Specific Purposes 339
Specific Features of Pedagogical Contexts 339
Current Trends 340
Technological Influences 342
Evaluation of Curriculum and Teaching 343
Student Assessment 343
Conclusion 343
Bibliography 344
Politics of Teaching 345
Introduction 345
The Politics of Mainstream Applied Linguistics 345
The Politics of Critical Applied Linguistics 347
Conclusion 352
Bibliography 352
Reading and Multiliteracy 354
Bibliography 356
Remediation of Language Disorders in Children 358
Bibliography 360
Second Language Curriculum Development 362
Introduction 362
Underpinnings of Curriculum 362
Contexts of Curriculum 363
Organization of Curriculum 363
Information Gathering for Curriculum 364
Key Questions in Curriculum 365
Outcomes of Curriculum 367
Conclusion 369
Bibliography 369
Second and Foreign Language Learning and Teaching 371
Learning and Learners 371
Teaching 374
Conclusion 377
Bibliography 378
Second Language Teacher Preparation 379
History and Developments 379
SL Teacher Education: Defining the Knowledge Base 379
Principles for Designing and Evaluating Teacher Education Programs 384
Models of Teacher Education Environments 385
Perspectives and Developments 386
Bibliography 387
Second Language Teaching Technologies 388
Key Developments in the Last Decade 388
Professional Factors That Affect Technology and Language Learning 393
The Future 395
Bibliography 395
Relevant Websites 395
Teacher Preparation 396
The Origins of Teacher Education 396
The Emergence of Language Teacher Education 396
Language Teacher Education Since the 1960s 397
Bibliography 402
Teaching of Minority Languages 404
Focus and Nomenclature 404
Crossnational Perspectives on Community Language Teaching 405
Beyond Bilingualism: Dealing with Multilingualism at School 409
Bibliography 411
Relevant Websites 412
Traditions in Second Language Teaching 413
Introduction 413
Early Greek Education 413
Roman Education 415
Education in the Medieval Age 416
The Rise of Universities 418
Revival of Classical Studies 418
Rise of the Vernacular Languages 418
Toward the Modern Era 419
The Lesson of Tradition 420
Bibliography 421
Translation Pedagogy 422
Introduction: From Pedagogical Translation to Translation Pedagogy 422
The Setting for Learning: Translator Education Programs 422
The Emergence of Translation Pedagogy - Toward the Development of Translator Competence 423
Conclusion 425
Bibliography 425
Relevant Website 426
Vocabulary Program for Second or Foreign Learners 427
What Vocabulary? 427
How Should Words Be Dealt With? 427
Learning Vocabulary Through Listening 427
Learning Vocabulary Through Reading 428
Deliberate Vocabulary Learning 428
Learning Vocabulary Through Speaking 429
Learning Vocabulary Through Writing 429
Fluency Development 430
Monitoring and Encouraging Progress 430
Encouraging Autonomy 431
Principles of Vocabulary Learning and Teaching 431
Bibliography 431
Part V: Applied Sociolinguistics 432
Bilingualism and Second Language Learning 434
Introduction 434
Key Concepts 434
Defining and Measuring Bilingualism 435
Patterns and Mechanisms in Bilinglual Language Development 435
Bilingual Education: Additive vs. Subtractive Bilingualism 438
Socio-Psychological Factors 439
Effects of Bilingualism 439
Conclusions 439
Bibliography 440
Communicative Competence 441
A Key Concept in an Emerging Sociolinguistic Tradition 442
Communicative Competence in Other Domains 444
Re-examining Communicative Competence 445
Bibliography 446
Correctness and Purism 448
Definitions: Correctness and Purism 448
The Appropriateness Model of Linguistic Variation 449
What is a Standard Variety? 450
Spoken and Written Language 451
Multilingualism 452
Policy vs. Practice 453
Bibliography 454
Relevant Websites 454
Educational Failure 455
Introduction 455
The Nature of Group Difference 455
The Language Dimension 457
Language Attitudes 459
Educational Responses to Disadvantage 461
A Decade On 462
Bibliography 463
Foreign Language Teaching Policy 464
Defining Foreign Languages 464
Foreign Language Policy Decisions 464
Categories of Countries by Linguistic Context 464
Future Developments 470
Bibliography 470
Gender in Language Education 471
Recurrent Debates about Language, Education, and Gender 471
Challenges Ahead 473
Bibliography 473
Languages of Wider Communication 475
World Language 475
International Language 477
Languages of Wider Communication 480
Bibliography 481
Language Policy in Multilingual Educational Contexts 482
Global Distribution of Multilingualism 482
Need for Language Policy and Planning 482
Components of Language Policy 483
Language Policies in Nation-States 484
Language Policy beyond the Nation-State 485
Language Policies at the International Level 486
Linguistic Human Rights 488
Typologies and Models of Multilingual Education 489
Immersion 490
Transitional Bilingual Education 490
Weak Linkages between Language Policy and Planning 492
Bibliography 493
Relevant Websites 494
Language Revival 495
Schools and Language Revival Efforts 495
Differing Contexts 496
Pedagogy for Language Revitalization 496
Curriculum and Language Revival 496
Communicative Language Teaching and L-[r] 496
Different Expectations from Pedagogy 497
Final Considerations: Language Revitalization and Instructed Language Acquisition 498
Bibliography 498
Lingua Francas as Second Languages 500
Lingua Francas and Multilingual Societies 500
Lingua Francas and the Multilingual Individual 503
International Lingua Franca Interactions 505
Lingua Francas and Second Language Teaching 506
Outlook: Current Research Trends 506
Bibliography 507
Linguistic Imperialism 508
Bibliography 510
Religion and Literacy 511
Bibliography 513
Multilingual Societies and Language Education 514
Introduction 514
Categorizing Education in Multilingual Societies 514
Debates and Research on Bilingual Programs 515
Bibliography 516
Native Speaker 517
Bibliography 519
Nonstandard Language 521
Historical Background 521
United Nations Formulation 521
Supporting Grounds 521
Definitional Problem 521
Various Models 522
Experimental Results 522
Resistance 523
Community Response 523
Language Rights and Pedagogical Rationale 523
Bibliography 523
Second Language Identity 525
The Historical Context 525
Theoretical Influences 526
Research Trajectories 527
Conclusion 529
Bibliography 529
Second Language Socialization 532
Second Language Socialization 532
Background and Key Concepts 532
Foci and Methodologies 533
Overview of Second Language Socialization Research 533
Conclusion 537
Bibliography 537
Standard Language 539
Standards and Conventions in Mother Tongues 539
What Is Standard? 540
Schools and Standard Language 541
Supporting Language Development 541
Bibliography 541
World Englishes 542
Spread and Stratification 542
Concentric Circle Model 543
World Englishes Speech Communities 543
Process of Nativization and Englishization 544
Models of Description 545
Conceptual Myths 545
Constructing Identities of Englishes 546
World Englishes and Conceptual Frameworks 547
Literary Creativity, Canonicity, and World Englishes 547
The Pandora’s Box and World Englishes 548
Bibliography 548
Part VI: Biographies 550
Brown, Gillian 552
Bibliography 552
Catford, John C. (1917-2009) 553
Bibliography 553
Ferguson, Charles A. (1921-1998) 555
Bibliography 556
Fries, Charles Carpenter (1887-1967) 557
Bibliography 557
Hall, Robert A., Jr. (1911-1987) 558
Bibliograpy 559
Hill, Archibald A. (1902-1992) 560
Bibliography 560
Hornby, Albert Sidney (1898-1978) 561
Bibilography 561
Lado, Robert (1915-1995) 562
Bibliography 562
Nida, Eugene Albert (b. 1914) 563
Bibliography 563
Palmer, Harold Edward (1877-1949) 565
Bibliography 565
Passy, Paul Eacute douard (1859-1940) 566
Bibliography 567
Quirk, Professor The Lord Charles Randolph (b. 1920) 568
Bibliography 569
Relevant Websites 570
Ratke, Wolfgang (1571-1635) 571
Bibliography 571
Richards, Ivor Armstrong (1893-1979) 572
Bibliography 573
Smith, Henry Lee (1913-1972) 574
Bibliography 575
Twaddell, William Freeman (1906-1982) 576
Bibliography 576
Vieumltor, Wilhelm (1850-1918) 577
Bibliography 577
Subject Index 578

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 20.3.2010
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Literatur
• Themenwelt: Schulbuch / Wörterbuch ► Lexikon / Chroniken
• Themenwelt: Schulbuch / Wörterbuch ► Wörterbuch / Fremdsprachen
• Themenwelt: Geisteswissenschaften ► Psychologie ► Allgemeine Psychologie
• Themenwelt: Geisteswissenschaften ► Psychologie ► Verhaltenstherapie
• Themenwelt: Geisteswissenschaften ► Sprach- / Literaturwissenschaft ► Sprachwissenschaft
• ISBN-13: 9780080965031 / 9780080965031