Reconstructing Earth's Climate History (eBook)
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-119-54410-4 (ISBN)
There has never been a more critical time for students to understand the record of Earth's climate history, as well as the relevance of that history to understanding Earth's present and likely future climate. There also has never been a more critical time for students, as well as the public-at-large, to understand how we know, as much as what we know, in science. This book addresses these needs by placing you, the student, at the center of learning. In this book, you will actively use inquiry-based explorations of authentic scientific data to develop skills that are essential in all disciplines: making observations, developing and testing hypotheses, reaching conclusions based on the available data, recognizing and acknowledging uncertainty in scientific data and scientific conclusions, and communicating your results to others.
The context for understanding global climate change today lies in the records of Earth's past, as preserved in archives such as sediments and sedimentary rocks on land and on the seafloor, as well as glacial ice, corals, speleothems, and tree rings. These archives have been studied for decades by geoscientists and paleoclimatologists. Much like detectives, these researchers work to reconstruct what happened in the past, as well as when and how it happened, based on the often-incomplete and indirect records of those events preserved in these archives. This book uses guided-inquiry to build your knowledge of foundational concepts needed to interpret such archives. Foundational concepts include: interpreting the environmental meaning of sediment composition, determining ages of geologic materials and events (supported by a new section on radiometric dating), and understanding the role of CO2 in Earth's climate system, among others. Next, this book provides the opportunity for you to apply your foundational knowledge to a collection of paleoclimate case studies. The case studies consider: long-term climate trends, climate cycles, major and/or abrupt episodes of global climate change, and polar paleoclimates. New sections on sea level change in the past and future, climate change and life, and climate change and civilization expand the book's examination of the causes and effects of Earth's climate history.
In using this book, we hope you gain new knowledge, new skills, and greater confidence in making sense of the causes and consequences of climate change. Our goal is that science becomes more accessible to you. Enjoy the challenge and the reward of working with scientific data and results!
Reconstructing Earth's Climate History, Second Edition, is an essential purchase for geoscience students at a variety of levels studying paleoclimatology, paleoceanography, oceanography, historical geology, global change, Quaternary science and Earth-system science.
About the Authors
Dr Kristen St. John is a Professor of Geology at James Madison University.
Dr R. Mark Leckie is a Professor of Geology at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst.
Dr Kate Pound is a Professor of Geology and a member of the Science Education Group at St. Cloud State University.
Dr Megan Jones is a Professor of Geology at North Hennepin Community College.
Dr Lawrence Krissek is a Professor Emeritus in the School of Earth Sciences, Ohio State University.
Reconstructing Earth s Climate History There has never been a more critical time for students to understand the record of Earth s climate history, as well as the relevance of that history to understanding Earth s present and likely future climate. There also has never been a more critical time for students, as well as the public-at-large, to understand how we know, as much as what we know, in science. This book addresses these needs by placing you, the student, at the center of learning. In this book, you will actively use inquiry-based explorations of authentic scientific data to develop skills that are essential in all disciplines: making observations, developing and testing hypotheses, reaching conclusions based on the available data, recognizing and acknowledging uncertainty in scientific data and scientific conclusions, and communicating your results to others.The context for understanding global climate change today lies in the records of Earth s past, as preserved in archives such as sediments and sedimentary rocks on land and on the seafloor, as well as glacial ice, corals, speleothems, and tree rings. These archives have been studied for decades by geoscientists and paleoclimatologists. Much like detectives, these researchers work to reconstruct what happened in the past, as well as when and how it happened, based on the often-incomplete and indirect records of those events preserved in these archives. This book uses guided-inquiry to build your knowledge of foundational concepts needed to interpret such archives. Foundational concepts include: interpreting the environmental meaning of sediment composition, determining ages of geologic materials and events (supported by a new section on radiometric dating), and understanding the role of CO2 in Earth s climate system, among others. Next, this book provides the opportunity for you to apply your foundational knowledge to a collection of paleoclimate case studies. The case studies consider: long-term climate trends, climate cycles, major and/or abrupt episodes of global climate change, and polar paleoclimates. New sections on sea level change in the past and future, climate change and life, and climate change and civilization expand the book s examination of the causes and effects of Earth s climate history.In using this book, we hope you gain new knowledge, new skills, and greater confidence in making sense of the causes and consequences of climate change. Our goal is that science becomes more accessible to you. Enjoy the challenge and the reward of working with scientific data and results! Reconstructing Earth s Climate History, Second Edition, is an essential purchase for geoscience students at a variety of levels studying paleoclimatology, paleoceanography, oceanography, historical geology, global change, Quaternary science and Earth-system science.
About the Authors Dr Kristen St. John is a Professor of Geology at James Madison University. Dr R. Mark Leckie is a Professor of Geology at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst. Dr Kate Pound is a Professor of Geology and a member of the Science Education Group at St. Cloud State University. Dr Megan Jones is a Professor of Geology at North Hennepin Community College. Dr Lawrence Krissek is a Professor Emeritus in the School of Earth Sciences, Ohio State University.
Cover 1
Title Page 5
Copyright Page 6
Contents 7
Acknowledgments 13
Chapter 1 Introduction to Paleoclimate Records 21
Part 1.1. Archives and Proxies 23
Part 1.2. Obtaining Cores from Terrestrial and Marine Paleoclimate Archives 33
Coring Terrestrial Paleoclimate Archives 34
Coring Marine Paleoclimate Archives 40
Part 1.3. Owens Lake – An Introductory Case Study of Paleoclimate Reconstruction 47
References 50
Chapter 2 Seafloor Sediments 51
Part 2.1. Sediment Predictions 53
Part 2.2. Core Observation and Description 54
Introduction 54
Part 2.3. Sediment Composition 61
Introduction 61
Part 2.4. Seafloor Sediment Synthesis 65
References 75
Chapter 3 Geologic Time and Geochronology 77
Part 3.1. The Geologic Timescale 79
Introduction 79
Initial Observations 79
Part 3.2. Principles of Stratigraphy and Determining Relative Ages 82
Using Principles of Stratigraphy to Determine Relative Ages 82
Part 3.3. Radiometric Age Dating Fundamentals 84
Introduction to Radiometric Age Dating 84
Limitations on Radiometric Dating Techniques 87
Part 3.4. Using 40K – 40Ar Dating to Determine the Numerical Ages of Layered Volcanic Rocks 89
Introduction to a Case Study from Jokuldalur, Iceland 89
Extension: Radiometric Dating and the Development of the Geomagnetic Polarity Timescale 93
Part 3.5. Using Uranium Series Dating to Determine Changes in Growth Rate of Speleothems 96
An Introduction to Radiometric Dating of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks 96
An Introduction to Uranium Series Dating of Corals and Speleothems 97
A Case Study of Speleothem Dating using 234U – 230Th 100
References 108
Chapter 4 Paleomagnetism and Magnetostratigraphy 109
Part 4.1. Earth’s Magnetic Field Today and the Paleomagnetic Record of Deep-Sea Sediments 111
Initial Ideas 111
Earth’s Magnetic Field Today: A Useful Analogy 112
Why Do We Care About Paleomagnetism? 113
Natural Remanent Magnetization in Sediments and Igneous Rocks 114
Paleomagnetic Reversals (i.e. Reversals of Magnetic Polarity) 118
Paleomagnetism in Sediment Cores 119
Part 4.2. History of Discovery: Paleomagnetism in Ocean Crust and Marine Sediments 120
Magnetic Intensity Data from the East Pacific Rise 120
Seafloor Magnetic Anomalies 122
Connecting Magnetic Data from the Sea and Land 123
Part 4.3. Using Paleomagnetism to Test the Seafloor Spreading Hypothesis 128
The Seafloor Spreading Hypothesis 128
Application of Paleomagnetism 129
Part 4.4. The Geomagnetic Polarity Timescale 134
References 138
Chapter 5 Microfossils and Biostratigraphy 139
Part 5.1. What Are Microfossils? Why Are They Important in Climate Change Science? 141
Introduction 141
Trophic Levels and Productivity 142
Marine Microfossils of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras 145
Part 5.2. Microfossils in Deep?Sea Sediments 150
Initial Ideas 150
Microfossils in Smear Slides 150
Biostratigraphy Case Study: A First Look at Calcareous Nannofossil Data from ODP Hole 1208A 154
Part 5.3. Application of Microfossil First and Last Occurrences 157
Introduction 157
Biostratigraphy Overview 157
Biostratigraphy Case Study: Applying a Biostratigraphic Zonal Scheme to ODP Hole 1208A 160
Part 5.4. Using Microfossil Datums to Calculate Sedimentation Rates 164
Introduction to Sedimentation Rates 164
Case Study: Determining Sedimentation Rates at ODP Hole 1208A 165
Part 5.5. How Reliable Are Microfossil Datums? 169
Introduction 169
Comparison of Sediment Accumulation Rate Histories 173
Part 5.6. Organic-Walled Microfossils: Marine Dinoflagellates and Terrestrial Pollen and Spores 176
Introduction to Palynomorphs 176
Palynomorphs Case Study: Hole M27A on the New Jersey Continental Shelf 179
References 184
Chapter 6 CO2 as a Climate Regulator During the Phanerozoic and Today 185
Part 6.1. The Short-Term Global Carbon Cycle 187
Introduction 187
Part 6.2. CO2 and Temperature 189
The Greenhouse Effect 189
Part 6.4. The Long-Term Global Carbon Cycle, CO2, and Phanerozoic Climate History 205
The Long-Term Carbon Cycle 205
Part 6.5. Carbon Isotopes as a Tool for Tracking Changes in the Carbon Cycle 214
Introduction 214
Chapter 7 Oxygen Isotopes as Proxies of Climate Change 220
Part 7.1. Introduction to Oxygen Isotope Records from Ice and Ocean Sediments 222
Introduction 222
Part 7.2. The Hydrologic Cycle and Isotopic Fractionation 225
Introduction 225
Stable Isotopes of Oxygen 226
Hydrologic Cycle and Isotopic Fractionation 226
Part 7.3. 18O in Meteoric Water and Glacial Ice 229
Introduction 229
Temperature-Dependent Fractionation 229
Revisiting the Pleistocene–Holocene 18O Greenland Ice Sheet Record 234
Hydrogen: Another Isotopic Paleotemperature Proxy in Ice 235
Comparison of Isotopic Paleotemperature Proxies and CO2 in Ice 236
Part 7.4. 18O in Marine Sediments 238
An Application of Important Marine Microfossils 238
A Biogeochemical Proxy for Ice Volume and Temperature 239
Using the Marine 18O Record to Interpret Cenozoic Climate Change 242
References 245
Chapter 8 Climate Cycles 246
Part 8.1. Patterns and Periodicities 248
Introduction 248
Synthesis 259
Case Study of Record 7 from Shatsky Rise, NW Pacific 261
Smear Slide Compositional Data 261
XRF Elemental Composition Data 262
Part 8.2. Orbital Metronome 265
Annual Cyclicity 265
Long-term Changes of Earth’s Geometry in Space Relative to the Sun 265
Orbital Control of Earth’s Climate Cycles 269
Part 8.3. Glacial–Interglacial Periods and Modern Climate Change 270
Characterizing Glacial and Interglacial Periods 270
Situating Modern Climate Change within the Glacial–Interglacial Cycles 271
References 274
Chapter 9 The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) Event 275
Part 9.1. An Important Discovery 277
Introduction 277
Dynamic Science 278
Part 9.2. Global Consequences of the PETM 280
Global Data Exploration 280
Synthesis and Discussion 311
Part 9.3. Two Hypotheses for the Cause of the PETM 316
Part 9.4. Rates of Onset and Duration of Event 319
How Quickly Did the PETM Carbon Isotope Excursion Occur? 319
High Resolution Exploration of the Onset and Duration of the PETM 320
Part 9.5. Global Warming Today and Lessons from the PETM 326
Introduction 326
Comparing Rates of Global Warming and Carbon Accumulation for the PETM and Today 326
Thinking About the PETM Recovery and Our Future 330
References 332
Chapter 10 Glaciation of Antarctica: The Oi1 Event 334
Part 10.1. Initial Evidence 336
Introduction 336
Initial Observations from ODP Site 748 338
Part 10.2. Evidence for Global Change 341
Introduction 341
Record A1. High-resolution Record of the Oi1 Event at ODP Site 1218 (ODP Leg 199) in the Tropical Pacific 342
Record A2. The Eocene–Oligocene Transition and the Oi1 Event in the Deep Sea Tropical Pacific (ODP Leg 199) 345
Record B. The Eocene–Oligocene Transition and the Oi1 Event in the Deep Sea Southeast Atlantic along the Walvis Ridge (ODP Leg 208) 346
Record C. The Eocene–Oligocene transition on the South Tasman Rise (ODP Leg 189) 348
Record D1. The Eocene–Oligocene Transition at Site 699, Southern South Atlantic (ODP Leg 114) 350
Record D2. High-resolution Records of the Eocene–Oligocene Transition in the Southern Ocean: Southern Kerguelen Plateau Sites 748 (ODP Leg 120) and 744 (ODP Leg 119), and Maud Rise Site 689 (ODP Leg 113) 352
Record E. New Jersey Coastal Plain and Continental Margin Sea Level Reconstruction 356
Record F. Tanzania Coastal Plain Biotic Turnover 358
Synthesis and Discussion 359
Part 10.3. Mountain Building, Weathering, CO2 and Climate 362
Putting it All Together 364
Alternate Hypotheses for the Glaciation of Antarctica 367
Part 10.4. Legacy of the Oi1 Event: The Development of the Psychrosphere 369
Water Masses and Water Column Stratification 370
The Psychrosphere, Deep Water Masses, and Thermohaline Circulation 372
References 373
Chapter 11 Antarctic Climate Variability in the Neogene 375
Part 11.1. What Do We Think We Know About the History of Antarctic Climate? 378
Introduction 378
Part 11.2. What is Antarctica’s Geographic and Geologic Context? 382
Weather 382
Antarctic Ice 382
Bedrock Geology of the McMurdo Sound Region 386
The Cenozoic Sedimentary Sequence in the Ross Sea Region 391
Challenges Associated with Obtaining a Drillcore 393
Part 11.3. Selecting Drillsites to Best Answer our Questions 395
Introduction 395
Selecting Two Drillsites 398
Part 11.4. What Sediment Facies are Common on the Antarctic Margin? 399
Introduction 399
Ice-proximal and Ice-distal Lithologies 400
Part 11.5. The BIG Picture of ANDRILL 1-B 410
About ANDRILL 410
References 417
Chapter 12 Pliocene Warmth as an Analog for Our Future 418
Part 12.1. The Last 5 Million Years 420
12.1 Initial Observations: Pliocene vs. Modern Geography 420
The Deep-Sea Benthic Foraminiferal Oxygen Isotope Record 421
Comparison of Climate Cyclicity in Deep-Sea Oxygen Isotopes and Antarctic Marine Sediments 422
Continental Record of the Late Pliocene and Pliocene–Pleistocene Transition: Lake E, NE Siberia 423
Part 12.2. Pliocene Latitudinal Temperature Gradient 427
The Pliocene Research, Interpretation and Synoptic Mapping (PRISM) Project 427
Part 12.3. Estimates of Pliocene CO2 434
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Global Climate 434
Part 12.4. Sea Level Past, Present, and Future 436
Pliocene Sea Level Compared with Pleistocene Interglacials 436
What if Global Warming Causes Ice Sheet Collapse this Century? 439
Relative Sea Level Rise Has Begun 442
Future Sea Level Rise 445
References 448
Chapter 13 Climate, Climate Change, and Life 450
Part 13.1. Initial Ideas 452
Part 13.2. The Long View: “Precambrian” and Phanerozoic Life and Climate 453
Overview of Early Life on Earth 453
Exploring Evolutionary Relationships Between Animals and the Base of the Food Chain 455
Part 13.3. Examples of Cenozoic Terrestrial Evolution and Climate Connections 461
Mammal Evolution in the Aftermath of the K/Pg Mass Extinction and PETM 463
Early Primates and the PETM 468
Large Terrestrial Mammals and Global Climate During the Cenozoic 470
Coevolution of Horses and Grasses 473
Global Climate and the Spread of Grasslands 475
Part 13.4. Examples of Cenozoic Marine Biotic Evolution and Climate Connections 478
Biosiliceous Sediments and the Climate Connection 478
Climate Connections 481
Evolution of Marine Ecosystems During the Cenozoic: Diatoms to Whales 483
Abstract 485
Summary Points (Modified Slightly from Uhen 2010) 485
Synthesis 488
Part 13.5. Humanity, Climate, and Life 489
Hominin Evolution and Climate Change 489
Human Population and Alteration of the Earth 494
Part 13.6. Humanity and Future Climate: At a Tipping Point 501
References 504
Chapter 14 Climate Change and Civilization 507
Part 14.1. Climate Change Here and Now 509
Recent Changes Globally to Locally 509
Vulnerability and Readiness 512
Part 14.2. Evidence of Climatic Stress on Ancient Maya Civilization 517
Introduction 517
Regional Tropical Climate 519
The Cariaco Basin Geologic Setting and Sediment Record 523
The Cariaco Basin Paleoclimate Record – Extreme Events 526
The Lake Chichancanab Paleoclimate Record – A Local Perspective 528
The Lake Punta Laguna Paleoclimate Record – Another Local Perspective 529
Synthesis 531
Part 14.3. The Precipitation Record of the North American Southwest: The Physical Record and Human Response 533
Introduction 533
Examining Current Drought Conditions in the Four Corners 534
Reconstructing the Local History of Precipitation Using Proxy Data from Tree Rings 535
Expanding to a Regional-Scale View of Drought 540
Water Availability and the Anasazi 542
From Proxies to the Instrumental Record 545
From the Past and Present into the Future 549
References 555
Index 556
EULA 563
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 25.6.2021 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Sachbuch/Ratgeber ► Natur / Technik ► Natur / Ökologie |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Meteorologie / Klimatologie | |
| Technik | |
| Schlagworte | Climatology & Palaeoclimatology • earth sciences • Geowissenschaften • Klimatologie • Klimatologie u. Paläoklimatologie • Oceanography & Paleoceanography • Ozeanographie • Ozeanographie u. Paläozeanographie • Quartärforschung • Quartärforschung, Glaziologie • Quaternary Science & Glaciology |
| ISBN-10 | 1-119-54410-6 / 1119544106 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-1-119-54410-4 / 9781119544104 |
| Informationen gemäß Produktsicherheitsverordnung (GPSR) | |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
PDF (Adobe DRM)Kopierschutz: Adobe-DRM
Adobe-DRM ist ein Kopierschutz, der das eBook vor Mißbrauch schützen soll. Dabei wird das eBook bereits beim Download auf Ihre persönliche Adobe-ID autorisiert. Lesen können Sie das eBook dann nur auf den Geräten, welche ebenfalls auf Ihre Adobe-ID registriert sind.
Details zum Adobe-DRM
Dateiformat: PDF (Portable Document Format)
Mit einem festen Seitenlayout eignet sich die PDF besonders für Fachbücher mit Spalten, Tabellen und Abbildungen. Eine PDF kann auf fast allen Geräten angezeigt werden, ist aber für kleine Displays (Smartphone, eReader) nur eingeschränkt geeignet.
Systemvoraussetzungen:
PC/Mac: Mit einem PC oder Mac können Sie dieses eBook lesen. Sie benötigen eine
eReader: Dieses eBook kann mit (fast) allen eBook-Readern gelesen werden. Mit dem amazon-Kindle ist es aber nicht kompatibel.
Smartphone/Tablet: Egal ob Apple oder Android, dieses eBook können Sie lesen. Sie benötigen eine
Geräteliste und zusätzliche Hinweise
Buying eBooks from abroad
For tax law reasons we can sell eBooks just within Germany and Switzerland. Regrettably we cannot fulfill eBook-orders from other countries.
aus dem Bereich
