Health Issues in the Black Community (eBook)

Ronald L. Braithwaite, Sandra E. Taylor, Henrie M. Treadwell (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF | EPUB

2009 | 3. Auflage
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-0-470-55266-7 (ISBN)

Infos

Health Issues in the Black Community THIRD EDITION

'The outstanding editors and authors of Health Issues in the Black Community have placed in clear perspective the challenges and opportunities we face in working to achieve the goal of health equity in America.'
-David Satcher, MD, PhD, 16th Surgeon General of the United States and director, Satcher Health Leadership Institute at Morehouse School of Medicine

'Eliminating health disparities must be a central goal of any forward thinking national health policy. Health Issues in the Black Community makes a valuable contribution to a much-needed dialogue by focusing on the challenges of the black community.'
-Marc Morial, Esq., president, National Urban League

'Health Issues in the Black Community illuminates comprehensively the range of health conditions specifically affecting African Americans, and the health disparities both within the black community and between racial and ethnic groups. Each chapter, whether addressing the health of African Americans by age, gender, type of disease, condition or behavior, is well-detailed and tells an important story. Together, they offer practitioners, consumers, scholars, and policymakers a crucial roadmap to address and change the social determinants of health, reduce disparities, and create more equal treatment for all Americans.'
-Risa Lavizzo-Mourey, MD, MBA, president, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation

'I recommend Health Issues in the Black Community as a must-read for anyone concerned about the future of the African American community. Health disparities continues to be one of the major issues confronting the black community. This book will help to highlight the issues and keep attention focused on the work to be done.'
- Elsie Scott, PhD, president of the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation

'This book is the definitive examination of health issues in black America-issues sadly overlooked and downplayed in our culture and society. I congratulate Drs. Braithwaite, Taylor, and Treadwell for their monumental book.'
-Cornel West, PhD, professor, Princeton University

The Editors

Ronald L. Braithwaite, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, director of research in the Department of Family Medicine, and a professor in the Department of Psychiatry at Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta. He is the coeditor of Prisons and AIDS from Jossey-Bass.

Sandra E. Taylor, PhD, is a professor and chair in the Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice at Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta. Taylor and Braithwaite are coeditors of the first and second editions of Health Issues in the Black Community from Jossey-Bass.

Henrie M. Treadwell, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Health and Preventive Medicine and director of Community Voices and the Men's and Reentry Health Initiative at the National Center for Primary Care at the Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta. Dr. Treadwell served for 16 years as program director at the W.K. Kellogg Foundation.

Inhalt

Health Issues in the Black Community, Third Edition 1
CONTENTS 9
FOREWORD 13
PREFACE 15
EDITOR BIOGRAPHIES 19
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES 21
PART 1: HEALTH STATUS ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN 39
CHAPTER 1: AFRICAN AMERICAN HEALTH: AN OVERVIEW 41
HEART DISEASE 45
CANCER 46
STROKE 49
DIABETES 50
HOMICIDE 52
CONCLUSION 54
REFERENCES 56
CHAPTER 2: “WITHOUT HEALTH AND LONG LIFE ALL ELSE FAILS” 59
ROOTS OF ACTIVITIES TO ELIMINATE DISPARITIES IN HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE 59
AFRICAN AMERICAN SOCIAL SCIENTISTS AND PHYSICIANS ADDRESS DISPARITIES, 1891–1945 60
AFRICAN AMERICAN SELF-HELP ACTIVITIES, 1913–1948 66
CONCLUSION: FROM THE MEDICAL CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT TO THE HECKLER REPORT 70
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 71
REFERENCES 71
CHAPTER 3: THE HEALTH STATUS OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS 73
INFANT MORTALITY 74
CHILD IMMUNIZATIONS 74
UNINTENTIONAL INJURIES 75
OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY 76
CHRONIC DISEASES 77
UNINTENDED PREGNANCY, STIS, AND HIV/AIDS 78
SUBSTANCE USE 79
DELINQUENCY AND CRIMINALITY 80
EDUCATIONAL DEFICIT AND TRUANCY 81
FOSTER CARE 83
POVERTY AND ACCESS TO CARE 85
PROTECTIVE FACTORS 87
REFERENCES 88
CHAPTER 4: THE HEALTH STATUS OF BLACK WOMEN 93
DISEASE, HYPERTENSION, AND STROKE 94
CANCER 96
MATERNAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 98
OBESITY AND DIABETES 99
LUPUS 100
HIV/AIDS 101
DOMESTIC AND INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE 102
MENTAL HEALTH 102
VULNERABLE POPULATIONS 104
SUMMARY 106
REFERENCES 107
CHAPTER 5: THE HEALTH STATUS OF BLACK MEN 111
AFRICAN AMERICAN MEN’S HEALTH STATUS 111
IMPACT OF SOCIAL POLICIES ON BLACK MEN’S HEALTH 115
NEIGHBORHOOD CONDITIONS AND HEALTH 117
THE REALITY OF RACE: STRESS AND HEALTH 118
DEFINING BARRIERS TO MEN’S PARTICIPATION IN HEALTH CARE 119
SOCIOECONOMIC EXPERIENCES: EMPLOYMENT 121
DISCRIMINATION IN HEALTH PRACTICES 122
KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS OF HEALTH CHALLENGES 123
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT 123
INCOME 123
RECOMMENDATIONS AND POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS 124
HEALTH AS A CIVIL RIGHTS ISSUE 124
THE GLOBAL CAUSE 125
RACISM: SOCIAL REALITY AS HEALTH RISK 126
RELEVANCE OF SOCIAL HISTORIES AND SOCIAL CONTEXT 126
CHARACTERISTICS OF SUCCESSFUL OUTREACH TO AFRICAN AMERICAN MALES 127
IDENTIFYING AND COMBATING “JOHN HENRYISM” 127
HOLISTIC NOTIONS OF HEALTH 128
ENLISTING FAMILY AND COMMUNITY 128
REDEFINING HEALTH AS A MASCULINE IDEAL 128
ADDRESSING DISTRUST OF THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM 129
THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS BENEFIT TO SOCIETY 129
REFERENCES 130
CHAPTER 6: HEALTH AND BLACK OLDER ADULTS 133
HEALTH STATUS OF BLACK OLDER ADULTS 134
LIFE-COURSE CONSIDERATIONS 139
EMERGING ISSUES IN THE HEALTH OF AGING BLACKS 145
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 148
REFERENCES 149
PART 2: SOCIAL, MENTAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES 155
CHAPTER 7: STIGMA AND MENTAL HEALTH IN AFRICAN AMERICANS 157
STIGMA AND MENTAL HEALTH 158
MENTAL ILLNESS STIGMA IN AFRICAN AMERICANS 160
HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS AND STIGMA 164
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 167
REFERENCES 167
CHAPTER 8: HOMICIDE AND VIOLENCE AMONG AFRICAN AMERICAN YOUTH: FROM EPIDEMIC TO ENDEMIC? 171
THE COSTS OF VIOLENCE AND HOMICIDE AMONG YOUTH 172
DEFINITIONS OF HOMICIDE AND VIOLENCE 173
CONCEPTUAL APPROACH: AN ECO-DEVELOPMENTAL FRAMEWORK OF YOUTH VIOLENCE 174
SOCIAL CAPITAL: AN INNOVATIVE AND INTEGRATIVE APPROACH TO YOUTH VIOLENCE 182
APPROACHES TO ADDRESSING YOUTH VIOLENCE AND HOMICIDE: IMPLICATIONS FOR PREVENTION AND INTERVENTION 186
REFERENCES 188
CHAPTER 9: NARROWING THE GAP BETWEEN SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF ORGANS FOR TRANSPLANTATION 195
THE NEED FOR TRANSPLANTATION AMONG MINORITIES 196
EXAMINING THE FORCES OF DEMAND FOR TRANSPLANTS AND SUPPLY OF ORGANS 197
APPROACHES TO CREATING A STATE OF EQUILIBRIUM 203
POLICY IMPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CLOSING THE GAP, AND CONCLUSIONS 208
REFERENCES 209
CHAPTER 10: AFRICAN AMERICANS ON THE FRONT LINE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ASSAULT 215
HISTORICAL BACKDROP 216
THE ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE PARADIGM 219
DEADLY DUMPING GROUNDS AT THE FENCELINE 222
A CALL FOR CLIMATE JUSTICE 237
CONCLUSION 240
REFERENCES 241
CHAPTER 11: THE IMPACT OF INCARCERATION ON THE HEALTH OF AFRICAN AMERICANS 247
BACKGROUND TRENDS 248
HEALTH STATUS OF INCARCERATED AFRICAN AMERICANS 249
CAUSES FOR DISPARITIES IN HEALTH AMONG AFRICAN AMERICAN AND WHITE INCARCERATED POPULATIONS 254
RECOMMENDATIONS 259
REFERENCES 262
PART 3: CHRONIC DISEASES 269
CHAPTER 12: HYPERTENSION IN AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITIES 271
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HYPERTENSION 272
ETIOLOGY OF HYPERTENSION: THE ROLE OF BIOLOGICAL FACTORS 273
ETIOLOGY OF HYPERTENSION: THE ROLE OF PSYCHOSOCIAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS 275
HYPERTENSION AND CARDIOVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS: RACIAL DISPARITIES 279
TREATMENT OF HYPERTENSION: MULTILEVEL INTERVENTIONS IN AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITIES 281
SUMMARY 289
REFERENCES 290
CHAPTER 13: A GENERAL OVERVIEW OF CANCER IN THE UNITED STATES 297
SCREENING GUIDELINES 299
CANCER BURDEN AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS 303
RISK FACTORS, SYMPTOMS, AND TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR THE FOUR LEADING CANCERS 307
NEEDED ACTIONS—IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS AND OTHER MINORITY POPULATIONS 312
REFERENCES 314
CHAPTER 14: HEALTH DISPARITIES: THE CASE FOR DIABETES 317
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND DISPARITIES OF DIABETES PREVALENCE 318
ADVERSE EFFECTS OF DIABETES 318
PREVENTION OF DIABETES 319
ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE RESOURCES 322
INTERVENTIONS TAILORED TO THE PATIENT’S CULTURAL BACKGROUND AND LITERACY LEVEL 323
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT 324
CONSIDERATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS 325
REFERENCES 326
CHAPTER 15: SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS 329
RELEVANT AND RECENT EPIDEMIOLOGY 332
BLACK DISPARITIES IN LUPUS 338
THE GEORGIA LUPUS REGISTRY 342
POLICY IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CLOSING THE DISPARITY GAP 345
REFERENCES 346
CHAPTER 16: ORAL HEALTH 351
RESEARCH: ACQUISITION AND APPLICATION OF KNOWLEDGE 352
EDUCATION: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ORAL HEALTH AND LACK OF PRACTITIONERS OF COLOR 361
THE CHALLENGES IN DENTAL EDUCATION 369
SERVICE: PUBLIC AND PRIVATE COMMUNITY, GROUP, AND INDIVIDUAL
SUMMARY 378
REFERENCES 378
PART 4: LIFESTYLE BEHAVIORS 381
CHAPTER 17: SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS IN THE AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITY 383
SCOPE OF SUBSTANCE USE IN THE UNITED STATES 384
DEPENDENCE VERSUS ADDICTION 385
SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS: THE IMPACT ON SUBSTANCE ABUSE 386
MECHANISMS OF ADDICTION AND DEPENDENCE 386
THE IMPACT OF NICOTINE AND ALCOHOL 388
PERFORMANCE-ENHANCING SUBSTANCES: SUBSTANCE ABUSE AMONG ATHLETES 389
DRUG USE COMORBIDITIES 392
DRUGS AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 392
SUBSTANCE USE AND TUBERCULOSIS 394
ETHNICITY AND SENTENCING FOR DRUG OFFENSES 394
INCARCERATION AND DRUG-RELATED INFECTIOUS DISEASES 395
SUMMARY 396
REFERENCES 397
CHAPTER 18: HIV/AIDS IN THE BLACK COMMUNITY 401
NATURE OF THE PROBLEM 401
EPIDEMIOLOGY 404
CURRENT RESEARCH 406
POLICY IMPLICATIONS 410
LESSONS LEARNED, BEST PRACTICES, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 412
REFERENCES 413
CHAPTER 19: TOBACCO USE AND THE BLACK COMMUNITY IN THE UNITED STATES 417
INTRODUCTION 417
BACKGROUND: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRENDS 422
ELIMINATING THE BLACK-WHITE DISPARITY: A CASE STUDY 425
INTERVENTIONS: 1990–2001 428
POST-2001 INITIATIVES 435
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT MODEL TO ELIMINATE POPULATION DISPARITIES 440
RECOMMENDATIONS TO PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENTISTS AND PRACTITIONERS 447
CONCLUSION 450
REFERENCES 451
CHAPTER 20: ALCOHOL USE AND CONSEQUENCES FOR BLACKS 455
BACKGROUND: A HISTORICAL CONTEXT 455
EPIDEMIOLOGY 457
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF ALCOHOL USE AND RELATED PROBLEMS 460
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE ISSUE 461
NORMS ABOUT ALCOHOL USE 461
SALIENT THEORY FOR YOUNG ADULTS 463
INTERVENING ON ALCOHOL USE AND RELATED PROBLEMS IN THE BLACK COMMUNITY 464
THE NEXT GENERATION OF ALCOHOL INTERVENTIONS 465
POLICY IMPLICATIONS 465
CONCLUSIONS 466
REFERENCES 466
CHAPTER 21: NUTRITION AND OBESITY ISSUES FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS 469
WHAT DO AFRICAN AMERICANS EAT? 470
OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY AMONG BLACKS IN THE UNITED STATES 475
MULTIPLE INFLUENCES ON DIET AND OBESITY 477
NUTRITION AND OBESITY INTERVENTIONS 483
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 489
REFERENCES 490
CHAPTER 22: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 499
MEASURES AND MEASUREMENT CHALLENGES 502
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 507
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY INTERVENTION RESEARCH 510
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY PRACTICE 515
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 517
REFERENCES 518
PART 5: ALTERNATIVE INTERVENTIONS AND HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT 527
CHAPTER 23: CHIROPRACTIC MEDICINE: INTEGRAL TO INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 529
CHIROPRACTIC MEDICINE 529
INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 531
CHRONIC ILLNESSES 533
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT, EDUCATION, AND OUTREACH TO ETHNIC MINORITIES 535
POLICY ISSUES AND IMPLICATIONS 538
HIGHLIGHTS OF CURRENT ISSUES 539
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CLOSING THE HEALTH DISPARITY GAP 540
REFERENCES 542
CHAPTER 24: THE ROLE OF BLACK FAITH COMMUNITIES IN FOSTERING HEALTH 545
HISTORY OF THE BLACK CHURCH 546
COPING WITH HEALTH DISPARITIES IN THE COMMUNITY 546
FAITH-BASED HEALTH PROMOTION POLICIES 548
FAITH-BASED HEALTH PROMOTION STUDIES 549
LESSONS LEARNED, BEST PRACTICES, AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FAITH-BASED HEALTH PROMOTION 553
CONCLUSION 557
REFERENCES 557
CHAPTER 25: COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKERS IN THE BLACK COMMUNITY 561
SUMMARY OF THE NATURE OF CHW 562
THE ROLE OF CHWS IN THE BLACK COMMUNITY 562
ISSUES UNIQUE TO THE BLACK COMMUNITY THAT CHWs ARE ADDRESSING 564
POLICY IMPLICATIONS 567
CONCLUSION 568
REFERENCES 569
PART 6: ETHICAL, POLITICAL, AND ECOLOGICAL ISSUES 571
CHAPTER 26: USING SOCIAL MARKETING TO LESSEN HEALTH DISPARITIES 573
AN ECOLOGICAL MODEL OF AFRICAN AMERICAN HEALTH 574
SOCIAL MARKETING AS A TOOL TO ADDRESS HEALTH ISSUES 576
APPLICATION OF A SOCIAL MARKETING APPROACH TO HEALTH ISSUES AFFECTING THE AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITY 582
FUTURE DIRECTIONS 586
REFERENCES 589
CHAPTER 27: FOSTERING A SOCIAL JUSTICE APPROACH TO HEALTH 593
WHAT IS SOCIAL JUSTICE? 594
WHAT IS HEALTH EQUITY? 594
CONCLUSION 613
REFERENCES 614
CHAPTER 28: CLOSING THE GAP 619
THE CASE FOR CHANGE 620
FLAWS IN U.S. HEALTH CARE 622
UNIVERSAL HEALTH CARE 624
CALL TO ACTION 629
CONCLUSION 633
REFERENCES 633
AFTERWORD 635
THE AFFECTED COMMUNITIES 637
GOVERNMENT 638
PRIVATE SECTOR 639
PHILANTHROPY 639
INDEX 641

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 22.10.2009
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Sachbuch/Ratgeber ► Gesundheit / Leben / Psychologie ► Krankheiten / Heilverfahren
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Allgemeines / Lexika
• Themenwelt: Studium ► Querschnittsbereiche ► Prävention / Gesundheitsförderung
• Schlagworte: Black • central goal • clear • Community • Editors • Forward • General • Gesundheits- u. Sozialwesen • Health • Health & Social Care • Health disparities • Institute • Issues • Leadership • Morehouse • national • Perspective • Policy • Public Health / Ausbildung u. Verhaltensweisen • Public Health Behavior & Education • satcher • school • Social Policy & Welfare • Social Problems • Sociology • Sociology of Health & Illness • Soziale Probleme • Sozialpolitik u. Wohlfahrt • Soziologie • Soziologie d. Gesundheit u. Krankheit • States • surgeon • Third • United
• ISBN-10: 0-470-55266-2 / 0470552662
• ISBN-13: 978-0-470-55266-7 / 9780470552667