Tell Me What Happened (eBook)

Questioning Children About Abuse

Michael E. Lamb, Deirdre A. Brown, Irit Hershkowitz, Yael Orbach, Phillip W. Esplin (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2018 | 2. Auflage
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
9781118881637 (ISBN)

Infos

Represents a scholarly and ambitious attempt to improve the quality of interviews received by the courts and minimize the risks of miscarriages of justice, for victims and defendants

This book updates the previous review of research on children's testimony-reexamining and readdressing how the quality of information provided by young witnesses is affected by the way they are questioned. Drawing upon both experimental and field studies conducted in different countries, it summarizes evidence supporting the effectiveness of the National Institute for Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Protocol and showcases the Protocol's superiority over other current interviewing techniques for eliciting detailed and forensically useful content from child complainants.

Written with both child protection professionals and researchers in mind, Tell Me What Happened: Questioning Children About Abuse offers advice and opinions drawn from actual investigative interviews as well as academic research. Its insightful chapters cover: children's testimony; interview and questioning strategies; how investigators typically interview alleged victims; the NICHD Investigative Interview Protocols; the impact that following the Protocol has on interviews and children's responses; interviewing victims under the age of six; interviewing children with developmental disabilities; using tools and props to complement the Protocol; training and maintaining good interviewing practices; and more.

• Provides a primary source of guidance practitioners and professionals involved in child protection
• Updates guidance for interviewers by adding consideration of emotional and motivational factors to better understand children's behavior during interviews
• Integrates the substantial body of research published over the last decade and reflects upon questions that the field should continue to address

Tell Me What Happened: Questioning Children About Abuse deserves to be read by all practitioners involved in child protection, whether as investigators, interviewers, judges, or lawyers.   

Michael E. Lamb, PhD, is Professor of Psychology at the University of Cambridge.

Deirdre A. Brown, PhD, is Senior Lecturer in Psychology at the Victoria University of Wellington.

Irit Hershkowitz, PhD, is Professor of Social Work at the University of Haifa.

Yael Orbach, PhD, worked as a Staff Scientist and senior researcher in the Section on Social and Emotional Development of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.

Phillip W. Esplin has worked as a forensic psychologist based in Phoenix, AZ for more than 40 years.

Inhalt

Title Page 5
Copyright Page 6
Contents 9
About the Authors 11
Series Preface 13
Preface 17
Chapter 1 Interviewing Children About Abuse: An Overview and Introduction 21
The Background: Interviewing and Child Development 23
Conclusion 28
Chapter 2 Contributions to Children’s Testimony: The Child and the Event 31
What the Child Brings to an Interview 33
The Emergence of Long?Term Memory in Children 33
How Old is the Child? Age Differences in Eyewitness Testimony 35
Responsiveness to Questions: Developmental Changes in Children’s Verbal Accounts 36
Language Skills 43
Conversational Ability and Experience 46
Suggestibility of Child Witnesses 48
The Event 51
Encoding Personal Experiences—How Involved was the Child? 51
Repeated Experiences—How Many Times Did it Happen? 54
Traumatic, Distressing, and Other Unpleasant Experiences—What Kind of Event Was It? 58
Effects of Delay—How Long Ago Did it Happen? 62
Conclusion 66
Chapter 3 Contributions to Testimony: Preparation for the Interview and Questioning Strategies 67
How Long Since the Disclosure? 68
How Many Interviews? 69
Has There Been any Pre-interview Assessment? 70
Who Has Talked to the Child Already? 71
The Importance of Rapport 72
Preparing the Child for the Interview—Ground Rules 74
Preparing the Child for the Interview—Practice Narratives 77
Types of Questions Asked 79
Recall vs. Recognition Processes 82
Developmental Differences in Responses to Interviewer Questions 83
How are the Questions Distributed? 84
Use of Visual Aids or Techniques? 84
Conclusion 85
Chapter 4 How do Investigators Typically Interview Alleged Victims? 87
Recommended Interviewing Practice 88
Evaluations of Interviewing—Divergence from Recommended Practice 89
Israel 90
Descriptive Studies 94
United States 94
Sweden 97
The British Study 99
Korea 101
Canada 102
Research by Other Investigators 102
Australia 102
Scotland 103
Finland 103
New Zealand 104
Norway 104
Conclusion 105
Chapter 5 The NICHD Investigative Interview Protocols for Young Victims and Witnesses 107
Pre-interview Considerations 108
The Pre-Substantive Part of the Interview 109
Introductory Phase: Explaining the Purpose and Ground Rules 109
Rapport-building Phase 111
Narrative-training Phase 111
The Substantive Part of the Interview 112
The Free-recall Phase 113
When There May Have Been Multiple Incidents 115
Follow-up Questions—The Pairing Principle 116
Questions to Avoid 116
Break 117
Information about the Disclosure 119
Closure 119
Conclusion 119
Chapter 6 When Interviewers Follow the Protocol, What Impact Does it Have on Their Interviewing and on Children’s Responding? 121
Characteristics of Participants in the Field Studies 122
Coding 122
Orbach et al. (2000): Israel 123
Sternberg et al. (2001): The United States 124
Lamb et al. (2009): The United Kingdom 124
Cyr and Lamb (2009): Canada 125
Naka (2011): Japan 125
Cyr, Dion, McDuff, and Trotier?Sylvain (2012): Canada 125
Yi, Jo, and Lamb (2016): South Korea 126
Summary of the Findings 126
Interviewer and Child Behavior in the Substantive Phase 126
Benia, Hauck-Filho, Dillenburg, and Stein (2015): Meta-analysis 128
Inclusion of Elements in the Preparatory (Pre?substantive) Phase 130
Examining Children’s Accuracy—Laboratory and Field?based Studies 131
Comparing Witness and Suspect Accounts—Another Approach to Establishing Accuracy 132
The Meaning of These Findings 134
Interviewing Young Witnesses 135
Conclusion 138
Chapter 7 Interviewing Suspected Victims under Six Years of Age 139
Children’s References to Temporal Attributes 152
Conclusion 156
Chapter 8 Interviewing Children with Developmental Disabilities 157
Potential Sources of Difficulty for Children with Developmental Disabilities 157
Research on CWID 161
How Well Can CWIDs Recall Events? 162
The NICHD Protocol and CWID 163
NICHD Protocol Investigations of Adolescents and Adults with ID 168
Down Syndrome 169
Autism Spectrum Disorder 169
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 174
Recommendations for Interviewing 176
Perceptions of Credibility 177
Conclusion 179
Chapter 9 The Revised Protocol: Effectively Supporting Reluctant Witnesses 181
Disclosure Process 182
Who Do Children Disclose To? 183
Rapport and Emotional Support 184
Development and Evaluation of the Revised Protocol 187
Further Revision of the Revised Protocol 194
Interviewing Suspects Rather than Victims 201
Conclusion 207
Chapter 10 Using Tools and Props to Complement the Protocol 209
Dolls 210
Drawings 211
Body Diagrams 213
Human Body Diagrams and the NICHD Protocol 214
Contextual Cues 216
Conclusion 219
Chapter 11 Training and Maintaining Good Interviewing Practice 221
Conclusion 231
Chapter 12 Case-related Outcomes When the Protocol is Used 233
Assessing Credibility 233
The Effects of the Protocol on Credibility Assessment 238
Allegation Rates in Revised and Standard Protocol Interviews 240
Case Outcomes 241
Conclusion 243
Chapter 13 Progress to Date and the Challenges Ahead 245
The Interview is Only Part of the Investigation 250
Future Directions 252
Ground Rules 252
Rapport 254
Coherence 254
Maintaining Good Practice 255
Using the Protocol with Other Groups and in Other Contexts 255
The Protocol as Part of a Broader Process 256
Independent Evaluation 257
Conclusion 257
Revised Investigative Interview Protocol: Version 2018 259
References 271
Index 335
EULA 347

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 10.7.2018
• Reihe/Serie: Wiley Series in Psychology of Crime, Policing and Law
• Reihe/Serie: Wiley Series in The Psychology of Crime, Policing and Law
• Reihe/Serie: Wiley Series in The Psychology of Crime, Policing and Law
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Geisteswissenschaften ► Psychologie
• Themenwelt: Recht / Steuern ► EU / Internationales Recht
• Themenwelt: Recht / Steuern ► Strafrecht ► Kriminologie
• Themenwelt: Sozialwissenschaften
• Schlagworte: child crime victims • Child protection • child protection professionals • Child Psychology • children and crime • children's testimony • Child witnesses • Clinical psychology • Criminal psychology • forensic interviewing • Forensic Psychology • Forensische Psychologie • guide to interviewing child victims • interviewing child abuse victims • Interviewing children • interviewing children about abuse • interviewing children protocols • interviewing protocols • interviewing reluctant witnesses • investigative interviewer protocols • investigative interviewers • investigative interviewer techniques • investigative protocols • Kinderpsychologie • National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) • Psychologie • Psychology • Sexueller Missbrauch • Tell Me What Happened: Structured Investigative Interviews of Child Victims and Witnesses
• ISBN-13: 9781118881637 / 9781118881637