Chromogenics (eBook)

Smart Switchable Optical Materials and Their Applications

Carl M. Lampert (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: EPUB

2025 | 1. Auflage
544 Seiten
Wiley (Verlag)
978-1-394-15909-3 (ISBN)

Infos

Firsthand insights into the current and future technology and large-scale applications of color- and opacity-changing optical materials

Chromogenics delivers a comprehensive overview of the industry-relevant scientific background of chromogenics and provides details on successful manufacturing techniques for the scalable fabrication of products, enabling readers to apply chromogenic materials in billion-dollar market segments such as the car industry (rear-view mirrors) and building and construction industries (self-tinting windows), as well as for individual end-user products such as sunglasses.

This work includes contributions from developers of chromogenic products from leading companies and industry-near research institutions such as Fraunhofer, Merck, Pleotint, and Gentex, Chromogenics explores topics including:

• Electrochromics (both inorganic and polymeric), thermochromics, and suspended particle devices (SPD)
• Encapsulated pigment devices, specific liquid crystals, and polymer dispersed liquid crystals (PDLC)
• Vacuum web coaters and their large-area coatings, transparent electronic conductors, sputter coating processes, and pyrolytic doped tin oxide
• Commercial technologies including pyrolytic deposition, magnetron sputtering, slot die coating, and doctor blade coating
• Products such as switchable self-dimming mirrors and switchable glazing for glare reduction, solar energy control, and privacy glazing

Presenting state-of-the-art research in the field along with future outlooks, Chromogenics is an essential reference on the subject for materials scientists, physical chemists, applied physicists, and engineering scientists in industry.

After working on University- Industry projects at UC Berkeley -LBNL Carl M. Lampert, PhD, became a full-time consultant working for industry on chromogenics for architectural building glazing, automotive windows and sunroofs mirrors, train windows, and satellite surfaces for emissivity control in 2000. He has written many scholarly articles and has given lectures at companies such as Toyota Motors, Nissan Motors, Asahi Glass, DuPont, Applied Materials, JX Nippon Oil, Teijin, Toray Industries, and Dai Nippon Printing.

Textauszug

Preface

I became involved with electrochromics in the mid‐1970s when I was studying wavelength selective solar materials at the University of California, Berkeley, in the Departments of Materials Science and Mineral Engineering, and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. My interest was in developing materials which interact with light. This research involved materials called heat mirrors, now known as low‐e (low emittance) coatings. One group of low‐e coatings is degenerately doped semiconductors which are utilized as transparent conductors. The development of transparent conductors led to electrically powered displays, such as liquid crystal displays. This in turn led to the concept of large window displays or large area switchable windows which could control the flow of light and heat into a room. The big question was could one find a material with a broad enough wavelength response to effectively switch the solar spectrum. The key was to find a physical process that would be able to switch in the visible and possibly over the entire solar spectrum. This led me to electrochromic materials, such as hydrogen tungsten and molybdenum tungsten bronzes because they had the potential to be a strong switch with dual‐ion intercalation and electron injection. Devices could modulate the visible and be modified for use in the near‐infrared spectrum. Also, these inorganics showed the necessary stability required for long life in a glazing environment, usually over 10 years. At the time electrochromics were experimental and used in prototype non‐transparent information display devices. Following early work on electrochromic displays, I wondered if they could be made transparent.

In the late 1970s, while in the Department of Materials Science and Mineral Engineering at Berkeley, I began a conversation about methods for dynamic light control of building glazing with Dr. Sam Berman at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Windows and Lighting, which later resulted in being offered a position at the Laboratory. Work at LBNL resulted in over 20 years of materials research on chromogenic and low-e coatings, in partnership with industry. A few select colleagues including Claes Granqvist, Angstrom Institute (Uppsala, Sweden), and I would organize solar and switchable materials conferences for SPIE, The International Optical Engineering Society, The Society of Vacuum Coaters (SVC), and other organizations.

The term “chromogenics” for the field of switchable materials was coined by this writer back in the 1980s during a bus ride with solar materials specialists at the first SPIE European conference on switchable media and solar materials in Hamburg, Germany. Chromogenics comes from Latin for the creation of color. The term chromogenics does exist in other fields. But at the time we needed a broad name to cover all phenomena that changes color or opacity with the application of temperature, light, electricity, electric fields, magnetic fields, or chemicals. So chromogenics was broad enough to be used as a title for future conferences. The term chromogenics covers the entire range of electrochromics, electrophoretics, photochromics, thermochromics and liquid crystals, as well as new technologies yet to be developed.

Colleague Acknowledgements

I wish to thank all the authors for their time and efforts in putting this work together. For those who were invited, but unable to write, I thank you for the information and images you supplied for the book.

I have worked with so many technical colleagues over the last 45 years. It is hard to thank all, so allow me to select a few. I wish to thank posthumously, Profs. Jack Washburn, Marshall Merriam and Alan Searcy for all their work encouraging solar materials research at the University of California, Berkeley. I wish to thank posthumously Mr. Kawahara, former General Manager, Nippon Sheet Glass (NSG) (Itami, Japan), Yuchi Yano, Managing Director of NSG UMU PDLC switchable glazing (Japan), Dr. Junichi Nagai, Head Electrochromics Lab., Asahi Glass (Yokohama, Japan), Dr. Jean‐Christophe Giron, VP Sage Electrochromics (Faribault, MN) (former student), and Dr. Philip Yu, Director, PPG (Monroeville, PA) (former student). I wish to thank Dr. Nilgun Ozer (Guest Scientist and Prof. San Francisco State University) for all her work on sol‐gel deposited coatings. Special thanks go to Marca Doeff and Steve Visco of the LBNL Energy Technologies for their direction on ionic polymers for electrochromics. This includes polymer work by my former students Yan Ping Ma and Yongxiang He. Another special thanks goes to the team of Prof. Agostino Pennisi and Dr. Francisca Simone (University of Catania, Italy) who were guest electrochromic scientists in my laboratory. I wish to thank my dear colleagues, Profs. Claes Granqvist, and Gunnar Nicklassen, Angstrom Laboratory (Uppsala, Sweden), and Anoop Agrawal, Glass Dyenamics (Tucson, AZ), for discussions about electrochromics starting in the late 1970s. I wish to posthumously thank Prof. Mick Hutchins, Oxford Brooks University, (Oxford, UK) for all his help with optical measurements. It was in Hutchins's lab, where I first met Prof. Xingfang Hu, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai) working on electrochromics. I wish to thank the late Bob Sax and the current CEO, Joe Harary, Research Frontiers Inc. (Woodbury, NY), for their tireless energy and information about SPD electrophoretic glazing. Also, I thank Dr. Gottfried Haake, American Cyanamid (Stamford, CT), for our discussions about new transparent conductors and electrochromics for displays. In addition, I wish to thank the late John Thornton, Telic Corp. (Santa Monica, CA) and University of Illinois (Urbana‐Champaign) for his friendship and advice about post magnetron sputtering in the early days of its development. Also, thanks to John Vossen, RCA Labs (Cambridge, NJ), for our collaborative work on thin‐film patents. I wish to thank the late Prof. David Adler, MIT (Cambridge, MA) for his help with the study of thermochromic metal‐to‐insulator transition materials. Also, I wish to thank Dr. Hulya Demiryont, Eclipse Energy Systems (St. Petersburg, FL), for all our work together on commercial electrochromics. I wish to thank posthumously, Prof. Angus McLeod, Thin Film Center, Tucson, AZ, for his mentoring on thin film optics and the late Michael Andreasen, Guardian Glass and Vacuum Edge (Fairfield, CA), for our work together on industrial PVD coating equipment designs. Also, Walter G. Overacker, Airco Temescal (later BOC Corp., Berkeley, CA), for all his advice about high‐volume sputtering and e‐beam deposition. Furthermore, I enjoyed working with Rolf Illsley, President, OCLI (Santa Rosa, CA), on solar products. I wish to thank Ric Shimshock, MLD Technologies (Mountain View, CA), for his friendship and practical experience in a wide range of vacuum deposition systems. Also, “Al” Albany Grubb (BOC Technologies, Fairfield, CA) for his “big vision” of large‐scale sputtering plants. I wish to thank posthumously Dr. Stan Ovshinsky, Ovonic Battery Company (Rochester Hills, MI), for his “never give up” attitude in the pursuit of researching the development of amorphous materials. I wish to thank Dr. Harlan Byker, Pleotint (Mt. Olive, MI), and Dr. Martin Preuss, Wiley‐VCH publisher, for suggesting I compile this book. Little did I know what I was getting in to. Also, I wish to thank Monica Chandrasekar, Wiley, and her publishing team for their help assembling and editing this work.

Personal Dedication

I wish to dedicate this work to my parents, my mother, Gwen (UCLA '34), for her showing me the importance of deep study and analysis for problem‐solving. I thank my father, Gailard, for passing on his practical knowledge in making inventions and his ability to visualize and construct almost anything. Also, I wish to thank my keen‐eyed manufacturing engineer and wife, Joyce, for her proofreading.

Organization of the Book

This book is the culmination of several chapters written by some of the best experts in the field of chromogenics. The goal of the work is to give industry and those just getting involved in this field a clear view of chromogenics and its applications in real glazing and other useful products based on this technology. This compilation covers a wide range of technologies. We have seen several books written on electrochromics and research books on photochromics and thermochromics. Some books are very hard to obtain. This work is not intended to be a deep review of ongoing research in the area chromogenics. I will leave that for other academic authors. It does contain some history, especially industry history, as best we know it, that led to several developments in the field. I have collaborated with many companies during my work as a scientist with the University of California, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, as a consultant with Star Science and as Technical Director of the Society of Vacuum Coaters.

This work is organized in two main sections, chromogenic technologies and manufacturing processes, used to make chromogenic products. In the technologies sections, the topics covered are introduction to chromogenics, introduction to measurements and glazing design, inorganic, organic and polymer electrochromics, polymer dispersed liquid crystals, suspended particles, inorganic and organic thermochromics and photochromics. The chapter on emerging technologies includes guest–host liquid crystal windows, electronic ink‐based and water‐based...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 30.12.2025
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie
• ISBN-10: 1-394-15909-9 / 1394159099
• ISBN-13: 978-1-394-15909-3 / 9781394159093