An Introduction to Molecular Anthropology
John Wiley & Sons Inc (Verlag)
9781394262595 (ISBN)
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In the newly revised second edition of An Introduction to Molecular Anthropology, retired researcher Dr. Mark Stoneking delivers an essential primer on genetics and molecular anthropology. The book is an accessible resource that covers key recent developments in the production and analysis of genome-wide data that highlights advances in methods and technologies, as well as the latest findings from ancient DNA.
The updated chapters build on basic genetics and evolutionary concepts to demonstrate how to make inferences about human population history and human evolution in the genomics age. It explores how evolution influences genes, how genes evolve, the different kinds of genetic variation in humans and how they are analyzed, and the latest technologies and ethical issues that arise from the sampling of modern populations.
Readers will also find:
A thorough introduction to the genetic evidence of human origins and the spread of humans around the world
Comprehensive explorations of the role of selection and adaptation in human evolution
Practical discussions of the impact of culture on human genetic variation
Complete treatments of likely future developments within molecular anthropology in the genomics era
Perfect for anthropology students and others studying introductory human evolution, An Introduction to Molecular Anthropology will also benefit practicing anthropologists and researchers in a variety of fields that touch on this topic.
Mark Stoneking, PhD, (retired) was a Group Leader at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, and an Honorary Professor of Biological Anthropology at the University of Leipzig. He now holds an Emeritus research position at the University of Lyon and the CNRS Laboratory in Biometry and Evolutionary Biology in Lyon, France.
Preface to the Second Edition xi
Preface to the First Edition xiii
1 Genes: How They Are Inherited 1
Blood and ABO Blood Groups 1
Inheritance of ABO Blood Groups 2
Inheritance of More than One Gene: ABO and Rhesus Blood Groups 4
Sex Chromosomes 8
Determining How Traits Are Inherited: Pedigree Analysis 9
What Is – and Isn’t – Inherited 11
Concluding Remarks 13
References 13
2 What Genes Are, What They Do, and How They Do It 15
Chromosomes, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids: Figuring Out What Genes Are 15
The Structure of Genes and What They Do: The Central Dogma and the Flow of Information 18
How Genes Do What They Do: Transcription and Translation 18
The Genetic Code 22
DNA Replication 23
The Consequences of Mutations 23
What Causes Mutations? 25
A Final Cautionary Note 26
References 26
3 Genes in Populations 27
What Is a Population? 27
The Concept of “Effective Population Size” 28
The Sex Ratio and N e 29
Inbreeding and N e 30
Variation in Population Size over Time and N e 31
Differential Fertility and N e 31
N e for Humans 33
The Gene Pool with No Evolution: The Hardy–Weinberg Principle 34
Exceptions 37
A Real-life Example 38
Some Practical Uses for Hardy–Weinberg 41
References 44
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4 Evolutionary Forces 45
Nonrandom Mating 46
Small Population Size 49
Mutation 54
Migration 59
Selection 63
Evolutionary Forces: Summary 72
References 73
5 Molecular Evolution 75
Functionally Less Important Molecules (or Parts of Molecules) Evolve Faster than More Important Ones 76
Conservative Substitutions Occur More Frequently than Disruptive Ones 77
The Rate of Molecular Evolution Is Approximately Constant 78
Contrasting Phenotypic and Molecular Evolution 79
How Do New Gene Functions Arise? 81
Gene Regulation and Phenotypic Evolution 83
References 84
6 Genetic Markers 85
The First DNA Markers: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms 85
Polymerase Chain Reaction 87
DNA Sequencing: The Sanger Method 89
Next-generation Sequencing 91
Targeting Single DNA Bases: SNPS 93
Variation in Length 95
Other Structural Variation 101
Concluding Remarks 102
References 102
7 Ancient DNA 105
Properties of Ancient DNA: Degradation 105
Properties of Ancient DNA: Damage 105
Properties of Ancient DNA: Contamination 108
History of Ancient DNA Studies 112
References 114
8 Sampling Issues 115
Sampling Populations: General Issues 115
Sampling Populations: Ethical Issues 117
Archival Samples 121
Ancient Remains 122
Sampling DNA Regions 123
Mitochondrial DNA 124
Y Chromosomal DNA 131
Autosomal DNA 132
X Chromosome 134
Public Databases 135
References 138
9 Analysis of Genetic Data from Populations 141
Genetic Diversity Within Populations 141
Genetic Distances Between Populations 144
Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) and Mantel Tests 146
Displaying Genetic Distance Data: Trees 151
Displaying Genetic Data: Multidimensional Scaling, Principal Components, and Correspondence Analysis 156
References 162
10 Analysis of Genetic Data from Individuals 163
Genetic Distances for DNA Sequences 163
Trees for DNA Sequences 169
Rooting Trees 171
Assessing the Confidence of a Tree 173
Network Analyses 177
Genome-wide Data: Unsupervised Analyses 179
References 189
11 Inferences About Demographic History (Part 1) 191
Dating Events 191
Population Size and Population Size Change 206
References 212
12 Inferences About Demographic History (Part 2) 213
Migration and Admixture 213
Putting It All Together: Simulations 227
References 230
13 Human Origins 233
Our Closest Living Relatives 233
Resolving the Trichotomy 236
Complications 238
Ape Genetics and Genomics 240
The Origins of Our Species: Insights from Modern Populations 241
The Genetic Evidence: mtDNA 251
The Genetic Evidence: Y Chromosome 253
The Genetic Evidence: Autosomes 254
References 257
14 The Origins of Our Species: Insights from Archaic Genomes 259
Enter the Denisovans 263
The Plot Thickens: Multiple Contributions of Ancestry from Archaic to Modern Humans… 270
… And Multiple Contributions of Ancestry from Modern to Archaic Humans! 273
Some Concluding Remarks 277
References 279
15 Migration and Dispersal: The Colonization of the Americas 283
Into Remote Lands: The Colonization of the Americas 287
References 300
16 Into Even More Remote Lands: The Colonization of Polynesia 303
What About Micronesia? 316
Contact Between Polynesia and the Americas? 319
Some Concluding Remarks 322
References 322
17 Species-wide Selection 325
Species-wide Selection 326
Nonsynonymous Substitutions and the dN/dS Ratio 326
Tests Based on the Allele Frequency Distribution 331
Selection Tests Based on Comparing Divergence to Polymorphism 336
Archaic Genomes 339
References 342
18 Local Selection 345
Example: Lactase Persistence 349
Example: EDAR 355
Using Admixture to Detect Selection 365
Concluding Remarks 369
References 369
19 The Genetic Basis of Phenotypic Variation 373
Skin Pigmentation Variation 374
Hair and Eye Color Variation 381
Other Traits 383
Predicting Ancient Phenotypes 386
References 387
20 Genes and Culture 389
Are Humans Still Evolving? 389
Genetic Variation Can Be Directly Influenced by Cultural Practices 390
Genetic Variation Can Be Indirectly Influenced by Cultural Practices 392
Using Genetic Analyses to Learn More About Cultural Practices: Farming/Language Family Expansions 396
Using Genetic Analyses to Learn More About Cultural Practices: Dating the Origin of Clothing 403
Concluding Remarks 407
References 408
21 Ongoing and Future Developments in Molecular Anthropology 411
More Modern and Ancient DNA Genomic Studies 411
The Other “OMICS” 414
Beyond “YOU”: The Microbiome 419
More Analyses 427
Figuring Out What Mutations Do: Functional Genomics 430
Personal Ancestry Testing and Genomics 431
References 436
Index 439
| Erscheinungsdatum | 19.11.2025 |
|---|---|
| Verlagsort | New York |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Maße | 213 x 269 mm |
| Gewicht | 1225 g |
| Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Evolution |
| ISBN-13 | 9781394262595 / 9781394262595 |
| Zustand | Neuware |
| Informationen gemäß Produktsicherheitsverordnung (GPSR) | |
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