Sedimentary Petrology (eBook)

Maurice E. Tucker, Stuart J. Jones (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2023 | 4. Auflage
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-118-78646-8 (ISBN)

Infos

Authoritative, accessible, and updated introduction to sedimentary rocks for undergraduate students

Sedimentary Petrology provides readers with a concise account of sedimentary rock composition, mineralogy, texture, structure, diagenesis, and depositional environments. The new edition of this classic text incorporates the many technological and analytical advances of the last decade, revealing exciting details of processes such as microbial precipitation, how microporosity is created within mudrocks, and the chemical composition of foraminifera deposits, which can be a key indicator for changing seawater temperature.

This fourth edition offers a comprehensive update and expansion of the previous editions with a new set of illustrations, new references, and further reading. The new co-author Stuart Jones has brought his considerable expertise in clastic sedimentology to the rewritten chapters on sandstones and mudrocks. The addition of color images throughout the text will aid students immensely in their studies and petrographic fieldwork.

Sample topics covered in Sedimentary Petrology include:

• Advances in modeling and programming to simulate depositional-diagenetic conditions and controls which support field-lab descriptions and interpretations
• Ocean acidification and the demise of coral reefs, and the role of the oceans in carbon capture and storage
• Sedimentary ironstones and iron-formations, sedimentary phosphate deposits, coal, oil shale and petroleum, and cherts and siliceous sediments
• Limestones, evaporites, volcaniclastic sediments, sandstones, conglomerates, breccias, and the effects of microplastics on marine organisms

Aimed at undergraduates in geology and earth science, Sedimentary Petrology is an excellent teaching and learning resource for introductory courses in sedimentary rocks.

Maurice E. Tucker graduated from Durham University and obtained his PhD from the University of Reading. He spent nearly 30 years at Durham University and is now a Visiting Professor at the University of Bristol.

Stuart J. Jones graduated in Geology from Aberystwyth University and received his PhD from the University of Reading. He is currently an Associate Professor of Sedimentology at Durham University.

Inhalt

Cover 1
Title Page 5
Copyright Page 6
Contents 9
Preface to Fourth Edition 16
Preface to the Third Edition 17
Biographies 18
Chapter 1 Introduction: Basic Concepts and Approach 19
1.1 Introduction 19
1.2 Basic Concepts 19
1.2.1 Classification of Sedimentary Rocks 19
1.2.2 Sedimentary Environments and Facies 20
1.2.2.1 Facies 20
1.2.2.2 Facies Models 20
1.2.3 Controls on Deposition: Tectonics, Climate and Sea Level 21
1.2.3.1 Climate 22
1.2.3.2 Sea Level 22
1.2.4 Stratigraphic Practice 23
1.2.5 Sequence Stratigraphy 25
1.2.5.1 Introduction 25
1.2.5.2 Accommodation and Sedimentation Rates 25
1.2.5.3 Scale and Order 26
1.2.5.4 Stratigraphic Sequences, Key Surfaces, Systems Tracts 26
1.2.5.5 Metre-Scale Cycles, High-Frequency Sequences, Parasequences 29
1.2.6 Diagenesis 31
1.3 Methodology 31
1.3.1 In the Field 31
1.3.2 In the Laboratory 33
1.3.3 The Sedimentological Literature 35
Further Reading 36
Chapter 2 Siliciclastic Sediments I: Sandstones, Conglomerates and Breccias 37
2.1 Introduction 37
2.2 Sediment Texture 37
2.2.1 Grain Size and Grain-size Parameters 39
2.2.1.1 Interpretation and Use of Grain-size Analyses 44
2.2.2 Grain Morphology 45
2.2.3 Grain-surface Texture 46
2.2.4 Grain Fabric 47
2.2.5 Textural Maturity 48
2.3 Sedimentary Structures 49
2.3.1 Erosional Sedimentary Structures 49
2.3.2 Depositional Sedimentary Structures 52
2.3.2.1 Sediment Transport and Aqueous Flows 52
2.3.2.2 Bedding and Lamination 57
2.3.2.3 Current Ripples, Dunes and Cross-Stratification 58
2.3.2.4 Flaser and Lenticular Bedding 62
2.3.2.5 Antidunes and Antidune Bedding 63
2.3.2.6 Wave-formed Ripples and Cross-Lamination 63
2.3.2.7 Hummocky Cross-Stratification (HCS) 64
2.3.2.8 Wind Ripples, Dunes, Draas and Aeolian Cross-bedding 65
2.3.2.9 Graded Bedding 68
2.3.2.10 Mudcracks: Desiccation and Syneresis 69
2.3.3 Post-depositional Sedimentary Structures 70
2.3.4 Biogenic Sedimentary Structures 74
2.4 Palaeocurrent Analysis 78
2.4.1 Palaeocurrent Indicators 79
2.5 Detrital Components of Siliciclastic Sediments 81
2.5.1 Rock Fragments 82
2.5.2 Quartz 83
2.5.3 Feldspars 85
2.5.4 Micas 87
2.5.5 Clay Minerals 87
2.5.6 Heavy Minerals 88
2.5.7 Other Detrital Components 89
2.5.8 Compositional Maturity 89
2.6 Classification of Siliciclastic Sediments 90
2.6.1 Classification of Sandstones 90
2.6.2 Conglomerates and Breccias 93
2.6.2.1 Composition and Textures of Conglomerates 93
2.7 Petrography and Origin of Principal Sandstone Types 95
2.7.1 Quartz Arenites 95
2.7.2 Arkoses 97
2.7.3 Litharenites 97
2.7.4 Greywackes 97
2.8 Sandstone Composition, Provenance and Tectonic Setting 100
2.9 Sandstone Diagenesis 102
2.9.1 Compaction and Pressure Dissolution 104
2.9.2 Silica Cementation 106
2.9.3 Carbonate Cementation 109
2.9.4 Feldspar Authigenesis 111
2.9.5 Clay-mineral Authigenesis 111
2.9.6 Hematite Cementation and Pigmentation: Red Beds 115
2.9.7 Diagenetic Environments and Sequences 116
2.9.8 Diagenesis and Sequence Stratigraphy 120
2.9.9 CO2 Sequestration into Sandstone Reservoirs 122
2.10 Porosity and Permeability 122
2.11 Sediment Routing Systems 126
2.12 Depositional Environments of Sandstones and Coarser Clastics 128
2.12.1 Fluvial Systems and Facies 128
2.12.1.1 Alluvial Fan Facies 129
2.12.1.2 Meandering-stream Facies 135
2.12.1.3 Anastomosing-stream Facies 137
2.12.2 Desert Environments and Aeolian Sand Facies 139
2.12.3 Lacustrine Environments and Sandy Facies 140
2.12.4 Deltaic Environments and Facies 142
2.12.4.1 River-dominated Deltas 145
2.12.4.2 Wave-dominated Deltas 146
2.12.4.3 Tide-dominated Deltas 147
2.12.4.4 Ancient Deltas 148
2.12.4.5 Fan Deltas 148
2.12.5 Marine Shoreline Environments and Facies 149
2.12.5.1 Beach-barrier Island and Strandplain Systems 149
2.12.5.2 Tidal Flats 153
2.12.5.3 Estuaries and Incised Valleys 153
2.12.6 Shallow-marine Shelves, Epeiric Seas and Their Facies 154
2.12.6.1 Tidal Bedforms and Sand Sheets 154
2.12.6.2 Tidal Sand Banks 156
2.12.6.3 Non-tidal Offshore Sand Bodies 156
2.12.7 Continental Margins and Deep-water Basins 157
2.12.8 Glacial Environments 164
2.13 Facies Sequences, Controls and Sequence Stratigraphy 166
2.13.1 Facies Sequences and Controls 166
2.13.2 Sequence Stratigraphy 167
References 169
Further Reading 182
Chapter 3 Siliciclastic Sediments II: Mudrocks 184
3.1 Introduction 184
3.2 Textures and Structures of Mudrocks 184
3.2.1 Nodules and Concretions 187
3.3 The Colour of Mudrocks 191
3.4 Mineral Constituents of Mudrocks 191
3.4.1 Clay Minerals 192
3.4.2 Quartz 195
3.4.3 Organic Matter 195
3.4.4 Other Constituents 195
3.5 The Formation and Distribution of Clay Minerals in Modern Sediments 197
3.6 Diagenesis of Clay Minerals and Mudrocks 199
3.6.1 Early (Shallow) Diagenesis 199
3.6.2 Burial (Deeper) Diagenesis 202
3.7 Mudrocks and Their Depositional Environments 204
3.7.1 Residual Mudrocks and Soils 205
3.7.2 Detrital Mudrocks 207
3.7.2.1 Non-marine Mudrocks 207
3.7.2.2 Marine Mudrocks 208
3.7.2.3 Organic-rich Mudrocks and Black Shales 210
3.7.2.4 Shale Gas 211
3.7.2.5 Mud Diapirism and Mud Volcanoes 212
3.7.2.6 Loess and Loessite 213
3.7.3 Mudrocks of Volcaniclastic Origin 215
3.7.4 Temporal (and Spatial) Variations in Mudrock Sequences 215
References 216
Further Reading 221
Chapter 4 Carbonate Sediments: Limestones and Dolomites 222
4.1 Introduction 222
4.2 Techniques for the Study of Carbonate Sediments 223
4.2.1 In the Field 223
4.2.2 The Petrographic Study of Carbonates 223
4.2.3 Isotopes and Trace Elements 225
4.3 Mineralogy of Carbonate Sediments 227
4.4 Carbonate Production and Factories 228
4.4.1 Carbonate Factories 229
4.4.2 Controls on Carbonate Production and Deposition 230
4.5 Components of Carbonate Rocks 232
4.5.1 Non-skeletal Grains 232
4.5.1.1 Ooids and Pisoids 232
4.5.1.2 Ancient Marine Ooids 235
4.5.1.3 Origin of Ooids and Seawater Chemistry Through Time 235
4.5.1.4 Peloids 237
4.5.1.5 Aggregates and Intraclasts 238
4.5.2 Skeletal Components (excluding Algae and Microbes) 238
4.5.2.1 Mollusca 239
4.5.2.2 Brachiopods 242
4.5.2.3 Cnidaria (especially Corals) 243
4.5.2.4 Echinodermata 244
4.5.2.5 Bryozoa 244
4.5.2.6 Foraminifera 245
4.5.2.7 Other Carbonate-forming Organisms 246
4.5.3 The Contribution of Microbes to Carbonates 248
4.5.3.1 Rhodophyta (Red Algae) 248
4.5.3.2 Chlorophyta (Green Algae) 249
4.5.3.3 Chrysophyta (Yellow-green Algae, Coccoliths) 250
4.5.3.4 Calcified Cyanobacteria and Algae (Calcimicrobes) 250
4.5.3.5 Micrite Envelopes and Microbial Micritisation 251
4.5.3.6 Microbialites: Stromatolites, Thrombolites and Oncoids 251
4.5.4 Lime Mud and Micrite 256
4.6 Classification of Limestones 257
4.6.1 Classification Schemes 257
4.6.2 Carbonate Microfacies and Standard Microfacies Types (SMF) 259
4.7 Limestone Grain Size and Texture 261
4.8 Sedimentary Structures of Limestones 262
4.8.1 Bedding Planes, Hardgrounds, Tepees and Palaeokarstic Surfaces 262
4.8.2 Current and Wave Structures 265
4.8.3 Cavity Structures 266
4.9 Carbonate Diagenesis 269
4.9.1 Marine Diagenesis 270
4.9.1.1 Marine Diagenesis in Recent Carbonate Sediments 270
4.9.1.2 Marine Diagenesis in Ancient Limestones 274
4.9.1.3 Discussion of Marine Cements 277
4.9.2 Meteoric Diagenesis 278
4.9.2.1 Ancient Meteoric Calcite Cements 280
4.9.3 Calcite Spar: A Meteoric and Burial Cement 281
4.9.3.1 Origin of Calcite Spar 282
4.9.4 Neomorphism (Recrystallisation) 282
4.9.4.1 Microspar–pseudospar Aggrading Neomorphism
4.9.4.2 Calcitisation of Aragonite Grains and Cements 284
4.9.4.3 Degrading Neomorphism 284
4.9.5 Modelling Limestone Diagenesis 284
4.9.6 Compaction 284
4.9.6.1 Differential Compaction 286
4.10 Dolomitisation and Dedolomitisation 287
4.10.1 Dolomites: Nature and Occurrence 287
4.10.2 Origin of Dolomites and Dolomitisation Models 292
4.10.2.1 Modern Dolomites 292
4.10.2.2 Ancient Dolomites 293
4.10.2.3 Seawater Dolomitisation 294
4.10.2.4 Burial Dolomitisation and Hydrothermal Dolomite (HTD) 295
4.10.3 Modelling Dolomitisation 296
4.10.4 Dedolomitisation (Calcitisation of Dolomite) 297
4.11 Silicification of Limestones 299
4.12 Porosity in Carbonate Sediments 299
4.12.1 Carbonate Paragenesis and Burial History Plots 301
4.13 Carbonate Depositional Environments and Facies 301
4.13.1 Non-marine Carbonate Sediments 301
4.13.1.1 Lacustrine Limestones 302
4.13.1.2 Pedogenic Carbonates: Calcrete and Dolocrete 304
4.13.1.3 Spring Carbonates: Tufa and Travertine 307
4.13.2 Marine Carbonates and Carbonate Platforms 309
4.13.3 Shelf and Ramp Systems: Facies Belts and Standard Microfacies 311
4.13.4 Intertidal–supratidal Carbonates 311
4.13.5 Lagoonal Limestones 312
4.13.6 Intertidal–subtidal Carbonate Sand Bodies and Storm Deposits 313
4.13.7 Offshore Shelf-ramp Carbonates: Storm Deposits, Internalites, Limestone-Mud/Marl Alternations (Ribbon Rocks) 315
4.13.7.1 Storm Beds and Banks 315
4.13.8 Reefs and Carbonate Buildups 316
4.13.8.1 Reefs as Hydrocarbon Reservoirs 319
4.13.9 Pelagic Limestones 319
4.13.10 Resedimented Deeper-water Limestones 321
4.14 Carbonate Sequence Stratigraphy and Forward Modelling 324
4.14.1 Sequence Stratigraphy of Carbonate Shelves 324
4.14.2 Sequence Stratigraphy of Carbonate Ramps 326
4.14.3 Sequence Stratigraphy of Mixed Siliciclastic–Carbonate Successions 327
4.14.4 Metre-scale Cycles (Parasequences) and their Stacking Patterns 327
4.14.5 Diagenesis and Sequence Stratigraphy 329
4.14.6 Modelling Carbonate Stratigraphy, Sequences and Cycles 329
References 330
Further Reading 343
Websites 343
Chapter 5 Evaporites 344
5.1 Introduction 344
5.1.1 Techniques for Studying Evaporites 344
5.1.2 Early Geochemical Work 344
5.2 Evaporite Deposits and Depositional Environments 346
5.3 Gypsum and Anhydrite 349
5.3.1 Sabkha Sulphate and Nodular Anhydrite 350
5.3.2 Bottom-growth Gypsum 350
5.3.3 Laminated Gypsum/Anhydrite 351
5.3.4 Resedimented Gypsum-Anhydrite 354
5.3.5 Secondary and Fibrous Gypsum 354
5.3.6 Burial Anhydrite 355
5.4 Halite 355
5.5 Other Evaporite Minerals and Their Occurrence 359
5.5.1 Potassium and Magnesium Salts 359
5.5.2 Lacustrine Evaporites 360
5.6 Evaporite Dissolution and Replacement 361
5.7 Evaporite Sequences and Discussion 363
5.8 Evaporites Through Time 367
5.9 Evaporites, Diapirism, Deformation and Décollement 368
References 368
Further Reading 371
Chapter 6 Sedimentary Ironstones and Iron Formations 372
6.1 Introduction 372
6.1.1 Techniques for the Study of Ironstones and Iron Formations 372
6.2 Source and Transportation of Iron 373
6.3 Formation of the Principal Iron Minerals 374
6.4 Occurrence and Petrography of Iron Minerals 377
6.4.1 Iron Oxides 377
6.4.2 Iron Carbonates 378
6.4.3 Iron Sulphides 379
6.4.4 Iron Silicates 379
6.5 Precambrian Iron Formations and Phanerozoic Ironstones 382
6.5.1 Precambrian Iron Formations 383
6.5.2 Phanerozoic Ironstones 386
6.6 Bog Iron Ores 388
6.7 Ferromanganese Nodules and Crusts, and Metalliferous Sediments 388
References 390
Further Reading 392
Chapter 7 Sedimentary Phosphate Deposits 393
7.1 Introduction 393
7.1.1 Techniques for Studying Phosphorites 393
7.2 Mineralogy 393
7.3 Nodular and Bedded Phosphorites 394
7.3.1 Recent–Subrecent Occurrences 394
7.3.2 Origin of Marine Phosphorites 394
7.3.3 Ancient Phosphorite Sequences 397
7.4 Bioclastic and Pebble-Bed Phosphorites 399
7.5 Guano and Ocean-Island Phosphorites 400
References 400
Further Reading 401
Chapter 8 Coal and Petroleum 402
8.1 Introduction 402
8.2 Modern Organic Deposits 402
8.3 Ancient Organic Deposits 403
8.4 Coals and the Coal Series 404
8.4.1 Humic Coals 406
8.4.2 Sapropelic Coals 406
8.5 Coal Petrology 406
8.5.1 Organic Constituents 406
8.5.2 Inorganic Constituents 408
8.5.3 Gas in Coal 409
8.5.4 Coal Balls 409
8.6 Coal Formation and Rank 409
8.6.1 Chemical Considerations 409
8.6.2 Rank, Depth and Temperature 410
8.7 Occurrence of Coal 410
8.8 Formation of Kerogen 412
8.9 Petroleum 413
8.9.1 Composition and Occurrence 413
8.9.2 Formation of Petroleum 415
References 417
Further Reading 418
Chapter 9 Cherts and Siliceous Sediments 419
9.1 Introduction 419
9.1.1 Techniques for Studying Chert 419
9.2 Chert Petrology 420
9.3 Bedded Chert 422
9.3.1 Siliceous Ooze and Bedded Chert 422
9.3.1.1 Modern and Phanerozoic 422
9.3.1.2 Precambrian Cherts 424
9.3.2 The Origin of Chert 425
9.4 Nodular Chert 428
9.5 Non-Marine Siliceous Sediment and Chert 431
References 433
Further Reading 435
Index 436
EULA 445

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 28.2.2023
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geologie
• Schlagworte: Breccias • cherts • coal • Conglomerates • earth sciences • evaporites • Geowissenschaften • Igneous & Metamorphic Petrology and Volcanology • iron-formations • Limestones • Microplastics • oil shale • Petroleum • Petrologie • Petrologie u. Vulkanologie eruptiver u. metamorpher Systeme • sandstones • Sedimentary ironstones • sedimentary phosphate deposits • Sedimentologie • Sedimentologie u. Stratigraphie • Sedimentology & Stratigraphy • siliceous sediments • volcaniclastic sediments
• ISBN-10: 1-118-78646-7 / 1118786467
• ISBN-13: 978-1-118-78646-8 / 9781118786468