Diversity of Fishes (eBook)

Biology, Evolution and Ecology

Brian W. Bowen, Bruce B. Collette, Douglas E. Facey, Gene S. Helfman (Autoren)

eBook Download: EPUB

2022 | 3. Auflage
720 Seiten
Wiley (Verlag)
978-1-119-34183-3 (ISBN)

Infos

THE DIVERSITY OF FISHES

The third edition of The Diversity of Fishes is a major revision of the widely adopted ichthyology textbook, incorporating the latest advances in the biology of fishes and covering taxonomy, anatomy, physiology, biogeography, ecology, and behavior. Key information on the evolution of various fishes is also presented, providing expansive and conclusive coverage on all key topics pertaining to the field.

To aid in reader comprehension, each chapter begins with a summary that provides a broad overview of the content of that chapter, which may be particularly useful for those using the text for a course who don't intend to address every chapter in detail. Detailed color photographs throughout the book demonstrate just some of the diversity and beauty of fishes that attract many to the field. A companion website provides related videos selected by the authors, instructor resources, and additional references and websites for further reading.

Sample topics covered and learning resources included in The Diversity of Fishes are as follows:

• How molecular genetics has transformed many aspects of ichthyology
• The close relationship between structure and function, including adaptations to special environments
• Many physical and behavioral adaptations reflecting the fact that many fishes are both predators and prey
• Fish interactions with other species within fish assemblages and broader communities, plus their impacts on ecosystems
• Global maps that more accurately represent the comparative sizes of oceans and land masses than maps used in prior editions

For students, instructors, and individuals with an interest in ichthyology, The Diversity of Fishes is an all-in-one introductory resource to the field, presenting vast opportunities for learning, many additional resources to aid in information retention, and helpful recommendations on where to go to explore specific topics further.

Douglas E. Facey, Emeritus Professor of Biology, Saint Michael's College, Vermont, USA.

Brian W. Bowen, Research Professor, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.

Bruce B. Collette, Research Associate, NOAA, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA.

Gene S. Helfman, Emeritus Professor of Ecology, Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.

Inhalt

Preface to the third edition

Preface to the second edition

Preface to the first edition

Phylogenetic relationships among living and extinct fish groups

About the companion website

Part I - Introduction

Chapter 1 - The Science of Ichthyology

Chapter 2 - Systematic Procedures

Part II - Form, Function, Ontogeny

Chapter 3 - Structure and Function of the Head

Chapter 4 - Structure and Function of the Trunk

Chapter 5 - Circulation, Gas Transport, Digestion, Metabolism, and Energetics

Chapter 6 - Nervous and Sensory Systems

Chapter 7 - Homeostasis

Chapter 8 - Reproduction and Early Life History

Chapter 9 - Juveniles, Age and, Growth

Chapter 10 - Special Habitats and Adaptations

Part III - Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Evolution

Chapter 11 - "A History of Fishes"

Chapter 12 - Chondrichthyes

Chapter 13 - Living Representatives of Primitive Fishes

Chapter 14 - Teleosts I

Chapter 15 - Teleosts II

Part IV - Fish Behavior

Chapter 16 - Fishes as Predators and Prey

Chapter 17 - Fishes as Social Animals

Chapter 18 - Cycles of Activity and Behavior

Part V - Fish Distribution, Ecology, and Conservation

Chapter 19 - Zoogeography

Chapter 20 - Fish Populations

Chapter 21 - Communities, Ecosystems, and the Functional Role of Fishes

Chapter 22 - Conservation

Index

Textauszug

Preface to the First Edition

Two types of people are likely to pick up this book, those with an interest in fishes and those with a fascination for fishes. This book is written by the latter, directed at the former, with the intent of turning interest into fascination.

Our two major themes are adaptation and diversity. These themes recur throughout the chapters. Wherever possible, we have attempted to understand the adaptive significance of an anatomical, physiological, ecological, or behavioral trait, pointing out how the trait affects an individual‛s probability of surviving and reproducing. Our focus on diversity has prompted us to provide numerous lists of species that display particular traits, emphasizing the parallel evolution that has occurred repeatedly in the history of fishes, as different lineages exposed to similar selection pressures have converged on similar adaptations.

The intended audience of this book is the senior undergraduate or graduate student taking an introductory course in ichthyology, although we also hope that the more seasoned professional will find it a useful review and reference for many topics. We have written this book assuming that the student has had an introductory course in comparative anatomy of the vertebrates, with at least background knowledge in the workings of evolution. To understand ichthyology, or any natural science, a person should have a solid foundation in evolutionary theory. This book is not the place to review much more than some basic ideas about how evolutionary processes operate and their application to fishes, and we strongly encourage all students to take a course in evolution. Although a good comparative anatomy or evolution course will have treated fish anatomy and systematics at some length, we go into considerable detail in our introductory chapters on the anatomy and systematics of fishes. The nomenclature introduced in these early chapters is critical to understanding much of the information presented later in the book; extra care spent reading those chapters will reduce confusion about terminology used in most other chapters.

More than 27,000 species of fishes are alive at present. Students at the introductory level are likely to be overwhelmed by the diversity of taxa and of unfamiliar names. To facilitate this introduction, we have been selectively inconsistent in our use of scientific versus common names. Some common names are likely to be familiar to most readers, such as salmons, minnows, tunas, and freshwater sunfishes; for these and many others, we have used the common family designation freely. For other, less familiar groups (e.g., Sundaland noodlefishes, trahiras, morwongs), we are as likely to use scientific as common names. Many fish families have no common English name and for these we use the Anglicized scientific designation (e.g., cichlids, galaxiids, labrisomids). In all cases, the first time a family is encountered in a chapter we give the scientific family name in parentheses after the common name. Both scientific and common designations for families are also listed in the index. As per an accepted convention, where lists of families occur, taxa are listed in phylogenetic order. We follow Nelson et al. (1994, now updated) on names of North American fishes and Robins et al. (1991, also now updated) on classification and names of families and of higher taxa. In the few instances where we disagree with these sources, we have tried to explain our rationale.

Any textbook is a compilation of facts. Every statement of fact results from the research efforts of usually several people, often over several years. Students often lose sight of the origins of this information, namely the effort that has gone into verifying an observation, repeating an experiment, or making the countless measurements necessary to establish the validity of a fact. An entire dissertation, representing 3–5 or more years of intensive work, may be distilled down to a single sentence in a textbook. It is our hope that as you read through the chapters in this book, you will not only appreciate the diversity of adaptation in fishes, but also consider the many ichthyologists who have put their fascination to practical use to obtain the facts and ideas we have compiled here. To acknowledge these efforts, and because it is just good scientific practice, we have gone to considerable lengths to cite the sources of our information in the text, which correspond to the entries in the lengthy bibliography at the end of the book. This will make it possible for the reader to go to a cited work and learn the details of a study that we can only treat superficially. Additionally, the end of each chapter contains a list of supplemental readings, including books or longer review articles that can provide an interested reader with a much greater understanding of the subjects covered in the chapter.

This book is not designed as a text for a course in fisheries science. It contains relatively little material directly relevant to such applied aspects of ichthyology as commercial or sport fisheries or aquaculture; several good text and reference books deal specifically with those topics (for starters, see the edited volumes by Lackey & Nielsen 1980, Nielsen & Johnson 1983, Schreck & Moyle 1990, and Kohler & Hubert 1993). We recognize however that many students in a college-level ichthyology class are training to become professionals in those or related disciplines. Our objectives here are to provide such readers with enough information on the general aspects of ichthyology to make informed, biologically sound judgments and decisions, and to gain a larger appreciation of the diversity of fishes beyond the relatively small number of species with which fisheries professionals often deal.

Adaptations versus adaptationists

Our emphasis throughout this text on evolved traits and the selection pressures responsible for them does not mean that we view every characteristic of a fish as an adaptation. It is important to realize that a living animal is the result of past evolutionary events, and that animals will be adapted to current environmental forces only if those forces are similar to what has happened to the individual‛s ancestors in the past. Such phylogenetic constraints arise from the long-term history of a species. Tunas are masters of the open sea as a result of a streamlined morphology, large locomotory muscle mass connected via efficient tendons to fused tail bones, and highly efficient respiratory and circulatory systems. But they rely on water flowing passively into their mouths and over their gills to breathe and have reduced the branchiostegal bones in the throat region that help pump water over their gills. Tunas are, therefore, constrained phylogenetically from using habitats or foraging modes that require them to stop and hover, because by ceasing swimming they would also cease breathing.

Animals are also imperfect because characteristics that have evolved in response to one set of selective pressures often create problems with respect to other pressures. Everything in life involves a trade-off, another recurring theme in this text. The elongate pectoral fins (“wings”) of a flyingfish allow the animal to glide over the water‛s surface faster than it can swim through the much denser water medium. However, the added surface area of the enlarged fins creates drag when the fish is swimming. This drag increases costs in terms of a need for larger muscles to push the body through the water, requiring greater food intake, time spent feeding, etc. The final mix of traits evolved in a species represents a compromise involving often-conflicting demands placed on an organism. Because of phylogenetic constraints, trade-offs, and other factors, some fishes and some characteristics of fishes appear to be and are poorly adapted. Our emphasis in this book is on traits for which function has been adequately demonstrated or appears obvious. Skepticism about apparent adaptations can only lead to greater understanding of the complexities of the evolutionary process. We encourage and try to practice such skepticism.

Acknowledgments

This book results from effort expended and information acquired over most of our professional lives. Each of us has been tutored, coaxed, aided, and instructed by many fellow scientists. A few people have been particularly instrumental in facilitating our careers as ichthyologists and deserve special thanks: George Barlow, John Heiser, Bill McFarland, and Jack Randall for GSH; Ed Raney, Bob Gibbs, Ernie Lachner, and Dan Cohen for BBC; Gary Grossman and George LaBar for DEF. The help of many others is acknowledged and deeply appreciated, although they go unmentioned here.

Specific aid in the production of this book has come from an additional host of colleagues. Students in our ichthyology classes have written term papers that served as literature surveys for many of the topics treated here; they have also critiqued drafts of chapters. Many colleagues have answered questions, commented on chapters and chapter sections, loaned photographs, and sent us reprints, requested and volunteered. Singling out a few who have been particularly helpful, we thank C. Barbour, J. Beets, W. Bemis, T. Berra, J. Briggs, E. Brothers, S. Concelman, J. Crim, D. Evans, S. Hales, B. Hall, C. Jeffrey, D. Johnson, G. Lauder, C. Lowe, D. Mann, D. Martin, A. McCune, J. Meyer, J. Miller, J. Moore, L. Parenti, L. Privitera, T. Targett, B. Thompson, P. Wainwright, J. Webb, S. Weitzman, D. Winkelman, J. Willis, and G. Wippelhauser. Joe Nelson provided us logistic aid and an early draft of the classification incorporated into the 3rd edition of his indispensable Fishes of the world. Often animated and...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 14.10.2022
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz
• Schlagworte: Animal Science & Zoology • Aquaculture, Fisheries & Fish Science • Aquakultur, Fischereiwesen u. Fischforschung • Biowissenschaften • Ecology & Organismal Biology • Fische • Fisch u. Fischfang • Fish & Fisheries • Life Sciences • Ökologie u. Biologie der Organismen • Zoologie
• ISBN-10: 1-119-34183-3 / 1119341833
• ISBN-13: 978-1-119-34183-3 / 9781119341833