Geology and Mineralogy of Gemstones (eBook)

David P. Turner, Lee A. Groat (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2022
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-119-29988-2 (ISBN)

Infos

Understanding gemstones in a geological context

Gemstones are colorful treasures of the Earth that have captivated humans for thousands of years. The physical and chemical characteristics of each type of gem provides insights into the geological processes that created them.

Geology and Mineralogy of Gemstones is a textbook aimed at upper-level undergraduate and graduate students. It presents the basic mineralogical and geological knowledge needed to understand gemstones and examines the characteristics and geological origins of different types of gemstone.

Volume highlights include:

• Concepts in mineralogy
• Structure and chemical composition of minerals
• Geological processes that lead to the formation and movement of gemstones
• Equipment and tools used to examine gemstones and their physical properties
• Description of small- and large-scale methods of gemstone mining

The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.

David Turner, The University of British Columbia, Canada

Lee A. Groat, The University of British Columbia, Canada

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Understanding gemstones in a geological context Gemstones are colorful treasures of the Earth that have captivated humans for thousands of years. The physical and chemical characteristics of each type of gem provide insights into the geological processes that created them. Geology and Mineralogy of Gemstones is a textbook aimed at upper-level undergraduate and graduate students. It presents the basic mineralogical and geological knowledge needed to understand gemstones and examines the characteristics and geological origins of different types of gemstone. Volume highlights include: Concepts in mineralogy Structure and chemical composition of minerals Geological processes that lead to the formation and movement of gemstones Equipment and tools used to examine gemstones and their physical properties The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.

Inhalt

Cover 1
Title Page 5
Copyright Page 6
Contents 7
Preface 13
Acknowledgements 15
Part I Developing Base Knowledge 17
Chapter 1 Minerals and Mineralogy 19
1.1 Minerals and Rocks 19
1.2 What is a Gemstone? 19
1.3 Atoms, Elements, and Bonding 20
1.3.1 Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons 20
1.3.2 Atomic Mass 21
1.3.3 Atomic Structure, Electrical Charges, and Ions 21
1.3.4 Elements 22
1.3.5 Element Groups 22
1.3.6 Elemental Abundance in the Earth’s Crust 23
1.3.7 Compounds and Mixtures 24
1.3.8 Chemical Bonds 24
1.4 Physical Properties of Minerals 25
References 27
Chapter 2 Basics of Rocks and Geology 29
2.1 Earth System Science 29
2.2 The Earth’s Structure and Plate Tectonics 29
2.3 General Rock Types and the Rock Cycle 35
2.4 Metasomatism and Hydrothermal Fluids 39
2.5 Geological Structures 40
2.6 Important Rock Types for Gemstone Deposits 40
2.7 Weathering, Sedimentation, and Secondary Gem Deposits 42
References 44
Chapter 3 Intermediate Mineralogy 45
3.1 Structure and Chemistry of Minerals 45
3.1.1 Crystallography and Symmetry 45
3.1.2 Mineral Classes 48
3.1.3 Mineral Formulae 48
3.1.4 Element Substitutions 49
3.2 Light 50
3.2.1 Reflection and Refraction 50
3.2.2 Illumination 55
3.2.3 Dispersion 57
3.2.4 Optic Class 58
3.2.5 Color in Minerals 59
3.2.6 Pleochroism 60
3.2.7 Transparency 62
References 63
Chapter 4 Concepts of Gemmology and Tools 65
4.1 Concepts of Gemmology 65
4.1.1 Gemmological Properties for Testing, Faceting, and Treatments 65
4.2 Tools 67
4.2.1 Collecting and Field Tools 67
4.2.2 Gemmological Tools 68
4.2.3 Advanced Tools 73
References 76
Part II Gemstones and Their Origins 79
Chapter 5 Diamond 81
5.1 Introduction 81
5.2 Basic Qualities of Diamond 83
5.2.1 Crystal Structure 84
5.2.2 Crystal Chemistry and Type Classification of Diamond 85
5.2.3 Diamond Crystal Forms 87
5.2.4 Colored Diamonds 90
5.3 Common Diamond Treatments 92
5.4 Synthetic Diamond 95
5.5 Geology of Diamond and Kimberlite 95
5.5.1 Diamond Growth 97
5.5.2 Kimberlite Volcanoes 98
5.5.3 Lamproite 99
5.6 Global Distribution and Production of Diamond 100
5.7 Diamonds from Canada 108
5.8 The 4 Cs 111
5.8.1 Cut 111
5.8.2 Clarity 111
5.8.3 Color 112
5.8.4 Carat 114
5.9 Diamond Shapes 114
5.10 Diamond Valuation 115
5.11 Kimberley Process: A 5th C? 116
References 116
Chapter 6 Corundum 119
6.1 Introduction 119
6.2 Basic Qualities of Corundum 120
6.2.1 Chemistry and Crystal Structure of Corundum 120
6.2.2 Corundum Crystal Forms 120
6.2.3 Colors of Corundum 120
6.3 Faceted Gem Corundum 123
6.4 Corundum Valuation 123
6.5 Corundum Treatments, Synthetics, and Imitations 126
6.6 Geology of Gem Corundum: Three Main Genetic Models 129
6.6.1 Metamorphic Corundum in Silica-Deficient Gneisses, Mafic-Ultramafic Rocks and Marbles 130
6.6.2 Xenocrysts in Alkali Basalts and Lamprophyres 134
6.6.3 Secondary Accumulation in Placers 136
6.7 Rarity of Gem Corundum 140
6.8 Global Distribution and Production of Corundum 140
References 143
Chapter 7 Beryl 147
7.1 Introduction 147
7.2 Basic Qualities of Beryl 148
7.2.1 Chemistry and Crystal Structure of Beryl 148
7.2.2 Colors of Beryl and Gem Varieties 150
7.3 Beryl Valuation 154
7.4 Common Treatments, Synthetics, and Imitations 156
7.5 Geology of Gem Beryl: Three Main Genetic Models 157
7.5.1 Pegmatitic 157
7.5.2 Magmatic 157
7.5.3 Metamorphic 162
7.6 Large Beryl Crystals 165
7.7 Global Distribution of Beryl 165
References 166
Chapter 8 Pegmatites 169
8.1 Introduction 169
8.2 Pegmatite Mineralogy 169
8.3 Pegmatite Genesis 170
8.4 Geochemical Families of Pegmatites 171
8.5 Pegmatite Morphology 173
8.6 Corrosion 177
8.7 Rarity of Gem-Bearing Pegmatites 178
8.8 Tourmaline 178
8.8.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of Tourmaline 178
8.8.2 Chemistry and Crystal Structure of Tourmaline 181
8.8.3 Colors and Gem Varieties of Tourmaline 182
8.8.4 Tourmaline Recognition, Value and Treatments 184
8.9 Spodumene 188
8.9.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of Spodumene 188
8.9.2 Colors and Gem Varieties of Spodumene 189
8.9.3 Spodumene Recognition, Value, and Treatments 189
8.10 Topaz 191
8.10.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of Topaz 191
8.10.2 Geology of Gem Topaz 192
8.10.3 Colors and Gem Varieties of Topaz 195
8.10.4 Topaz Recognition, Value, and Treatments 197
References 197
Chapter 9 Chrysoberyl 201
9.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of Chrysoberyl 201
9.2 Geology of Gem Chrysoberyl 201
References 205
Chapter 10 Spinel 207
10.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of Spinel 207
10.2 Geology of Gem Spinel 208
References 211
Chapter 11 Tanzanite 213
11.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of Tanzanite 213
11.2 Geology of Tanzanite 213
References 216
Chapter 12 The Garnet Group 217
12.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of the Garnet Group 217
12.2 Geology of Gem Garnet 217
References 223
Chapter 13 Jade: Jadeite and Nephrite 225
13.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of Jade 225
13.2 Geology of Jade 225
References 233
Chapter 14 Quartz and Silica Gems 235
14.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of Quartz and Silica Gem Varieties 235
14.2 Quartz 235
14.3 Amethyst 236
14.4 Agate 237
14.5 Opal 238
References 244
Chapter 15 Other Gems 247
15.1 Olivine 247
15.1.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of Olivine 247
15.1.2 Geology of Gem Peridot 247
15.2 Turquoise 252
15.2.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of Turquoise 252
15.2.2 Geology of Turquoise 253
15.3 Lapis Lazuli 254
15.3.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of Lapis Lazuli 254
15.3.2 Geology of Lapis Lazuli 254
15.4 Zircon 259
15.4.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of Zircon 259
15.4.2 Geology of Gem Zircon 260
References 263
Chapter 16 Organic Gems 267
16.1 Amber 267
16.2 Ammolite 267
References 273
Index 275
EULA 285

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 25.1.2022
• Reihe/Serie: AGU Advanced Textbooks
• Reihe/Serie: AGU Advanced Textbooks
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Mineralogie / Paläontologie
• Schlagworte: Angewandte u. ökonomische Geologie • earth sciences • Economic & Applied Geology • Edelstein • Gemology • gemology textbook • gems • Geochemie • Geochemie, Mineralogie • Geochemistry & Minerology • Geologie • Geologie u. Geophysik • Geology & Geophysics • geology and gemology • geology of gems • Geology of gemstones • geoscience • geoscience focused gemology • Geowissenschaften • integrated geology and mineralogy • Mineralogie • mineralogy and gemology • mineralogy of gems • mineralogy of gemstones
• ISBN-10: 1-119-29988-8 / 1119299888
• ISBN-13: 978-1-119-29988-2 / 9781119299882