Essential Developmental Biology (eBook)

Jonathan M. W. Slack, Leslie Dale (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2021 | 4. Auflage
547 Seiten
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
9781119512820 (ISBN)

Infos

Discover the foundations of developmental biology with this up to date and focused resource from two leading experts 

The newly revised Fourth Edition of Essential Developmental Biology delivers the fundamentals of the developmental biology of animals. Designed as a core text for undergraduate students in their first to fourth years, as well as graduate students in their first year, the book is suited to both biologically based and medically oriented courses. The distinguished authors presume no prior knowledge of development, animal structure, or histology. 

The new edition incorporates modern single cell transcriptome sequencing and CRISPR/Cas9, as well as other methods for targeted genetic manipulation. The existing material has also been reorganized to provide for easier reading and learning for students. The book avoids discussions of history and experimental priority and emphasizes instead the modern advances in developmental biology. The authors have kept the text short and laser-focused on the areas truly central to developmental biology. Readers will benefit from the inclusion of such topics as: 

• A thorough discussion of the groundwork of developmental biology, including developmental genetics, cell signaling and commitment, and cell and molecular biology techniques 
• An exploration of major model organisms, including xenopus, the zebrafish, the chick, the mouse, the human, drosophila, and Caenorhabditis elegans 
• A treatment of organogenesis, including postnatal development, and the development of the nervous system, mesodermal organs, endodermal organs, and imaginal discs in drosophila 
• A final section on growth, evolution, and regeneration 

Perfect for undergraduate students, especially those preparing to enter graduate studies in developmental biology, Essential Developmental Biology will also earn a place in the libraries of those in the pharmaceutical industry expected to be able to evaluate assays based on developmental systems and in education. 

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ESSENTIAL DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY Discover the foundations of developmental biology with this up to date and focused resource from two leading experts The newly revised Fourth Edition of Essential Developmental Biology delivers the fundamentals of the developmental biology of animals. Designed as a core text for undergraduate students in their first to fourth years, as well as graduate students in their first year, the book is suited to both biologically based and medically oriented courses. The distinguished authors presume no prior knowledge of development, animal structure, or histology. The new edition incorporates modern single cell transcriptome sequencing and CRISPR/Cas9, as well as other methods for targeted genetic manipulation. The existing material has also been reorganized to provide for easier reading and learning for students. The book avoids discussions of history and experimental priority and emphasizes instead the modern advances in developmental biology. The authors have kept the text short and focused on the areas truly central to developmental biology. Readers will benefit from the inclusion of such topics as: A thorough discussion of the groundwork of developmental biology, including developmental genetics, cell signaling and commitment, and cell and molecular biology techniques An exploration of major model organisms, including Xenopus, the zebrafish, the chick, the mouse, the human, Drosophila, and Caenorhabditis elegans A treatment of organogenesis, including postnatal development, and the development of the nervous system, mesodermal organs, endodermal organs, and imaginal discs in drosophila A final section on growth, stem cell biology, evolution, and regeneration Perfect for undergraduate students, especially those preparing to enter teaching or graduate studies in developmental biology, Essential Developmental Biology will also earn a place in the libraries of those in the pharmaceutical industry expected to be able to evaluate assays based on developmental systems.

Autor

Professor Jonathan M.W. Slack is an emeritus professor of the University of Bath, UK, where he was Head of the Department of Biology and Biochemistry; and the University of Minnesota, USA, where he was director of the Stem Cell Institute. He is a member of the European Molecular Biology Organization and a ??Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences. He has published numerous research papers on developmental biology as well as five other books, including The Science of Stem Cells (Wiley-Blackwell 2018). Professor Leslie Dale is Professor of Developmental Biology at University College London, UK, where he was Head of Teaching for the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology. He teaches developmental biology to both undergarduate and medical students. For his PhD he studied regeneration in Drosophila imaginal discs and subsequently the development of Xenopus embryos.

Inhalt

Cover 1
Title Page 5
Copyright Page 6
Contents 7
Preface 11
About the companion website 13
Section 1: Groundwork 15
Chapter 1 The excitement of developmental biology 17
Where the subject came from 17
Impact of developmental biology 18
Future impact 19
Chapter 2 How development works 21
Ultrashort summary 21
Gametogenesis 24
Meiosis 24
Oogenesis 25
Spermatogenesis 26
Early development 27
Fertilization 27
Cleavage 27
Gastrulation 28
Axes and symmetry 28
Developmental control genes 30
Morphogen gradients 31
Homeotic mutations 32
Homeotic, homeobox, and Hox 33
Growth and death 33
Chapter 3 Approaches to development: developmental genetics 39
Developmental mutants 39
Sex chromosomes 41
Maternal and zygotic 41
Genetic pathways 42
Genetic mosaics 44
Screening for mutants 45
Cloning of genes 46
Gain- and loss-of-function experiments 46
Transgenesis 46
Enhancer traps 47
Other gain-of-function techniques 48
Targeted mutagenesis 48
CRISPR-Cas9 48
Other loss-of-function systems 49
Dominant-negative inhibitors 49
Antisense reagents 49
Antibodies and inhibitors 50
Gene duplication 50
Limitations of developmental genetics 51
Chapter 4 Approaches to development: experimental embryology and its molecular basis 53
Normal development 53
The fate map 53
Clonal analysis 55
Developmental commitment 56
Cytoplasmic determinants 58
Induction 58
Lateral inhibition 60
Stochasticity in development 61
The “epigenetic landscape” 61
Criteria for proof 62
Transcription factors 62
Transcription factor families 64
Homeodomain factors 64
LIM-homeodomain proteins 64
Pax proteins 64
Zinc-finger proteins 64
Nuclear hormone receptor superfamily 64
Basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) proteins 64
Fox proteins 64
T-box factors 64
High mobility group (HMG)-box factors 65
Other controls of gene activity 65
microRNAs 65
Chromatin structure 65
Signaling systems 65
Secretion of proteins 66
Signal transduction 66
Protein signaling factor families 67
Genetic regulatory networks 71
Chapter 5 Approaches to development: cell and molecular biology techniques 75
Microscopy 75
Optical techniques 75
Confocal, multi-photon, and light sheet microscopes 77
Image capture 77
Anatomical and histological methods 78
Wholemounts 79
Sections 79
Microinjection 80
Study of gene expression by molecular biology methods 81
Methods for messenger RNA 81
Methods for protein 85
Study of gene expression by in situ methods 86
In situ hybridization 86
Fate mapping by single cell sequencing 87
Immunostaining 88
Reporter genes 89
Cell-labeling methods 90
Extracellular labels 91
Intracellular labels 91
Genetic labels 91
Chapter 6 Cells into tissues 95
Cells in embryos 95
Cytoskeleton 96
Microtubules 96
Microfilaments 97
Small GTP-binding proteins 98
Extracellular matrix 98
Cell movement 99
Epithelial organization 100
Morphogenetic processes 102
Cell adhesion 102
Transformations between epithelium and mesenchyme 103
Apical constriction and invagination 104
Planar polarity and convergent extension 104
Tube formation and branching morphogenesis 106
Section 2: Major model organisms 111
Chapter 7 Major model organisms 113
The big six 113
Access and micromanipulation 115
Genetics and genomes 115
Relevance and tempo 116
Other organisms 116
Chapter 8 Xenopus 121
Oogenesis, maturation, and fertilization 122
Normal development 123
Cleavage 123
Gastrulation 124
Neurulation and later stages 126
Fate maps 128
Experimental methods 129
Gain of function 129
Loss of function 131
Processes of regional specification 133
Summary of processes 133
Determinants 133
Early dorsoventral patterning 134
Inductive interactions 136
Germ-layer formation 137
Dorsalization and neural induction 139
Proportion regulation 142
Anteroposterior patterning 142
The organizer graft 145
Chapter 9 The zebrafish 149
Normal development 149
Oogenesis 149
Fertilization and cleavage 151
Gastrulation 152
Neurulation and subsequent stages 153
Fate map 154
Genetics 155
Mutagenesis screens 155
Genome duplication 157
Other screening methods 157
Insertional mutagenesis 158
Reverse genetic methods 158
Embryological techniques 159
Regional specification 159
Maternal determinants 159
Zygotic events 160
The organizer 162
Anteroposterior patterning 163
Other roles of the zebrafish 164
Chapter 10 The chick 167
Normal development 168
Extraembryonic membranes 170
Fate map 172
Regional specification of the early embryo 173
Early inductive interactions 174
Left–right asymmetry 178
Description of organogenesis in the chick 178
Whole embryo 178
Central nervous system 179
Pharyngeal arch region 180
Heart and circulation 180
Trunk mesoderm 182
Chapter 11 The mouse 187
Mammalian fertilization 187
Normal development of the mouse 191
Preimplantation stages 191
Early postimplantation stages 192
Organogenesis stages 196
Fate map 198
Regional specification in the mouse embryo 199
Formation of extraembryonic structures 199
Embryonic body plan 200
Germ cell formation 202
Left–right asymmetry 203
Hox genes 204
Transgenic mice 204
Embryonic stem cells 206
Knockouts and knock-ins 206
Chimeric knockouts 209
Gene and enhancer traps 209
Nuclear transplantation and imprinting 210
X-inactivation 210
Teratocarcinoma 212
Chapter 12 Human early development 217
Human reproduction 217
Formation of gametes 217
Fertilization 218
Preimplantation development 219
Preimplantation screening and diagnosis 220
Human embryonic stem cells 221
SCNT-derived human embryonic stem cells 222
Human postimplantation development 222
Extraembryonic membranes 223
Postimplantation diagnosis: chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis 225
Ethics of human development 225
Status of the fertilized egg and early conceptus 226
Status of human embryoids, organoids, and grafts 227
Human genetic modification 228
Chapter 13 Drosophila 231
Insects 231
Normal development 233
Oogenesis 233
Embryogenesis 234
Larval stages 235
Fate map 236
Pole plasm 238
Drosophila developmental genetics 238
Transgenesis 238
Identification of developmentally important genes 238
Types of mutation 240
Cloning of genes 240
The developmental program 241
The dorsoventral pattern 242
Maternal control of dorsoventral patterning 243
Zygotic control of dorsoventral patterning 245
The anteroposterior system 246
Events in the egg chamber 246
The anterior system 247
Posterior system 248
Terminal system 249
Gap genes 250
Pair-rule system 251
Segment polarity system 253
Hox genes 255
The anteroposterior body pattern 256
Chapter 14 Caenorhabditis elegans 261
Adult anatomy 262
Embryonic development 263
Regional specification in the embryo 265
Asymmetrical cleavages 265
Mitotic orientation 267
Determinants 268
Induction of the pharynx 270
Intestinal development 272
Analysis of postembryonic development 273
Control of developmental timing 273
The vulva 275
The germ line 276
Programmed cell death 278
Section 3: Organogenesis 283
Chapter 15 Techniques for studying organogenesis and postnatal development 285
Genetics 285
The Cre system 285
Tet systems 287
Late gene introduction 287
Viral vectors for gene delivery 288
Cell ablation 289
Clonal analysis 289
Mosaicism and chimerism 290
Induction of labeled clones 290
Clonal Analysis in Humans 291
Tissue and organ culture 292
Tissue culture 292
Organ culture 292
Cell analysis and separation 293
Flow cytometry 293
Laser capture microdissection 295
Chapter 16 Development of the nervous system 297
Overall structure and cell types 297
The brain 298
Spinal cord 299
Regional specification 300
Anteroposterior patterning of the neural plate 300
Forebrain 301
Isthmic organizer 301
Segmentation of the hindbrain 302
Subdivision of the spinal cord 304
Dorsoventral patterning of the neural tube 304
Neural tube defects 306
Neurogenesis and gliogenesis 306
Drosophila 306
Vertebrate primary neurogenesis 308
Later neurogenesis 309
Neuronal birthdays and layers 309
Neural stem cells 310
Neurospheres 312
Gliogenesis 313
The neural crest 313
Formation and migration of neural crest 314
Commitment and differentiation of neural crest 315
Development of neuronal connectivity 317
The growth cone 317
Guidance molecules 318
Neuronal pathways 319
Innervation of the limbs 320
Synapse formation and axonal competition 322
Neuronal connections in the visual system 323
Chapter 17 Development of mesodermal organs 329
Somitogenesis 329
Normal development of the somites 329
Segmentation mechanism 331
Subdivision of the somite 333
Myogenesis 336
Myoblast fusion 336
Myogenic transcription factors 337
The kidney 337
Normal development of the kidney 338
Tissue interactions in kidney development 339
Germ cell and gonadal development 340
Germ cell development 340
Normal development of the gonads 342
Sex determination 344
Limb development 344
Normal development of the limb 345
Limb determination 346
Proximal–distal outgrowth and patterning 348
Anteroposterior patterning 350
Dorsoventral patterning 353
Blood and blood vessels 354
Blood 354
Blood vessels 356
The heart 357
Heart tube formation and regionalization 358
Development of cardiac septa 361
The postnatal heart 363
Congenital heart defects 363
Chapter 18 Development of endodermal organs 369
Normal development 369
Formation of the gut tube in amniotes 369
Organization of the gut tube 370
Fate map of the endoderm 373
Experimental analysis of endoderm development 373
Determination of the endoderm 373
Regional specification 374
Epithelial–mesenchymal interactions 376
The pancreas 380
Induction of pancreatic buds 380
Pancreatic transcription factors 383
Pancreatic cell lineage 384
Chapter 19 Drosophila imaginal discs 387
Metamorphosis 387
Genetic study of larval development 388
Mitotic recombination 390
Disc development 392
Origin of discs 392
Compartments and selector genes 392
Regional patterning of the wing disc 395
Dorsoventral pattern 396
Anteroposterior pattern 397
Regeneration and transdetermination 398
Morphogen gradients and polarity 401
Section 4: Growth, evolution, regeneration 405
Chapter 20 Tissue organization and stem cells 407
Types of tissue 407
Epithelia 407
Connective tissues 409
Muscle 409
Neural tissues 410
Blood and blood vessels 410
Tissue renewal 411
Measurement of cell turnover 412
Proliferative behavior of cells and tissues 413
Measuring slow cell turnover 414
Stem cells 415
The niche 416
Intestinal epithelium 417
Epidermis 422
Hair follicles 424
Hair follicle development 424
The bulge 427
Hematopoietic system 429
Identity of the HSCs 430
Hematopoiesis in the steady state 431
The HSC niche 431
Hematopoietic growth factors 433
Mesenchymal stem cells and “transdifferentiation” 433
Spermatogonia 433
Chapter 21 Growth, aging, and cancer 439
Growth: control of size and proportion 439
Biochemical pathways of growth control 440
The insulin pathway 440
The Hippo pathway 442
Growth control in insects 443
Control of final size 443
Relative proportions of imaginal discs 443
Growth control in mammals 445
Final size of mammals 445
Relative proportion of organs in mammals 445
Liver regeneration 447
Growth in stature 448
Aging 450
Cell autonomous processes 451
INK4a–ARF locus 451
Telomere shortening 451
Epigenetic changes 452
The insulin pathway and aging 452
Caloric restriction 452
Cancer 454
Classification of tumors and precursor lesions 454
Molecular biology of cancer 456
Cancer stem cells 457
Cancer progression 458
Cancer therapy 459
Chapter 22 Pluripotent stem cells and their applications 463
Human embryonic stem cells 463
Induced pluripotent stem cells 465
Somatic cell nuclear transfer 467
Direct reprogramming 468
Applications of human pluripotent stem cells 469
Cell transplantation therapy 471
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation 472
Cell transplantation therapies using pluripotent stem cells 473
Directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells 473
Transplantation therapy for diabetes 474
Retinal pigment epithelium 476
Spinal repair 477
Cardiomyocytes 477
Parkinson’s disease 477
Introduction of new therapies 479
Chapter 23 Evolution and development 483
Macroevolution 484
Molecular taxonomy 485
Phylogeny of animals 486
The fossil record 487
The primordial animal 488
The phylotypic stage 488
The Zootype 490
Hox genes 490
Other gene clusters 492
Dorsal–ventral pattern 492
Sense organs and cell types 492
Basal animals 493
What really happened in evolution? 495
Segmented body plans and Hox genes 496
Insect wings and legs 497
Atavisms 497
Vertebrate limbs 499
Limb presence and positioning 501
Vertebrate and insect wings 501
Chapter 24 Regeneration of missing parts 505
Types of regeneration 505
Distribution of regenerative capacity 505
Planarian regeneration 506
Cell turnover and neoblasts 507
Regeneration process in planaria 508
Pattern of planarian regeneration 508
Insect limb regeneration 511
Molecular basis of supernumerary limb generation 512
Vertebrate limb regeneration 513
The process of limb regeneration 513
The source of cells for regeneration 515
Regeneration of regional pattern 516
Proximodistal pattern 516
Regeneration of pattern in the transverse axes 518
Retinoic acid effects 521
Regeneration: ancestral or adaptive property? 522
General properties of regeneration 523
Glossary 527
Index 541
EULA 547

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 8.11.2021
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Biochemie
• Schlagworte: Animal Development • Biowissenschaften • Developmental Biology • Entwicklungsbiologie • Life Sciences • Molecular Evolution • Molekulare Evolution • Zoologie • Zoologie / Individualentwicklung
• ISBN-13: 9781119512820 / 9781119512820