Beaches and Coasts (eBook)

Richard A. Davis, Duncan M. Fitzgerald (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2019 | 2. Auflage
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-119-33451-4 (ISBN)

Infos

A new edition of a unique textbook that provides an exhaustive treatment of the world's different coasts-with focus on climate change sea-level rise 

Coastlines of the world are as diverse and complex as any geological setting on Earth, and understanding them is extremely important. Beaches and Coasts, Second Edition is an exciting and unique textbook that covers the world's different coasts and details the highly varied processes that have shaped them. This new edition emphasizes the future susceptibility of coast to climate driven stresses and decreasing sediment supplies, and considers various aspects of coastal management that are and/or that need to be undertaken. 

Seeking to better educate students and readers about the sustainability of coast and coastal environments, this exciting and unique book offers enlightening coverage of: the Earth's mobile crust; sediments of coastal environments; impacts of sea level change; weather systems and the effects of storms; the influence of wave energy and different tidal regimes; river deltas; coastal bays; estuaries and lagoons; tidal flats; coastal wetlands; beach and nearshore areas; coastal barriers; tidal inlets; glaciated coasts; and rocky coasts. 

• Takes an extensive look at the world's varied coasts and covers the many processes that have shaped them over time
• Shows how coastal processes and landform evolution are expected to be impacted by climate change
• Includes new coverage of Hurricane Katrina and the 2005 flooding of New Orleans, Hurricane Sandy and its affect on New York and the earthquake and tsunami in the Indian Ocean and Tohoku
• Lavishly illustrated with over 400 color photographs and figures
• Draws on a wealth of author experience that broadens the content of chapters and provides for numerous and varied examples

Beaches and Coasts, Second Edition is an excellent text for undergraduate and graduate students of coastal geology, coastal processes and coastal environments. 

RICHARD A. DAVIS, JR., PHD, is Professor Emeritus at the University of South Florida, USA.

DUNCAN M. FITZGERALD, PHD, is Professor in the Earth Science Department at Boston University, USA.

Inhalt

Cover 1
Title Page 5
Copyright Page 6
Brief Contents 7
Contents 9
Chapter 1 Coastline Variability and Functions in the Global Environment 17
1.1 Coastal Settings 17
1.2 Population and the Coast 19
1.2.1 History of Coastal Occupation 19
1.3 General Coastal Conditions 19
1.4 Coastal Environments 20
1.5 Historical Trends in Coastal Research 24
Suggested Reading 29
Chapter 2 The Earth’s Mobile Crust 31
2.1 Introduction 31
2.2 Earth’s Interior 34
2.3 Plate Boundaries 37
2.3.1 Divergent Boundaries 37
2.3.2 Convergent Boundaries 40
2.3.3 Transform Boundaries 44
2.3.4 Plate Movement 45
2.4 Continental Margins 47
2.4.1 Tectonic Evolution of Continental Margins 50
2.5 Tectonic Coastline Classification 52
2.5.1 Collision Coasts 53
2.5.2 Trailing Edge Coasts 58
2.5.3 Marginal Sea Coasts 62
2.6 Tectonic Effects on Coastal Sediment Supply 63
2.6.1 Continental Drainage 64
2.6.2 Location of Rivers 65
2.6.3 Continental Shelf Width 67
2.7 Summary 68
Reference 69
Suggested Reading 69
Chapter 3 Sediments and Rocks: Materials of Coastal Environments 71
3.1 Rock Types 71
3.2 Sediment Texture 72
3.2.1 Grain Size 72
3.2.2 Grain Shape 75
3.3 Mineralogy 76
3.4 General Origin and Distribution of Sediments 76
3.4.1 Composition 77
3.4.2 Texture 80
3.5 Summary 81
Reference 82
Suggested Reading 83
Chapter 4 Sea-Level Change and Coastal Environments 85
4.1 Changing the Size and Shape of the Container 87
4.1.1 Tectonic Causes 87
4.2 Climate and Sea-Level Change 90
4.2.1 Seasonal Changes 90
4.2.2 Non-seasonal Cyclic Changes 91
4.2.3 Long-term Climatic Effects 92
4.3 Sea-level Rise due to Sediment Compaction and Fluid Withdrawal 93
4.4 Isostasy 97
4.5 Changes in the Volume of the World Ocean 97
4.5.1 Advance and Retreat of Ice Sheets 97
4.6 Post-Glacial Rise in Sea Level 101
4.7 Current and Future Sea?Level Changes 102
4.7.1 Impact of Increasing Rise in Sea Level on Modern Coastal Environments 106
4.8 Summary 109
References 110
Suggested Reading 110
Chapter 5 Weather Systems, Extratropical Storms, and Hurricanes 111
5.1 Introduction 111
5.2 Basic Atmospheric Circulation and Weather Patterns 113
5.2.1 Wind 113
5.2.2 Atmospheric Circulation 113
5.2.3 Prevailing Winds 117
5.2.4 Cyclonic and Anticyclonic Systems 117
5.2.5 Land-breezes and Sea?breezes 118
5.3 Mid-latitude Storms 118
5.3.1 Frontal Weather 119
5.3.2 Cyclogenesis 121
5.3.3 Extratropical Storms 122
5.4 Hurricanes and Tropical Storms 125
5.4.1 Low Latitude Storms 125
5.4.2 Origin and Movement of Hurricanes 126
5.4.3 Anatomy of a Hurricane 129
5.4.4 Hurricanes at the Coast 131
5.5 Summary 141
Suggested Reading 148
Chapter 6 Waves and the Coast 149
6.1 Water Motion and Wave Propagation 152
6.2 Wind Wave Types 156
6.3 Distribution and Transfer of Wave Energy 158
6.4 Other Types of Waves 162
6.5 Wave-Generated Currents 164
6.6 Summary 166
Suggested Reading 168
Chapter 7 Tides of the Ocean 169
7.1 Introduction 169
7.2 Tide-Generating Forces 169
7.2.1 Gravitational Force 169
7.2.2 Centrifugal Force 170
7.2.3 Tide-Producing Force 172
7.3 Equilibrium Tide 173
7.3.1 Tidal Cycle 173
7.3.2 Orbiting Moon 174
7.3.3 Inclination of Moon’s Orbit 175
7.4 Interaction of Sun and Moon 175
7.5 Effects of Orbital Geometry 177
7.6 Effects of Partitioning Oceans 178
7.7 Tidal Signatures 179
7.8 Tides in Shallow Water 183
7.9 Summary 191
References 192
Suggested Reading 192
Chapter 8 River Deltas: The Source of Most of our Coastal Sediments 193
8.1 How Deltas Develop 194
8.2 Deltas and Sea Level 198
8.3 Delta Environments 200
8.4 Delta Plain 200
8.4.1 Delta Front 202
8.5 Delta Processes 205
8.6 River Processes 205
8.7 Delta Classification 206
8.7.1 River-Dominated Deltas 208
8.7.2 Tide-Dominated Deltas 209
8.7.3 Wave-Dominated Deltas 209
8.8 Intermediate Deltas 211
8.9 Human Influence 211
8.10 Summary 216
References 216
Suggested Reading 217
Chapter 9 Estuaries 219
9.1 Estuarine Hydrology 222
9.1.1 Classification of Estuaries 223
9.1.2 Estuarine Processes 224
9.1.3 Time–Velocity Relationships 225
9.1.4 Model Estuary 230
9.1.5 Estuary Types 235
9.2 HumanImpact on Estuaries 238
9.3 Summary 243
References 243
Suggested Reading 244
Chapter 10 Coastal Lagoons 245
10.1 Definition 245
10.2 Morphology and Setting 245
10.3 General Characteristics 247
10.4 Lagoonal Processes 249
10.5 Lagoonal Sediments 251
10.6 Example Lagoons 255
10.7 Summary 260
Suggested Reading 261
Chapter 11 Tidal Flats 263
11.1 Morphology of Tidal Flats 263
11.2 Sediments 265
11.3 Organisms 265
11.3.1 Vagrant Organisms 266
11.3.2 Sessile Organisms 266
11.3.3 Limiting Factors 266
11.3.4 Bioturbation 270
11.4 Sedimentary Structures 270
11.5 Tidal Flat Processes 276
11.5.1 Tides 276
11.5.2 Waves 279
11.6 Tidal Channels 281
11.7 Some Examples 283
11.7.1 German Wadden Sea and Jade Bay 283
11.7.2 The Wash 288
11.7.3 Bay of St.?Malo 289
11.7.4 Bay of Fundy 289
11.8 Human Impact on Tidal Flats 290
11.9 Summary 292
References 294
Suggested Reading 294
Chapter 12 Coastal Wetlands 297
12.1 Characteristics of a Coastal Marsh 297
12.1.1 Marsh Plants 297
12.1.2 Global Distribution 300
12.2 Marsh Characteristics 301
12.2.1 Marsh Classification 303
12.3 Marsh Sedimentation 305
12.3.1 Sediments 306
12.3.2 Sea Level and Marsh Development 308
12.4 Human Impact on the Marsh Environment 309
12.5 Marsh Summary 309
12.6 Mangrove Coasts 313
12.7 Mangrove Distribution 313
12.7.1 Global Distribution 313
12.7.2 Local 313
12.7.3 Zonation 314
12.8 Mangroves and Coastal Processes 316
12.9 Human Impact on Mangroves 319
12.10 Summary 319
References 321
Suggested Reading 321
Chapter 13 Beach and Nearshore Environment 323
13.1 Nearshore Environment 323
13.2 Foreshore 328
13.3 Backbeach 338
13.4 Human Impact on Beaches 344
13.5 Summary 347
Suggested Reading 353
Chapter 14 Coastal Dunes 355
14.1 Types of Coastal Dunes and Their Distribution 355
14.2 Dune Formation 361
14.3 Dune Dynamics 365
14.3.1 Dune Structures 367
14.4 Human Influence on Dunes 368
14.5 Summary 369
Suggested Reading 373
Chapter 15 Barrier Systems 375
15.1 Introduction 375
15.2 Physical Description 375
15.3 Distribution and Coastal Setting 378
15.4 Summary 382
15.5 Barrier Types 382
15.5.1 Barrier Spits 383
15.5.2 Welded Barriers 390
15.5.3 Barrier Islands 392
15.6 Prograding, Retrograding, and Aggrading Barriers 396
15.6.1 Prograding Barriers 397
15.6.2 Retrograding Barriers 400
15.6.3 Aggrading Barriers 404
15.7 Barrier Stratigraphy 406
15.8 Barrier Coast Morphology 409
15.8.1 Hayes Models 410
15.8.2 Georgia Bight 412
15.9 Barrier Coasts: Morphology and Evolution 415
15.9.1 Eastern Shore of Nova Scotia 415
15.9.2 Mississippi River Delta Barriers 416
15.10 Summary 419
Chapter 16 Tidal Inlets 421
16.1 Introduction 421
16.2 What Is a Tidal Inlet 421
16.3 Inlet Morphology 425
16.3.1 Tidal Deltas 425
16.3.2 Ebb-Tidal Delta Morphology 429
16.4 Tidal Inlet Formation 431
16.4.1 Breaching of a Barrier 431
16.4.2 Spit Building across a Bay 431
16.4.3 Drowned River Valleys 433
16.4.4 Ephemeral Inlets 435
16.5 Tidal Inlet Migration 435
16.6 Tidal Inlet Relationships 439
16.6.1 Inlet Throat Area–Tidal Prism Relationship 439
16.6.2 Ebb-Tidal Delta Volume–Tidal Prism Relationship 441
16.7 Sand Transport Patterns 442
16.7.1 General Sand-Dispersal Trends 443
16.7.2 Inlet Sediment Bypassing 443
16.8 Tidal Inlet Effects on Adjacent Shorelines 454
16.8.1 Number and Size of Tidal Inlets 455
16.8.2 Tidal Inlets as Sediment Traps 456
16.8.3 Changes in Ebb?Tidal Delta Volume 457
16.8.4 Wave Sheltering 458
16.8.5 Effects of Inlet Sediment Bypassing 461
16.8.6 Human Influences 462
16.9 Summary 464
References 467
Suggested Reading 468
Chapter 17 Glaciated Coasts 469
17.1 Introduction 469
17.2 The World’s Glaciers 470
17.2.1 Glacier Formation 472
17.2.2 Glacier Movement 473
17.2.3 Distribution and Types of Glaciers 474
17.3 Pleistocene Glaciation 478
17.3.1 Introduction 478
17.3.2 Defining the Pleistocene 479
17.3.3 Causes of the Ice Ages 480
17.3.4 The Late Pleistocene 482
17.4 Glacial Effects on Coastlines 483
17.4.1 General Erosional Processes 483
17.4.2 Fjords 484
17.4.3 Rocky Coasts 485
17.4.4 General Depositional Processes 487
17.4.5 Depositional Landforms 489
17.5 Examples of Glaciated Coastlines 493
17.5.1 Cape Cod 493
17.5.2 Drumlin Coasts 496
17.5.3 Sand and Gravel Beaches 498
17.5.4 Uplifted Coasts 498
17.5.5 Drowned River Valleys 501
17.6 Summary 501
References 503
Suggested Readings 504
Chapter 18 Rocky Coasts 505
18.1 Introduction 505
18.2 Types and Distribution 506
18.2.1 Tectonic Settings 506
18.2.2 Glaciated Regions 506
18.2.3 Other Bedrock Coasts 507
18.3 Erosional Processes 509
18.3.1 Physical Processes 509
18.3.2 Biological Processes 513
18.3.3 Chemical Processes 514
18.4 Factors Affecting Rates of Erosion 514
18.5 Morphology 516
18.5.1 Sea Cliffs 517
18.5.2 Horizontal Erosional Landforms 520
18.5.3 Sea Stacks, Arches, and Erosional Features 522
18.6 Summary 527
Suggested Reading 528
Index 529
EULA 535

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 13.12.2019
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geografie / Kartografie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Hydrologie / Ozeanografie
• Schlagworte: beach ecology • beach environments • Beach Erosion • Beaches and Coasts</p> • climate change affect on coastal environments • coastal barriers • coastal ecology • coastal environments • Coastal geology • Coastal processes • coastal regions • Coastal systems • coastal wetlands • coastlines • coasts • earth sciences • Ecology • endangered beaches • endangered coastlines • Environmental Studies • erosion of coastal regions • Geology • Geomorphologie • geomorphology • Geowissenschaften • glaciated coasts • guide to beaches and coasts • guide to coastal ecology • guide to coastal environments • Klimawandel • Küste • <p>beaches • Meeresspiegel • protecting beaches • protecting coastal regions • sea level change on the coast • Sedimentologie • Sedimentologie u. Stratigraphie • Sedimentology • Sedimentology & Stratigraphy • sediments of coastal environments • Strand • tidal influences on the coast • Umweltforschung • waves on the coast • weather systems and their influence on the coast • world coastal regions
• ISBN-10: 1-119-33451-9 / 1119334519
• ISBN-13: 978-1-119-33451-4 / 9781119334514