Resilient Structures and Infrastructure (eBook)

Ehsan Noroozinejad Farsangi, Izuru Takewaki, Tony Y. Yang, Abolhassan Astaneh-Asl, Paolo Gardoni (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2019
XIV, 494 Seiten
Springer Singapore (Verlag)
978-981-13-7446-3 (ISBN)

Infos

This book discusses resilience in terms of structures' and infrastructures' responses to extreme loading conditions. These include static and dynamic loads such as those generated by blasts, terrorist attacks, seismic events, impact loadings, progressive collapse, floods and wind. In the last decade, the concept of resilience and resilient-based structures has increasingly gained in interest among engineers and scientists. Resilience describes a given structure's ability to withstand sudden shocks. In other words, it can be measured by the magnitude of shock that a system can tolerate. This book offers a valuable resource for the development of new engineering practices, codes and regulations, public policy, and investigation reports on resilience, and provides broad and integrated coverage of the effects of dynamic loadings, and of the modeling techniques used to compute the structural response to these loadings.

Ehsan Noroozinejad is currently serving as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Earthquake Engineering at the Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Iran. He is known for the establishment of the International Journal of Earthquake and Impact Engineering and his editorial board responsibilities in reputed journals. His main research interests include resilient based design, reliability, multi-hazard analysis, and vibration control systems. 

Izuru Takewaki is a Professor at Kyoto University. He is a former Vice President of the Architectural Institute of Japan, an Assoc Editor of Soil Dyn and Earthq Eng and a Field Chief Editor of Frontiers in Built Environment. He has published several monographs from Springer and others, and many papers in leading International J on earthquake structural engineering. He was awarded many prizes, e.g. 2008 Paper of the Year from John Wiley (J. of The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings).

Tony Yang is an expert in earthquake engineering. His research focus on developing innovative structural systems, advanced experimental testing methods and performance-based assessment method, to improve the structural response under extreme loads. Prof. Yang is an active member of many national and international code committees, including the standing committee of earthquake design in Canada. Prof. Yang is the recipient of the 2014 CISC H.A. Krentz award and the 2011 Kwang-Hua professor.

Abolhassan Astaneh-Asl, Ph.D., P.E., is a professor emeritus of structural engineering, mechanics and material at the University of California, Berkeley. His research and expertise are in structural design and earthquake engineering of steel and steel-concrete buildings and bridges, failure analysis of buildings, bridges and other structures, fatigue and fracture analysis in steel structures, blast and impact protection of structures. 

 

Paolo Gardoni is a Professor and Excellence Faculty Scholar in Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He is the Director of the MAE Center and the founder and Editor-in-Chief of the journal Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure published by Taylor and Francis Group. Dr. Gardoni's research interests include sustainable and resilient infrastructure; reliability, risk and life cycle analysis; and ethical, social, and legal dimensions of risk.

Inhalt

Preface 5
Contents 7
Contributors 10
Resilience in Structures 14
Application of Steel Shear Walls Toward More Resilient Structures 15
1 Introduction 15
2 Steel Shear Wall Systems 17
3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Steel Plate Shear Walls 20
3.1 Advantages of Steel Plate Shear Walls 20
3.2 Issues in Using Steel Shear Walls 21
4 Examples of Constructed Steel Plate Shear Wall Buildings 22
5 Actual Performance of Steel Shear Wall Buildings During Earthquakes 22
5.1 The Sylmar County Hospital (Old Olive View Medical Center), 1994 Northridge Earthquake 22
5.2 The 35-Story Office Building, 1995 Kobe Earthquake 23
6 A Brief Summary of the Past Research 24
7 Behavior of Typical Steel Plate Shear Walls 27
8 Modeling Steel Shear Walls 28
8.1 The Plate Girder Model and Design Procedure 29
8.2 The Shell Elements Model 29
8.3 The Strip Truss Modelling and Design 30
8.4 The Diagonal Truss Model 32
9 Design of Steel Shear Walls 33
9.1 Design of the Infill Plate Using Plate Girder Equations 34
9.2 Design of the Infill Plate Using the Strip Model 36
9.3 Design of the Infill Plate Using Finite Element Model 36
10 Material Used in Steel Shear Wall Systems 39
11 Design of Members and Connections 40
11.1 Infill Plate-to-Boundary Element Connection 41
11.2 Splices in the Infill Plate 41
11.3 Beam-to-Column Connections 42
11.4 Column Splices 45
11.5 Collectors Connections 45
11.6 Column Base Connections 45
11.7 The Connection of Infill Plate to the Foundation 46
12 Construction Considerations 46
13 Recent New Developments 48
13.1 Coupled Bays and CFT Columns 48
13.2 The High-Performance Steel Plate Shear Wall (Qian and Astaneh-Asl 2017) 49
13.3 Buckling Restrained Steel Shear Walls 52
13.4 Steel Slit Panel-Frame Shear Walls 52
13.5 Perforated Steel Shear Walls 53
14 Summary 53
References 55
Resilience of the Built Environment: A Methodology to Estimate the Downtime of Building Structures Using Fuzzy Logic 59
1 Introduction 59
2 Fuzzy Logic 61
2.1 Fuzzification 61
2.2 Fuzzy Rules 63
2.3 Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) 63
2.4 Defuzzification 64
3 Methodology to Quantify the Downtime and Seismic Resilience 64
3.1 Damage Estimation 66
4 Downtime Due to Repairs 71
4.1 State of Components 71
4.2 Number of Workers 73
5 Downtime Due to Delays 73
5.1 Financing 73
5.2 Post-earthquake Inspection 74
5.3 Engineer Mobilization 74
5.4 Contractor Mobilization 75
5.5 Permitting 75
6 Downtime Due to Utilities Disruption 75
6.1 Electricity 76
6.2 Natural Gas 76
6.3 Water 76
7 Illustrative Example 76
7.1 The Northridge Earthquake Scenario 77
7.2 Damage Estimation 77
7.3 Downtime Due to Repairs 79
7.4 Downtime Due to Delays 82
7.5 Downtime Due to Utilities Disruption 84
7.6 Total Repair Time 84
7.7 Seismic Resilience Estimation 84
8 Summary and Remarks 85
References 86
Resilient Design of Buildings with Hysteretic Energy Dissipation Devices as Seismic Fuses 89
1 Introduction 89
2 Seismic Fuse Concept 92
2.1 Pioneering Research and Applications 93
2.2 Proposed Resilient-Based Design Methods 94
3 Code-Oriented Resilient Design Method 95
3.1 Evaluation of Global Design Parameters 95
3.2 Code-Oriented Design Procedure 99
3.3 Verification with Nonlinear Analyses 101
4 Concluding Remarks 113
References 114
Improvement of Building Resilience by Viscous Dampers 116
1 Introduction 116
2 Definition of Structural Behaviour by Transfer Functions 119
3 Configuration of Optimal Damper Problem 122
3.1 Objective Functions in Terms of Transfer Function 123
3.2 Derivation of Optimality Criteria 123
3.3 Derivation of Sensitivities 124
3.4 Damper Design Algorithm 126
4 Numerical Examples 128
5 Conclusions 135
References 136
Earthquake Risk Management Systems and Their Applications for Building Seismic-Resilient Communities 139
1 Introduction 139
2 Components of Seismic Risk Management Systems 142
2.1 Seismic Hazard 142
2.2 Inventory 144
2.3 Vulnerability 146
2.4 Social and Economic Consequences 149
3 Risk Management Systems 150
3.1 Overview 150
3.2 Earthquake Risk Management Systems 151
3.3 Risk Management Systems in the U.S. 154
3.4 In Europe 154
3.5 Worldwide 155
4 Applications of Earthquake Risk Management Process 155
4.1 Overview 155
4.2 Sample of Risk Assessment Studies in the U.S. 155
4.3 In the Mediterranean Region 156
4.4 Multi-disciplinary Course on Earthquake Risk Management 157
5 Conclusions 159
References 161
Making Homes More Resilient to Flooding: A New Hybrid Approach 168
1 Introduction 168
2 The Concept of Resilience 170
2.1 Psychological Resilience 170
2.2 Engineering Resilience 171
3 The Impacts of Flooding 171
3.1 Direct and Indirect Impacts 172
3.2 Impacts on Buildings 172
3.3 Impacts on Human Lives 173
4 Building Resilience Against the Impacts of Flood: A Hybrid Approach 174
4.1 The Property Level Flood Resilience Framework 174
4.2 Resilience Measures 176
5 Implications of the Framework 177
5.1 Homeowners 177
5.2 Property Experts and Surveyors 180
5.3 Insurers 181
5.4 Government/Government Policy 181
6 Conclusions 182
References 183
Resilience-Based Design for Blast Risk Mitigation: Learning from Natural Disasters 186
1 Introduction: Risk in the Built Environment and the Need for Resilience 186
1.1 Blast Risk 188
1.2 Resilience as a Mitigation Strategy 189
2 Framework for Resilience-Based Blast Design 191
3 Application of Resilience-Based Blast Design Concepts to Office Buildings 194
4 Conclusions 201
References 201
Seismic Mitigation Framework for Non-engineered Masonry Buildings in Developing Countries: Application to Malawi in the East African Rift 204
1 Introduction 204
2 Methodology 206
2.1 Step 1: Local Data Acquisition and Preliminary Visits 207
2.2 Step 2: Building Typology Classification 209
2.3 Step 3: Derivation of Fragility Curves for Building Typologies 210
2.4 Step 4: Seismic Mitigation Programs 212
3 Case Study: Malawi 212
3.1 Step 1: Local Data Acquisition and Preliminary Visits in Malawi 215
3.2 Step 2 Building Typologies Identified in Malawi 217
3.3 Step 3 Derivation of Seismic Fragility Curves for Building Typologies in Malawi 221
3.4 Step 4 Seismic Mitigation Programs for Malawi 225
4 Conclusions 228
References 228
Double and Triple Impulses for Capturing Critical Elastic-Plastic Response Properties and Robustness of Building Structures Under Near-Fault Ground Motions 233
1 Introduction 233
2 Modeling of Main Part of Near-Fault Ground Motion into Double Impulse and Triple Impulse 234
3 Closed-Form Elastic-Plastic Response to Critical Double Impulse 236
4 Closed-Form Elastic-Plastic Response to Critical Triple Impulse 238
5 Comparison of Maximum Deformation Under Critical Double Impulse and that Under Critical Triple Impulse 242
6 Applicability of Closed-Form Solution for Elastic-Plastic Response Under Critical Triple Impulse to Actual Recorded Near-Fault Ground Motion 243
7 Application of Elastic-Plastic Response Under Critical Double Impulse and Triple Impulse to Swaying-Rocking Model 245
8 Application of Elastic-Plastic Response Under Critical Double and Triple Impulses to Base-Isolated Building 247
9 Robustness Evaluation by Critical Double and Multiple Impulses 248
10 Conclusions 249
References 249
Multi-objective Performance-Based Design Optimization of a Controlled Rocking Steel Braced Frame System 251
1 Introduction 251
2 Performance-Based Assessment and Design Optimization Methodology 252
3 Description of Baseline Building Case and CRSBF Configuration 254
4 Development of Sampling Plan Using Design of Experiments 255
5 Structural Modeling, Ground Motions and Nonlinear Response History Analyses 257
5.1 Structural Modeling 257
5.2 Ground Motions and Nonlinear Response History Analyses 258
6 Initial Construction and Service-Life Earthquake-Impact Assessment 259
6.1 Economic Impact Assessment 259
6.2 Environmental Impacts 261
6.3 Intensity-Based Earthquake Impacts for Center-Level Sampling Point 262
7 Surrogate Model Development and Verification 265
8 Sensitivity of Impacts to Individual Predictors 268
9 CRSBF Design Optimization 270
9.1 Desirability Function Approach 270
9.2 Results from Single- and Multiple-Objective Design Optimization 271
10 Conclusion 273
References 275
Seismic Performance Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Columns in Regions of Low to Moderate Seismicity 277
1 Introduction 277
2 Confinement Requirements for Different Ductility Levels 278
3 Seismic Assessment of Limited to Moderately Ductile RC Columns 281
3.1 Design Parameters Affecting Drift Capacity 281
3.2 Piecewise Lateral Force-Displacement Prediction Model 282
3.3 Case Study Example 286
4 Applications of the Lateral Force-Displacement Prediction Model 287
4.1 Two-Tier Seismic Assessment of Soft-Storey Buildings 287
4.2 Non-linear Analysis of RC Structures 292
4.3 Gravity Columns in RC Wall Buildings 292
5 Conclusions 293
References 293
Resilience in Infrastructure 295
Achieving Resilience of Large-Scale Engineered Infrastructure Systems 296
1 Introduction 296
2 Definition of Some Key Terms 297
3 Frameworks and Metrics for Critical Infrastructure Resilience Assessment 299
4 Comparing the Resilience Concept with the Traditional Risk Management Concept 303
5 Characterizing Critical Infrastructure Systems and Development Trends 303
6 Challenges to Understand and Analyze Complex System Behavior 307
6.1 Coping with Complexity 307
6.2 Challenges to Methods of Risk Analysis 309
6.3 Approaches and Available Methods 311
7 Ways to Increase Resilience of Future Infrastructure Systems 316
8 Conclusions 317
References 318
Seismic Resilience of Existing Infrastructure: Mitigation Schemes for Soil–Structure Systems Subjected to Shaking and Faulting, and Crisis Management System 321
1 Introduction 321
2 Seismic Shaking 322
2.1 Building Retrofit 322
2.2 Quay Wall Retrofit 333
2.3 Bridge Retrofit 336
3 Seismic Faulting 343
3.1 Introduction 343
3.2 Behavior of Structures Subjected to Faulting 344
3.3 Foundation–Structure Retrofit 345
3.4 Mitigation Through Weak Barriers 346
3.5 Application of Sacrificial Members to Bridges 350
4 Earthquake Crisis Management 352
4.1 Introduction 352
4.2 Real-Time Seismic Damage Assessment 353
4.3 Example Application: Attiki Odos Motorway—Athens, Greece 358
References 363
Bridging Multi-hazard Vulnerability and Sustainability: Approaches and Applications to Nepali Highway Bridges 367
1 Introduction 367
2 Multi-hazard Vulnerability of Highway Bridges in Nepal 369
2.1 Flood Vulnerability 369
2.2 Seismic Vulnerability 373
3 Condition Assessment of Bridges: New Approach and Application 375
4 Futurism: Sustainability of Bridges 379
5 Concluding Remarks 381
Appendix: Data Collection Forms 382
References 384
Systems Thinking Approach for Resilient Critical Infrastructures in Urban Disaster Management and Sustainable Development 385
1 Introduction 385
2 Critical Infrastructures (CIs) System 386
2.1 Definitions of CIs System 387
2.2 Characteristics of CIs System 388
2.3 CIs System Vulnerabilities 391
2.4 CIs and Past Disasters 392
3 CIs System Management 394
3.1 Location Allocation 394
3.2 Resource Optimization 395
3.3 Priority Restoration 395
3.4 Organizational Coordination 396
4 Urban Disaster Management 396
4.1 Urban System 396
4.2 Infrastructure, City, and Hazard 397
4.3 CIs in Disaster Continuum 397
5 Urban Emergency Response 399
5.1 Emergency Response 399
5.2 Disaster Resilience 400
5.3 Disaster Sustainability 400
6 Systems Thinking 401
6.1 Basic Concepts 401
6.2 Systems Thinking for CIs Management 403
7 System Theories, Tools and Models 403
7.1 Theories 404
7.2 Tools 407
7.3 Models 409
8 Ongoing Research 410
9 Conclusion 411
References 412
Resilience of the Built Environment to Fire and Fire-Following-Earthquake 422
1 Introduction 422
2 The Fire Problem 424
3 The Need for a New Approach to Fire Safety for Buildings and Infrastructure 427
3.1 Description of the Current Approach for Buildings and Communities 427
3.2 Description of the Current Approach for Bridges, Tunnels and Other Infrastructure 429
3.3 Limitations of the Current Approach 430
3.4 Next-Generation Performance-Based Fire Design for Resilient Built Environment 432
4 Definition of Resilience and the Context of Fire Hazard 432
4.1 Resilience Definition for Structural Engineers 432
4.2 Implementation of Resilience Framework for Hazards Other Than Fire 433
4.3 Implementation for Fire Safety Engineering 435
5 Research Toward a Fire Resilient Built Environment 436
5.1 Setting up the Goals Explicitly 436
5.2 Developing the Methodology to Evaluate Performance 437
5.3 Enabling Decision Making and Code Implementation 442
6 Accounting for Multi-hazard—The Case of Fire Following Earthquake 443
6.1 Fire as a Secondary Event 443
6.2 Likelihood of Ignition After an Earthquake 444
6.3 Building Response to FFE 445
6.4 Community Response to FFE 447
7 Perspectives 448
References 449
Resilience Concepts 455
Disaster Risk Reduction and Urban Resilience: Concepts, Methods and Applications 456
1 Introduction 456
2 Conceptual Framework for Urban Resilience 457
3 Vulnerability and Risk Evaluation Approaches for Urban Areas 458
4 Vulnerability Assessment as a Tool for Mitigating Risk in Urban Areas 460
4.1 Seismic Vulnerability and Risk Analysis 460
4.2 Fire Vulnerability and Risk Analysis 467
5 Conclusions 474
References 475
Stochastic Life-Cycle Sustainability Analysis: Its Mathematical Formulation and the Role of Resilience 477
1 Introduction 477
2 Background 479
2.1 Life-Cycle Analysis 479
3 Proposed Formulation 481
3.1 Structural Performance Analysis 481
3.2 Environmental Performance Analysis 485
4 Example 487
4.1 Structural Performance Analysis 488
4.2 Environmental Performance Analysis 488
4.3 Results 489
5 Conclusions 493
References 493

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 3.5.2019
• Zusatzinfo: XIV, 494 p. 248 illus., 177 illus. in color.
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bauwesen
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• Schlagworte: Crisis Management • emergency management • Natural Disaster Hazard Mitigation • Performance Based Analysis • Preparedness • Resilient-Based Design • resilient cities • Seismic Isolation • Smart Structures • Terrorist Attack Resilience • vulnerability
• ISBN-10: 981-13-7446-5 / 9811374465
• ISBN-13: 978-981-13-7446-3 / 9789811374463