Periglacial Geomorphology (eBook)
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-119-44230-1 (ISBN)
A FASCINATING AND INFORMATIVE EXPLORATION OF PERIGLACIAL PROCESSES, PAST AND PRESENT, AND THEIR ROLE IN LANDSCAPE EVOLUTION
Periglacial Geomorphology presents a comprehensive introduction to the processes that operate in present periglacial environments and discusses the inferences that can be drawn about former periglacial environments from those processes. Organized into six parts, the book opens with the historical and scientific context of periglacial geomorphology and the nature of periglacial environments. Following chapters provide systematic coverage of the full range of topics germane to a thorough understanding of periglacial geomorphology, including:
- The physics of ground freezing and thawing, characteristics of permafrost, and the nature and origin of underground ice
- Characteristics, formation and significance of landforms, sediments, and structures associated with permafrost, permafrost degradation, and seasonal ground freezing and thawing
- Rock weathering in periglacial environments, periglacial processes operating on hillslopes, and the characteristic landforms produced by rock breakdown and slope processes in cold environments
- The operation of fluvial, aeolian and coastal processes in cold environments, and the resulting distinctive landforms and sediments
- The use of relict periglacial features to reconstruct past cold environments in midlatitude regions and the responses of periglacial environments to recent and predicted climate change
Periglacial Geomorphology is an important resource for undergraduate and graduate students studying geomorphology or Quaternary science within the context of geography and geology degree programs. It will be of use to all scientists whose research involves an understanding of cold environments, whether from a geographical, geological, ecological, climatological, pedological, hydrological, or engineering perspective.
COLIN K. BALLANTYNE, PhD DSC FRSE FRSGS FGS FBSG is Emeritus Professor in Physical Geography, University of St Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland, UK.
A FASCINATING AND INFORMATIVE EXPLORATION OF PERIGLACIAL PROCESSES, PAST AND PRESENT, AND THEIR ROLE IN LANDSCAPE EVOLUTION Periglacial Geomorphology presents a comprehensive introduction to the processes that operate in present periglacial environments and discusses the inferences that can be drawn about former periglacial environments from those processes. Organized into six parts, the book opens with the historical and scientific context of periglacial geomorphology and the nature of periglacial environments. Following chapters provide systematic coverage of the full range of topics germane to a thorough understanding of periglacial geomorphology, including: The physics of ground freezing and thawing, characteristics of permafrost, and the nature and origin of underground ice Characteristics, formation and significance of landforms, sediments, and structures associated with permafrost, permafrost degradation, and seasonal ground freezing and thawing Rock weathering in periglacial environments, periglacial processes operating on hillslopes, and the characteristic landforms produced by rock breakdown and slope processes in cold environments The operation of fluvial, aeolian and coastal processes in cold environments, and the resulting distinctive landforms and sediments The use of relict periglacial features to reconstruct past cold environments in midlatitude regions and the responses of periglacial environments to recent and predicted climate change Periglacial Geomorphology is an important resource for undergraduate and graduate students studying geomorphology or Quaternary science within the context of geography and geology degree programs. It will be of use to all scientists whose research involves an understanding of cold environments, whether from a geographical, geological, ecological, climatological, pedological, hydrological, or engineering perspective.
COLIN K. BALLANTYNE, PhD DSC FRSE FRSGS FGS FBSG is Emeritus Professor in Physical Geography, University of St Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland, UK.
Title Page 5
Copyright Page 6
Contents 9
Preface 13
Acknowledgements 15
Chapter 1 Introduction 17
1.1 The Periglacial Concept: Definitions and Scope 17
1.2 The Periglacial Realm 21
1.3 The Development of Periglacial Geomorphology 21
1.4 Periglacial Geomorphology: The Quaternary Context 23
1.5 The Aims and Organization of this Book 25
Chapter 2 Periglacial Environments 27
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Periglacial Climates 27
2.2.1 Arctic Climates 27
2.2.2 Low-arctic and Subarctic Continental Interiors 30
2.2.3 Maritime Periglacial Environments 30
2.2.4 Antarctica 31
2.2.5 Alpine Periglacial Environments 32
2.2.6 The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau 33
2.3 Soils in Periglacial Environments 33
2.4 Vegetation Cover in Periglacial Environments 34
2.5 Synthesis 36
Chapter 3 Ground Freezing and Thawing 39
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 Ground Heating and Cooling 39
3.2.1 Basic Concepts 39
3.2.2 Conduction of Heat into the Ground 42
3.2.3 Estimating Depth of Freezing and Thawing 42
3.2.4 Temperature Change with Depth 43
3.2.5 Temperature Variations with Depth 43
3.3 Soil Freezing 44
3.4 Ice Segregation in Freezing Soils 48
3.4.1 Cryosuction 49
3.4.2 Ice Segregation 50
3.5 Thaw Consolidation 53
3.6 Synthesis 54
Chapter 4 Permafrost 55
4.1 Introduction 55
4.2 Permafrost Thermal Regime 56
4.3 Classification of Permafrost 59
4.4 Detection, Mapping and Modelling of Permafrost 60
4.4.1 Geophysical Surveys 60
4.4.2 BTS Measurements 61
4.4.3 Modelling of Permafrost Distribution and Temperature 61
4.5 Permafrost Distribution 62
4.5.1 Global Distribution 62
4.5.2 Relict Permafrost 64
4.5.3 Local Variations in Permafrost Distribution 65
4.6 Permafrost–glacier Interactions 69
4.7 The Geomorphic Importance of Permafrost 70
Chapter 5 Ground Ice and Cryostratigraphy 73
5.1 Introduction 73
5.2 Genetic Classification of Ground Ice 73
5.2.1 Pore Ice 73
5.2.2 Closed Cavity Ice 74
5.2.3 Segregated Ice 74
5.2.4 Intrusive Ice 76
5.2.5 Wedge Ice and Vein Ice 76
5.2.6 Dilation Crack Ice 77
5.2.7 Pool Ice 77
5.2.8 Buried ice 77
5.2.9 Transitional, Compound and Modified Ice Types 77
5.3 Description of Ground Ice 78
5.3.1 Ice Content 78
5.3.2 Cryostructures in Unlithified Sediments 78
5.3.3 Cryostructures in Rock 81
5.3.4 Cryofacies 81
5.4 Ice Contacts 82
5.5 Cryostratigraphy 83
5.6 The Transition Zone 85
5.7 Massive Ground Ice 88
5.7.1 Massive Intrasedimental Ice 89
5.7.2 Buried Glacier Ice 90
5.7.3 Massive Ice Hybrids 91
5.8 Yedoma 92
5.8.1 Terminology, Distribution and Characteristics 92
5.8.2 Age and Environment of Deposition 94
5.8.3 Formation of Yedoma 95
Chapter 6 Thermal Contraction Cracking: Ice Wedges and Related Landforms 97
6.1 Introduction 97
6.2 Thermal Contraction Cracking and Polygon Evolution 97
6.3 Ice Veins and Ice Wedges 100
6.4 Ice-wedge Polygons 103
6.5 Sand Veins and Sand Wedges 105
6.6 Composite Veins and Composite Wedges 106
6.7 Sand-wedge Polygons 106
6.8 Frost Cracking of Seasonally Frozen Ground 107
6.9 Thaw Modification of Frost Wedges 107
6.9.1 Thaw Modification of Ice Wedges 108
6.9.2 Thaw Modification of Sand Wedges and Composite Wedges 108
6.10 Frost-Wedge Pseudomorphs and Frost Polygons in Areas of Past Permafrost 108
6.10.1 Frost-wedge Pseudomorphs 108
6.10.2 Identification of Frost-wedge Pseudomorphs 109
6.10.3 Relict Frost Polygons 110
6.10.4 Dating of Frost-wedge Pseudomorphs and Primary Sand Wedges 110
6.10.5 Palaeoenvironmental Implications 111
Chapter 7 Pingos, Palsas and other Frost Mounds 113
7.1 Introduction 113
7.2 Characteristics of Pingos 113
7.3 Hydrostatic Pingos 115
7.3.1 Pingo Formation and Growth 115
7.3.2 Pingo Ice 116
7.3.3 Pingo Degradation and Collapse 117
7.4 Hydraulic Pingos 117
7.5 Pingo Problems and Problem Pingos 120
7.6 Segregation Ice Mounds: Palsas, Lithalsas and Related Landforms 121
7.7 Palsas 122
7.7.1 Palsa Structure 122
7.7.2 Palsa Growth and Collapse 123
7.8 Peat Plateaus 125
7.9 Lithalsas 125
7.10 Permafrost Plateaus 127
7.11 Other Permafrost Mounds 127
7.12 Ephemeral Frost Mounds 128
7.13 Relict Permafrost Mounds 129
7.13.1 Relict Pingos 130
7.13.2 Relict Lithalsas 130
Chapter 8 Thermokarst 133
8.1 Introduction 133
8.2 Thermokarst Lakes and Drained Lake Basins 134
8.2.1 Characteristics of Thermokarst Lakes 136
8.2.2 Formation of Thermokarst Lakes: Initiation 136
8.2.3 Thermokarst Lake Growth 138
8.2.4 Oriented Lakes 140
8.2.5 Thermokarst Lake Sedimentation 140
8.2.6 Thermokarst Lake Hydrology and Drainage 142
8.2.7 Drained Lake Basins 143
8.2.8 Cyclic and Alternative Models of Thermokarst Lake Evolution 145
8.2.9 Thermokarst Lake Dynamics 146
8.3 Thermokarst Pits, Bogs and Fens 147
8.4 Retrogressive Thaw Slumps 148
8.4.1 Characteristics of Retrogressive Thaw Slumps 148
8.4.2 Thaw Slump Processes 150
8.4.3 Temporal Changes in Slump Activity 151
8.5 Small-scale Thermokarst Features: Beaded Streams, Sinkholes and Thermokarst Gullies 152
8.6 Sediment Structures associated with Thermokarst 154
8.7 Relict Thermokarst Phenomena 155
Chapter 9 Seasonally Frozen Ground Phenomena 159
9.1 Introduction 159
9.2 Upfreezing of Clasts 159
9.3 Frost Heave of Bedrock 161
9.4 Patterned Ground: The Embroidery on the Landscape 161
9.5 Patterned Ground Processes 163
9.5.1 Differential Frost Heave 163
9.5.2 Buoyancy-induced Soil Circulation 163
9.6 Sorted Patterned Ground 164
9.6.1 Characteristics 164
9.6.2 Formation 164
9.6.3 Environmental and Palaeoenvironmental Significance 170
9.7 Nonsorted Patterned Ground 171
9.7.1 Vegetation-defined Nonsorted Circles (Frost Boils) and Stripes 172
9.7.2 Earth Hummocks and Relief Stripes 173
9.7.3 Environmental and Palaeoenvironmental Significance 177
9.8 Cryoturbations 177
9.8.1 Terminology and Characteristics 177
9.8.2 Formation 179
9.8.3 Interpretation of Relict Cryoturbations 180
9.9 Pedogenic Effects of Freezing and Thawing 180
9.10 Fragipans 182
9.11 Synthesis 183
Chapter 10 Rock Weathering and Associated Landforms 185
10.1 Introduction 185
10.2 Physical Weathering Processes 185
10.2.1 Frost Weathering 186
10.2.2 Hydration Shattering 190
10.2.3 Thermal Stress 190
10.2.4 Salt Weathering 191
10.2.5 Stress Release and Tectonic Stress 192
10.3 Chemical Weathering Processes 193
10.3.1 Chemical Weathering in Cold Environments 194
10.4 Biotic Weathering Processes 196
10.5 Weathering Processes in Periglacial Environments 196
10.6 Cold-climate Karst 197
10.7 Tors 198
10.8 Blockfields and Related Periglacial Regolith Covers 201
10.8.1 Classification and Characteristics 201
10.8.2 Autochthonous Blockfields 201
10.8.3 Age and Origin: The Blockfield Enigma 203
10.8.4 Blockfields and Glaciation: Periglacial Trimlines 204
10.8.5 Allochthonous Block Deposits: Blockslopes and Blockstreams 205
10.9 Brecciated Bedrocks 208
Chapter 11 Periglacial Mass Movement and Hillslope Evolution 211
11.1 Introduction 211
11.2 Solifluction Processes 211
11.2.1 Needle-ice Creep 213
11.2.2 Frost Creep 214
11.2.3 Gelifluction 216
11.2.4 Plug-like Deformation 218
11.2.5 Rates of Movement 218
11.3 Solifluction Landforms 220
11.3.1 Solifluction Terraces and Lobes 220
11.3.2 Ploughing Boulders and Braking Blocks 224
11.4 Pleistocene Solifluction Landforms and Slope Deposits 226
11.5 Active-layer Failures 229
11.6 Permafrost Creep 231
11.7 Nivation 233
11.8 Cryoplanation 236
11.8.1 Cryoplanation Terraces 236
11.8.2 Cryopediments 237
11.9 Slope Form and Slope Evolution 238
Chapter 12 Talus Slopes and Related Landforms 241
12.1 Introduction 241
12.2 Rockfall Talus 241
12.2.1 Characteristics 241
12.2.2 Models of Talus Accumulation 241
12.2.3 Rockfall in Periglacial Environments 244
12.2.4 Talus Shift 247
12.2.5 Stratified Talus Deposits 248
12.2.6 Relict Talus Accumulations in Former Periglacial Environments 248
12.3 The Geomorphic Role of Snow Avalanches 250
12.3.1 Characteristics of Snow Avalanches 250
12.3.2 Avalanche Modification of Talus Slopes 250
12.3.3 Other Aspects of Snow?Avalanche Erosion and Deposition 250
12.3.4 The Significance of Snow?Avalanche Activity 252
12.3.5 Relict Avalanche Landforms and Deposits 252
12.4 Debris-flow Activity 253
12.4.1 Characteristics of Debris Flows 253
12.4.2 Debris-flow Processes 253
12.4.3 Debris Flows as Agents of Sediment Transport 255
12.4.4 Relict Debris-Flow Landforms and Deposits 256
12.5 Rock Glaciers 256
12.5.1 Definition and Classification 256
12.5.2 Rock-glacier Distribution 258
12.5.3 Rock-glacier Morphology 259
12.5.4 Rock-glacier Structure 259
12.5.5 Rates and Processes of Rock-Glacier Movement 261
12.5.6 Rock Glaciers and Climate 262
12.5.7 Relict Rock Glaciers 263
12.6 Pronival (Protalus) Ramparts 264
12.6.1 Characteristics of Pronival Ramparts 264
12.6.2 Rampart Formation 264
12.6.3 Relict Pronival Ramparts 265
12.7 Synthesis 266
Chapter 13 Fluvial Processes and Landforms 269
13.1 Introduction 269
13.2 Periglacial Hydrology 269
13.2.1 Active-layer Dynamics in High-Arctic Environments 269
13.2.2 Hillslope Hydrology in High-Arctic Environments 271
13.2.3 River Runoff in High-Arctic Environments 271
13.2.4 Water Balance in High-Arctic Environments 273
13.2.5 River Runoff Regimes in Other Periglacial Environments 273
13.3 Slopewash 275
13.3.1 Surface Wash 275
13.3.2 Subsurface Wash 276
13.4 Slushflows 277
13.5 Sediment Transport in Periglacial Rivers 277
13.6 Bank and Channel Erosion 279
13.6.1 The Role of Snow and Ice 279
13.6.2 Thermal Erosion 281
13.7 River Channels 282
13.7.1 Bedrock Channels 282
13.7.2 Meandering and Anastomosing Channels 282
13.7.3 Braided Channels 284
13.8 Alluvial Landforms in Periglacial Environments 284
13.8.1 Sandar 284
13.8.2 Alluvial Fans 284
13.8.3 Deltas 285
13.9 Valley Form 286
13.9.1 V-shaped Valleys and Rock Gorges 286
13.9.2 Valley Asymmetry 286
13.10 Pleistocene Periglacial Rivers 287
13.11 Synthesis 289
Chapter 14 Wind Action 291
14.1 Introduction 291
14.2 Aeolian Processes 291
14.3 Wind Erosion in Present Periglacial Environments 292
14.3.1 Environmental Controls on Wind Erosion 292
14.3.2 Erosional Landforms 293
14.4 Aeolian Deposits in Present Periglacial Environments 295
14.4.1 Sandy Aeolian Deposits 295
14.4.2 Dunefields 296
14.4.3 Sand Sheets 297
14.4.4 Fluvio-aeolian Deposits 299
14.4.5 Niveo-aeolian Deposits 299
14.4.6 Loessic (Silt) Deposits and Silt–Sand Intergrades 300
14.4.7 Montane Aeolian Systems 302
14.4.8 The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau 303
14.5 Quaternary Aeolian Deposits 304
14.5.1 Pleistocene Coversands and Dunefields 304
14.5.2 Pleistocene Coversands and Dunefields of the North European Plain 305
14.5.3 Pleistocene Loess Deposits 307
14.5.4 The Depositional History of Pleistocene Loess Deposits 310
14.6 Synthesis 313
Chapter 15 Periglacial Coasts 315
15.1 Introduction 315
15.2 The Nature of Periglacial Coasts 315
15.3 The Role of Ice in Shoreline Evolution 317
15.4 Ice-rich Permafrost Coasts 319
15.5 Thermokarst Coasts 321
15.6 Barrier Coasts 322
15.7 Salt Marshes and Tidal Flats 324
15.8 Rock Coasts 324
15.9 Raised and Inherited Shorelines 325
15.10 Lake Shorelines 326
15.11 Synthesis 327
Chapter 16 Past Periglacial Environments 329
16.1 Introduction 329
16.2 Palaeoenvironmental Reconstruction Based on Periglacial Features 330
16.2.1 Preservation Potential 330
16.2.2 Identification of Relict Periglacial Features 331
16.2.3 Relative Age Dating: Stratigraphy and Morphostratigraphy 332
16.2.4 Absolute Age Dating 334
16.2.5 Palaeoenvironmental Interpretation 334
16.3 Past Periglacial Environments of the British Isles 338
16.3.1 Chronological Framework 338
16.3.2 Periglacial Regions in the British Isles 338
16.4 Pre-Late Devensian Periglacial Features in the British Isles 339
16.4.1 Evidence for Past Permafrost 339
16.4.2 Loess and Coversands 340
16.5 The Dimlington Stade in the British Isles 341
16.5.1 Evidence for Past Permafrost 341
16.5.2 Relict Frost Wedges and Frost Polygons 341
16.5.3 Relict Ground-Ice Features: Pingos, Lithalsas and Thermokarst Landforms 343
16.5.4 Permafrost Extent and Thickness 343
16.5.5 Loess and Coversands 343
16.6 The Younger Dryas (Loch Lomond) Stade in the British Isles 345
16.6.1 Evidence for Past Permafrost in Upland Areas During the Younger Dryas Stade 346
16.6.2 Evidence for Past Permafrost in Lowland Areas During the Younger Dryas Stade 346
16.6.3 Younger Dryas Aeolian Deposits 347
16.7 Past Periglacial Environments of the British Isles: Commentary 348
16.8 Late Weichselian Periglacial Environments in Continental Europe 348
16.8.1 Late Weichselian Permafrost in Europe 349
16.8.2 Late Weichselian Coversands in Europe 353
16.8.3 Late Weichselian Loess Deposits in Europe 355
16.9 Late Wisconsinan Periglacial Environments in North America 357
16.9.1 Evidence for Late Wisconsinan Permafrost in North America 357
16.9.2 Late Wisconsinan Aeolian Deposits in North America 359
16.10 Permafrost Extent in the Northern Hemisphere During the Last Glacial Stage 360
16.11 Concluding Comments 362
Chapter 17 Climate Change and Periglacial Environments 365
17.1 Introduction 365
17.2 Permafrost Degradation 368
17.2.1 Recent Trends in the Thermal State of Permafrost 368
17.2.2 Active-layer Thickness 370
17.2.3 Recent Changes in Permafrost Extent 371
17.2.4 Projections 371
17.3 Geomorphological Implications of Climate Change in the Circumpolar North 372
17.3.1 Ice-wedge Degradation and Thermokarst Gullying 373
17.3.2 Degradation of Ground-ice Mounds 373
17.3.3 Thermokarst Lakes, Ponds, Bogs and Fens 374
17.3.4 Slope Processes 375
17.3.5 Arctic Rivers 375
17.3.6 Arctic Coasts 378
17.4 Geomorphological Implications of Climate Change in High Mountain Environments 379
17.4.1 Climate Change and High-Alpine Permafrost 379
17.4.2 Rock-slope Instability: Rockfalls and Rock Avalanches 380
17.4.3 Talus, Protalus Ramparts and Rock Glaciers 382
17.4.4 Debris-flow Activity 383
17.5 Climate Change, Permafrost Degradation and Greenhouse Gas Emissions 385
17.5.1 Permafrost Carbon: Reserves, Emissions and Projections 385
17.5.2 Thermokarst Development and Carbon Emissions 386
17.5.3 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Subsea Permafrost 386
17.5.4 Permafrost Degradation and the Global Carbon Cycle 387
17.6 Conclusion 387
Text Abbreviations, Units and Symbols Employed in Equations 389
References 391
Index 457
Supplemental Images 471
EULA 483
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 17.11.2017 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geologie |
| Schlagworte | Book • Comprehensive • earth sciences • Environments • Evolution • exploration • Geologie u. Geophysik • Geology & Geophysics • Geomorphologie • geomorphology • Geowissenschaften • Historical • informative • Introduction • Landscape • operate • periglacial • present • processes • Quartärforschung, Glaziologie • Quaternary Science & Glaciology • Role • scientific context |
| ISBN-10 | 1-119-44230-3 / 1119442303 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-1-119-44230-1 / 9781119442301 |
| Informationen gemäß Produktsicherheitsverordnung (GPSR) | |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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