Fundamentals of Intracellular Calcium (eBook)

Anthony K. Campbell (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF

2017
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
9781118941881 (ISBN)

Infos

The definitive text on the key component for cell functions-intracellular calcium

This comprehensive book reveals the evidence for intracellular calcium as a universal switch in all animal, plant, fungal and microbial cells. It shows how the components required for calcium signaling are named and classified; covers the technology that has been developed to study intracellular calcium; describes how calcium is regulated inside cells and how it works to trigger an event; explains the role of intracellular calcium in disease, cell injury, and cell death; reveals how many drugs work through the calcium signaling system; and demonstrates how intracellular calcium is involved in the action of many natural toxins. The book also illustrates how the intracellular calcium signaling system has evolved over millions of years, showing why it was crucial to the origin of life. Additionally, the book promotes the importance of the molecular variation upon which the intracellular calcium signalling system depends.

Featuring more than 100 figures (including detailed chemical structures as well as pictures of key pioneers in the field), a bibliography of some 1000 references, and a detailed subject index, this definitive work provides a unique source of scholarship for teachers and researchers in the biomedical sciences and beyond.

• Emphasizes two key scientific principles-the first to show how intracellular Ca²⁺ acts as a switch, to activate a wide range of cellular events, and the second demonstrating how an analogue mechanism can be superimposed on such a process
• Written by an internationally recognized expert in the field
• Filled with images and references to facilitate learning

Fundamentals of Intracellular Calcium is an all-important text for post-graduate students and researchers working in biomedicine and biochemistry. It is also essential for undergraduate lecturers and their students in physiology, medicine, pharmacy, and the biosciences.

Anthony K. Campbell, PhD, FLS, FLSW is Professor in the School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University. He has studied intracellular calcium for over 40 years, and is a world authority on bioluminescence, developing the use of genetically engineered bioluminescence to measure chemical processes in live cells, particularly Ca²⁺. One of his inventions, using chemiluminescence, is now used in several hundred million clinical tests per year worldwide. He has published 9 books, and over 250 internationally peer-reviewed papers on intracellular calcium, bioluminescence, lactose and food intolerance, and Darwin.

Inhalt

Fundamentals of Intracellular Calcium 3
Contents 9
About the Author 19
Preface 21
List of Acronyms 25
About the Companion Web Site 37
1 Calcium is Special 39
1.1 Calcium and Everyday Events 39
1.2 Discovery of Calcium 40
1.3 A Natural History of Calcium 41
1.3.1 Calcium by the Sea 41
1.3.2 Calcium in Your Wake-Up Call 42
1.4 The Elements of Life 43
1.5 Natural Occurrence of Calcium 45
1.5.1 Isotopes of Calcium 45
1.5.2 Geology of Calcium 45
1.5.3 Calcium Outside Cells 46
1.5.4 Calcium Inside Cells 48
1.6 Requirement of Cells for Ca2+ 50
1.6.1 Calcium in External Fluids 50
1.6.2 Requirement of Cell Types for Calcium 50
1.7 The Four Biological Roles of Calcium 51
1.7.1 Structural 51
1.7.2 Electrical across Biological Membranes 51
1.7.3 Extracellular Cofactor 52
1.7.4 Intracellular Regulator 52
1.8 The Puzzle about Ca2+ Inside Cells 55
1.9 How Important Intracellular Calcium has been in Science 56
1.10 Darwin and Intracellular Ca2+ 57
1.11 The Scene Set 59
1.12 ‘Ja Kalzium, das ist alles!’ 59
1.13 Calcium – The Fundamentals 60
Recommended Reading 61
Books 61
Reviews 61
Articles 61
2 Intracellular Calcium – Principles 63
2.1 Ca2+ and the Concept of Cell Signalling 63
2.1.1 Primary Signals and Intracellular Ca2+ 63
2.1.2 The Source of Intracellular Ca2+ 65
2.2 The Problem 67
2.3 Some Key Questions 67
2.3.1 Question 1 – What is the Primary Stimulus and Secondary Regulator(s)? 67
2.3.2 Question 2 – What is the Intracellular Signal? 68
2.3.3 Question 3 – How do the Secondary Regulators Work? 68
2.4 Types of Intracellular Ca2+ Signal 69
2.4.1 Category of Cell Based on the Ca2+ Signal 69
2.4.2 Types of Ca2+ Signal 70
2.4.3 Ca2+ Sparks, Puffs and Sparklets 71
2.5 Rubicon Principle 72
2.5.1 Digital Versus Analogue Cell Events 72
2.5.2 The Ca2+ Signaling Toolkit 74
2.5.3 Amplification Mechanisms 74
2.6 Key Experiments to Answer Key Questions 76
2.6.1 Raising Cytosolic Free Ca2+ Artificially 76
2.6.2 Measurement of Free Ca2+ in Live Cells 76
2.6.3 How the Ca2+ Signal is Generated 77
2.6.4 Identifying the Ca2+ Target 77
2.6.5 How Binding of Ca2+ to its Target Causes the Cell Event 77
2.6.6 How the Cell Returns to Rest 78
2.7 Nomenclature – How Things are Named 78
2.7.1 English and Etymology 78
2.7.2 Organisms 79
2.7.3 Acronyms, Cells and Biochemistry 79
2.7.4 Genes 80
2.7.5 Proteins and Protein Sequences 81
2.7.6 Enzymes 81
2.7.7 Ion Channels 82
2.7.8 Agonists and Antagonists 85
2.7.9 Chemicals 85
2.7.10 Toxins 86
2.7.11 Drugs 86
2.7.12 Ca2+ Indicators 87
2.7.13 Units 88
2.8 Model Systems 88
2.9 Darwin, Wallace and Intracellular Ca2+ 89
2.9.1 Natural Selection in Real Time 89
2.9.2 Small Change by Small Change 90
2.10 New Knowledge 92
2.11 Conclusions 93
Recommended reading 93
Books 93
Reviews 93
Papers 94
3 A Century plus of Intracellular Ca2+ 95
3.1 Background 95
3.1.1 Pathway of Discovery and Invention for Intracellular Ca2+ 95
3.1.2 Model Systems 96
3.2 Why Study the History of Science? 96
3.3 The Tale of Three Pioneers and What Followed 97
3.3.1 Experiments of Sydney Ringer (1836–1910) 97
3.3.2 The Vision of Lewis Victor Heilbrunn (1892–1959) 99
3.3.3 Setsuro Ebashi (1922–2006): Pioneer of Intracellular Ca2+ in Muscle Contraction 101
3.4 Ca2+ as an Intracellular Regulator 102
3.4.1 Cell Theory 103
3.4.2 Origin of the Use of Ca2+ 103
3.4.3 Manipulation of Ca2+ 104
3.4.4 Measurement and Location of Free Ca2+ in Live Cells 104
3.4.5 Identification of the Components Responsible for Regulating Free Ca2+ Inside Cells 109
3.4.6 Discovery of Plasma Membrane Ca2+ Pumps and Transporters 109
3.4.7 Discovery of How Ca2+ is Released from the Sarco-/Endo-Plasmic Reticulum 110
3.4.8 Discovery of IP3 and its Receptor 111
3.4.9 Discovery of the Ryanodine Receptor 111
3.4.10 Discovery of Store-Operated Calcium Entry (SOCE) 112
3.4.11 Discovery of Ca2+ Channels in the Plasma Membrane 114
3.4.12 Discovery of TRP Channels 116
3.4.13 Discovery of G-Proteins 116
3.4.14 Ca2+ Targets Inside Cells and How They Work 116
3.4.15 Intracellular Ca2+ in Plants 118
3.4.16 Intracellular Ca2+ in Bacteria 119
3.4.17 Pathology of Intracellular Ca2+ 119
3.5 Conceptual Development of Ca2+ as an Intracellular Regulator 120
3.6 Summary 122
Recommended Reading 124
Books 124
Reviews 124
Research Papers 124
4 How to Study Intracellular Ca2+ as Cell Regulator 127
4.1 Pathway to Discover the Role of Intracellular Ca2+ in a Cell Event 127
4.2 Manipulation of Intracellular Ca2+ 128
4.3 Measurement of Intracellular Free Ca2+ 130
4.3.1 Absorbing Dyes 131
4.3.2 Fluorescent Ca2+ Indicators 132
4.3.3 Calibration of Fluors 134
4.3.4 Ca2+-Activated Photoproteins 136
4.3.5 Calibration of Ca2+-Activated Photoproteins 140
4.3.6 Ca2+ Indicators from Engineered GFP 143
4.3.7 Other Free Ca2+ Indicators for Whole Organs and Organisms 147
4.4 Detecting and Imaging Photons 147
4.5 Measurement of Total Cell Ca2+ 151
4.6 Calcium Buffers 151
4.7 Measurement of Ca2+ Fluxes 153
4.8 How to Study Ca2+ Channels 154
4.9 Discovering How the Rise in Cytosolic Free Ca2+ Occurs and then Returns to Rest 155
4.10 Discovering the Intracellular Ca2+ Target and How it Works 156
4.11 Other Ions 156
4.12 Summary 157
Recommended Reading 158
Books 158
Reviews 158
Research Papers 159
5 How Ca2+ is Regulated Inside Cells 161
5.1 Principles 161
5.2 How Resting Cells Maintain their Ca2+ Balance 164
5.3 Electrophysiology of Intracellular Ca2+ 165
5.4 Primary Stimuli Producing a Cytosolic Ca2+ Signal 168
5.5 Plasma Membrane Ca2+ Channels 169
5.5.1 Voltage-Gated Ca2+ Channels 169
5.5.2 TRP Channels 174
5.5.3 Receptor-Activated Ca2+ Channels 175
5.5.4 Mechanosensitive Channels 176
5.5.5 Store-Operated Calcium Entry (SOCE) 176
5.5.6 Ca2+ Receptor 177
5.6 Regulation of Intracellular Ca2+ by, and within, Organelles 178
5.6.1 Endo- and Sarco-Plasmic Reticulum (ER/SR) 178
5.6.2 Mitochondrial Ca2+ 184
5.6.3 Lysosomal and Endosomal Ca2+ 186
5.6.4 Secretory Vesicle Ca2+ 187
5.6.5 Peroxisomal Ca2+ 187
5.6.6 Control of Ca2+ by the Golgi 188
5.6.7 Nucleus and Ca2+ 188
5.6.8 Plant Organelles and Ca2+ 189
5.6.9 Acidocalcisomes 190
5.7 Second Messengers and Regulation of Ca2+ Signalling in the Cytosol 190
5.8 Pore Formers and Intracellular Ca2+ 192
5.9 Gap Junctions and Connexins 192
5.10 Other Ion Channels and Ca2+ 193
5.11 Summary – How Ca2+ is Regulated Inside Cells 194
Recommended Reading 195
Books 195
Reviews 195
Research Papers 196
6 How Ca2+ Works Inside Cells 199
6.1 Biological Chemistry of Ca2+ 199
6.1.1 The Special Biological Chemistry of Ca2+ 199
6.1.2 Key Chemical Properties of Ca2+ 202
6.1.3 Ca2+ Ligands 202
6.1.4 Solvation 204
6.1.5 Activity Coefficients 205
6.1.6 Fractional Ca2+ Binding After a Ca2+ Signal 205
6.1.7 Kinetics 207
6.1.8 Diffusion 207
6.1.9 Solubility 208
6.2 Ca2+-Binding Proteins 208
6.2.1 Ca2+-Binding Proteins Inside Cells 208
6.2.2 Proteins with the EF-Hand Motif 209
6.2.3 Proteins with the C2 Motif 215
6.2.4 Proteins with a Cluster of Acidic Residues 216
6.2.5 Proteins Forming a Cluster of Oxygen Ligands 217
6.3 Ca2+ and Other Intracellular Signals 220
6.3.1 Cyclic Nucleotides and Ca2+ 220
6.3.2 Ca2+ and Protein Kinase C (PKC) 222
6.3.3 Nitric Oxide and Ca2+ 222
6.3.4 Ca2+, Inositol Phosphates and Other Intracellular Signals 223
6.4 Ca2+ and Monovalent Ions 223
6.4.1 Intracellular Ca2+ and K+ Conductance 224
6.4.2 Intracellular Ca2+ and Na+ Conductance 225
6.4.3 Ca2+ and Chloride Channels (CaCC) 226
6.5 Other Cations and Intracellular Ca2+ 226
6.6 Anions and Intracellular Ca2+ 227
6.7 Summary 227
Recommended Reading 229
Books 229
Reviews 229
Research Papers 230
7 How Ca2+ Regulates Animal Cell Physiology 231
7.1 Principles 231
7.2 Ca2+ and How Nerves Work 232
7.3 Muscle Contraction 234
7.4 Chemotaxis and Ca2+ 240
7.5 Intracellular Ca2+ and Secretion 241
7.6 Ca2+ and Endocytosis 247
7.7 Ca2+ and Phagocytosis 248
7.8 Intracellular Ca2+ and Intermediary Metabolism 248
7.9 Intracellular Ca2+ and Cell Growth 250
7.9.1 Principles 250
7.9.2 Cell Cycle and Ca2+ 250
7.9.3 Fertilisation and Intracellular Ca2+ 252
7.9.4 Differentiation and Intracellular Ca2+ 254
7.10 Intracellular Ca2+ and the Immune Response 254
7.11 Intracellular Ca2+ and Vision 255
7.11.1 Ca2+ and Vertebrate Vision 256
7.11.2 Ca2+ and Invertebrate Vision 257
7.12 Intracellular Ca2+ and Other Senses 257
7.13 Ca2+ and Bioluminescence 258
7.14 Intracellular Ca2+ and Gene Expression 260
7.15 Summary 261
Recommended Reading 262
Books 262
Reviews 263
Research Papers 263
8 Intracellular Ca2+, Microbes and Viruses 265
8.1 The Puzzle 265
8.2 What Microbes Do 266
8.3 Indirect Evidence of a Role for Intracellular Ca2+ in Bacteria 266
8.4 Direct Evidence for a Role of Intracellular Ca2+ in Bacteria 268
8.5 How Much Ca2+ is there in Bacteria? 269
8.6 How Bacteria Regulate Their Intracellular Ca2 270
8.6.1 Ca2+ Influx into Bacteria 271
8.6.2 Ca2+ Efflux out of Bacteria 274
8.7 Regulation of Bacterial Events by Intracellular Ca2+ 274
8.7.1 Ca2+ and Growth of Bacteria 274
8.7.2 Ca2+ and Bacterial Movement 274
8.7.3 Quorum Sensing and Gene Expression 278
8.7.4 Ca2+ and Bacterial Metabolism 278
8.7.5 Bacterial Defence – Dormancy, Spore Formation and Germination 279
8.7.6 Bacterial Infection – Virulence, Competence and Defence 280
8.7.7 Development of Bacterial Structures 281
8.7.8 Ca2+ and Gene Expression in Bacteria 283
8.7.9 Uptake of Nucleic Acid by Bacteria 283
8.7.10 Bacterial Metabolic Toxin Hypothesis 284
8.7.11 Intracellular Ca2+ in Bacteria – Conclusions 284
8.8 Role of Intracellular Ca2+ in Archaea 285
8.9 Intracellular Ca2+ and Viruses 287
8.9.1 Eukaryotic Viruses 287
8.9.2 Bacterial Viruses – Bacteriophages 289
8.10 Intracellular Ca2+ and Eukaryotic Microbes 289
8.10.1 Yeast 290
8.10.2 Paramecium and Related Ciliates 292
8.10.3 Slime Moulds 293
8.10.4 Luminous Radiolarians 295
8.11 Summary 295
Recommended Reading 296
Books 296
Reviews 297
Research Papers 297
9 Role of Intracellular Ca2+ in Plants and Fungi 299
9.1 Role of Ca2+ in Plants 299
9.2 What Stimulates Plants? 300
9.2.1 Plant Cell Stimuli 300
9.2.2 Plant Hormones 301
9.2.3 Intracellular Signals in Plants 303
9.3 Requirement of Plants for Ca2+ 303
9.4 Where Ca2+ is Stored in Plants 304
9.5 Measurement of Cytosolic Free Ca2+ in Plants 305
9.6 Components of Ca2+ Signalling in Plants 309
9.6.1 Ca2+ Pumps and Exchangers 309
9.6.2 Ca2+ Channels in the Plasma Membrane 309
9.6.3 Plant Organelles and Ca2+ 310
9.6.4 Ca2+-Binding Proteins in Plants 311
9.6.5 Ca2+-Sensitive Genes in Plants 312
9.7 How Intracellular Ca2+ Provokes Cellular Events in Plants 312
9.7.1 Light and Intracellular Ca2+ in Plants 313
9.7.2 Control of Opening and Closing of Stoma/Stomata 313
9.7.3 Wind and Mechanical Stimulation of Plants 314
9.7.4 Gravity Sensing and Growth 314
9.7.5 Fertilisation, Germination and Differentiation 315
9.7.6 Legumes 316
9.7.7 Intermediary Metabolism 316
9.7.8 Transport by Phloem 317
9.7.9 Defence Against Stress 317
9.8 Fungal Elicitors 318
9.9 Apoptosis 319
9.10 Intracellular Ca2+ and Plant Pathology 319
9.11 Ca2+ in Mosses, Liverworts and Ferns 319
9.12 Ca2+ in Fungi 320
9.12.1 Fungi and Intracellular Ca2+ 320
9.12.2 Intracellular Ca2+ and Yeast 321
9.12.3 Lichens 322
9.13 Ca2+ and Slime Moulds 322
9.14 Summary 322
Recommended Reading 323
Books 323
Reviews 323
Research Papers 324
10 Pathology of Intracellular Ca2+ 325
10.1 What is Pathology? 325
10.2 Types of Pathology 326
10.3 Intracellular Ca2+ – Friend or Foe? 327
10.4 Intracellular Ca2+ and Cell Death 328
10.4.1 Necrosis 329
10.4.2 Apoptosis 330
10.4.3 Autophagy 332
10.4.4 Lysis 333
10.4.5 Cell Death Conclusions 333
10.5 Genetic Abnormalities in Ca2+ Signalling Proteins 335
10.5.1 Ca2+ Channelopathies 336
10.5.2 Ca2+ Pumpopathies 336
10.5.3 Mutations in ER Ca2+ Release Proteins 337
10.5.4 Mutations in Ca2+ Target Proteins 338
10.5.5 Proteins Associated with Ca2+ Signalling 338
10.6 Oxygen and Cell Pathology 338
10.6.1 Ca2+ Paradox 338
10.6.2 Oxidative Damage and Intracellular Ca2+ 340
10.7 Inappropriate Ca2+ Signalling 340
10.7.1 Cramp 341
10.7.2 Immune System and Other Organs in Disease 341
10.7.3 Bacterial Metabolic Toxins 342
10.8 ER Stress Response 344
10.9 Summary 346
Recommended Reading 347
Books 347
Reviews 347
Research Papers 348
11 Pharmacology of Intracellular Ca2+ 351
11.1 Background 351
11.2 Pharmacological Targets for Intracellular Ca2+ 354
11.3 Drugs Used Clinically on Intracellular Ca2+ 355
11.4 Anaesthetics 355
11.5 Ca2+ Channel Effectors 356
11.5.1 Classes of Ca2+ Channel Blocker 356
11.5.2 Dihydropyridines 359
11.5.3 Phenylalkylamines 360
11.5.4 Benzothiazapines 360
11.6 Hypertension 361
11.7 Arrhythmia, Tachycardia and Bradycardia 361
11.8 Angina 362
11.9 Heart Failure 362
11.10 Agents that Affect Adrenergic Receptors 363
11.11 Cardiac Glycosides 364
11.12 Benzodiazapines 364
11.13 Anti-Psychotic Drugs 365
11.14 Stimulants and Drugs of Abuse 365
11.15 Analgesics 365
11.16 Anti-Depressants and Manic Depression 367
11.17 Diabetes 367
11.18 Muscle Relaxants 367
11.19 Anti-Allergics and Anti-Immune Compounds 368
11.20 Xanthines 369
11.21 Substances Used Experimentally to Interfere with Intracellular Ca2+ 369
11.21.1 Ca2+ Buffers and Ionophores 370
11.21.2 Ca2+ Channels 370
11.21.3 Agents which Open or Close Voltage-Gated Ca2+ Channels 370
11.21.4 IP3 Receptor Activators and Blockers 371
11.21.5 Ryanodine Receptor Agonists and Antagonists 373
11.21.6 Plasma Membrane Ca2+ Pump and Exchanger Inhibitors 373
11.21.7 SERCA Pump Inhibitors 373
11.21.8 Compounds which Affect SOCE 374
11.21.9 Mitochondrial Blockers 374
11.21.10 Ca2+ Target Inhibitors 375
11.22 Natural Toxins and Poisons 377
11.22.1 Natural Stings, Bites and Other Toxin Events 377
11.22.2 Cone Snail Toxins – Conotoxins 378
11.22.3 Spider Toxins – Agatoxins 380
11.22.4 Scorpion Toxins 380
11.22.5 Pufferfish and Octopus Toxins 381
11.22.6 Jellyfish Sting Toxins 381
11.22.7 Hymenopteran Stings and Bites 382
11.22.8 Snake Venoms 383
11.23 Plant Toxins and Intracellular Ca2+ 383
11.24 Drugs and the Ca2+ Receptor 384
11.25 Bacteria 385
11.26 Ions and Intracellular Ca2+ 385
11.27 Antibodies and Intracellular Ca2+ 386
11.28 Manipulation of mRNA 387
11.29 Summary 387
Recommended Reading 388
Books 388
Reviews 388
Research Papers 389
12 Darwin and 4000 Million Years of Intracellular Ca2+ 391
12.1 Darwin and Calcium 391
12.2 Evolution and Ca2+ 395
12.3 What is Evolution? 395
12.3.1 The Word Evolution 395
12.3.2 The Process 396
12.3.3 Sequence of Earth’s Evolution 397
12.3.4 Ca2+ and Primeval Life 398
12.3.5 Ca2+ and the Origin of the Three Fundamental Cell Types 398
12.3.6 Timescale 399
12.4 Evolution of Ca2+ Signalling 400
12.4.1 Origin of Ca2+ Signalling 400
12.4.2 Membrane Potential 400
12.4.3 Evolution of Ca2+ Signalling Based on Protein Sequences 402
12.4.4 Evolution of Ca2+-Binding Sites 406
12.4.5 Origin of the EF-Hand 407
12.5 Darwin and Knock-Outs 409
12.6 Summary 411
Recommended Reading 413
Books 413
Reviews 413
Research Papers 414
13 They Think It’s All Over 417
13.1 Calcium and the Beauty of Nature 417
13.2 What We Know About Intracellular Ca2+ 418
13.2.1 Principles 418
13.2.2 The Pathway of Discovery 421
13.3 What We Don’t Know About Intracellular Ca2+ 423
13.4 Intracellular Ca2+ at School and University 425
13.5 The Inspiration of Intracellular Ca2+ 426
13.6 Communicating the Story of Intracellular Ca2+ to Others 429
13.7 The End of the Beginning 434
Recommended Reading 436
Books 436
Reviews 436
Research Papers 436
Index 437
EULA 467

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 29.8.2017
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Biochemie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Zellbiologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie ► Organische Chemie
• Schlagworte: Anthony K. Campbell • Biochemie • Biochemie u. Chemische Biologie • biochemistry • Biochemistry (Chemical Biology) • Biological Chemistry • biological inorganic chemistry • Biology • Bioluminescence • biomedicine • Biowissenschaften • Calcium regulation • Calcium Signaling • calcium signaling systems • calcium signalling • Cell & Molecular Biology • Cell Biology • Cell function • Cell research • cell signaling • chemical processes within the body • Chemie • Chemistry • food science • Fundamentals of Intracellular Calcium</p> • human cells • Inorganic Biochemistry • Intracellular Ca2+ • intracellular calcium • intracellular calcium signaling • Kalzium • Life Sciences • <p>Intracellular calcium signaling • medical biochemistry • Medical Science • Medicine • Medizin • Microbiology • Molecular Biology • Pharmaceutical science • pharmacology • Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical Medicine • Pharmakologie • Pharmakologie u. Pharmazeutische Medizin • the role of calcium in the body • Zell- u. Molekularbiologie
• ISBN-13: 9781118941881 / 9781118941881