Environmental Chemistry (eBook)

An Analytical Approach

Kenneth S. Overway (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF

2017
Wiley (Verlag)
978-1-119-08550-8 (ISBN)

Infos

Covers the essentials of environmental chemistry and focuses on measurements that can be made in a typical undergraduate laboratory

• Provides a review of general chemistry nestled in the story of the Big Bang and the formation of the Earth
• Includes a primer on measurement statistics and quantitative methods to equip students to make measurements in lab
• Encapsulates environmental chemistry in three chapters on the atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere
• Describes many instruments and methods used to make common environmental measurements

Kenneth Overway, PhD has been teaching chemistry courses at the college level since 1999. His expertise in analytical chemistry and instrumental analysis have been applied to environmental chemistry in the development of an environmental science major at Bridgewater College. His research interests involve instrument design, spectroscopy and soil chemistry.

Inhalt

Cover 1
Title Page 5
Copyright 6
Contents 9
Preface 15
About the Companion Website 17
Introduction 19
Chapter 1 Origins: A Chemical History of the Earth from the Big Bang Until Now - 13.8 Billion Years of Review 21
1.1 Introduction 21
1.2 The Big Bang 21
1.2.1 The Microwave Background 21
1.2.2 Stars and Elements 24
1.2.3 Primordial Nucleosynthesis 25
1.2.4 Nucleosynthesis in Massive Stars 25
1.2.5 Nucleosynthesis Summary 27
1.3 Solar Nebular Model: The Birth of Our Solar System 28
1.3.1 The Ages of the Earth 29
1.4 Life Emerges 36
1.4.1 Biomolecules 36
1.4.2 Macromolecules 37
1.4.3 Self-Replication 39
1.4.4 Molecular Evolution 41
1.5 Review Material 42
1.6 Important Terms 68
Exercises 69
Bibliography 71
Chapter 2 Measurements and Statistics 73
2.1 Introduction 73
2.2 Measurements 74
2.2.1 Random Noise 74
2.2.2 Significant Figures (Sig Figs) 78
2.2.3 Systematic Errors 79
2.3 Primary and Secondary Standards 80
2.3.1 Other Reagents 81
2.4 Sample and Population Distributions 82
2.5 Hypothesis Testing 83
2.6 Methods of Quantitation 87
2.6.1 The Method of External Standards 88
2.6.2 Internal Standards 89
2.6.3 The Method of Standard Additions 92
2.7 Quantitative Equipment 98
2.7.1 Analytical Balances 98
2.7.2 Glassware 99
2.7.3 Pipettors 100
2.7.4 Cleaning 102
2.7.5 Sample Cells and Optical Windows 102
2.8 Linear Regression Lite 104
2.8.1 The Method of External Standard Regression Template 104
2.8.2 The Method of Multipoint Internal Standard Regression Template 109
2.8.3 The Equal-Volume Variant of the Method of Multiple Standard Addition Regression Template 111
2.8.4 Where Unknowns Should Fall on the Calibration Curve 112
2.9 Important Terms 112
Exercises 113
Bibliography 114
Chapter 3 The Atmosphere 115
3.1 Introduction 115
3.2 An Overview of the Atmosphere 116
3.3 The Exosphere and Thermosphere 117
3.4 The Mesosphere 120
3.5 The Stratosphere 121
3.5.1 The Chapman Cycle 121
3.6 The Troposphere 124
3.6.1 The Planetary Energy Budget 125
3.6.2 The Greenhouse Effect 128
3.7 Tropospheric Chemistry 131
3.7.1 The Internal Combustion Engine 132
3.7.2 Ground-Level Ozone and Photochemical Smog 138
3.7.3 The Hydroxyl Radical 141
3.8 Classical Smog 152
3.9 Acid Deposition 154
3.10 Ozone Destruction in the Stratosphere 157
3.11 The Ozone Hole 161
3.11.1 Polar Stratospheric Clouds 161
3.11.2 The Polar Vortex 162
3.11.3 The Dark Winter 163
3.12 CFC Replacements 163
3.13 Climate Change 166
3.14 Measurements of Atmospheric Constituents 174
3.14.1 Satellite-Based Measurements 175
3.14.2 Ground-Based Measurements 176
3.14.3 Ambient Monitoring 176
3.14.4 Infrared Spectroscopy 177
3.15 Important Terms 177
Exercises 178
Bibliography 181
Chapter 4 The Lithosphere 185
4.1 Introduction 185
4.2 Soil Formation 185
4.2.1 Physical Weathering 186
4.2.2 Chemical Weathering 187
4.2.3 Minerals 187
4.2.4 Organic Matter and Decay 188
4.2.5 Microorganism Classifications 192
4.2.6 Respiration and Redox Chemistry 193
4.3 Metals and Complexation 196
4.3.1 Phytoremediation 198
4.4 Acid Deposition and Soil 198
4.4.1 Limestone Buffering 199
4.4.2 Cation-Exchange Buffering 201
4.4.3 Aluminum Buffering 202
4.4.4 Biotic Buffering Systems 202
4.4.5 Buffering Summary 203
4.4.6 Aluminum Toxicity 204
4.5 Measurements 205
4.5.1 Metals 205
4.5.2 pH and the Equilibrium Soil Solution 206
4.6 Important Terms 207
Exercises 207
Bibliography 209
Chapter 5 The Hydrosphere 211
5.1 Introduction 211
5.2 The Unusual Properties of Water 211
5.2.1 Freshwater Stratification 212
5.2.2 The Thermohaline Circulation 213
5.2.3 Salinity 214
5.3 Water as a Solvent 214
5.3.1 Dissolved Solids 215
5.3.2 Dissolved Oxygen 216
5.4 The Carbon Cycle 219
5.4.1 Anthropogenic Contributions 220
5.4.2 Biotic Processes 220
5.4.3 Summary 220
5.5 The Nitrogen Cycle 221
5.5.1 Nitrogen Fixation and Assimilation 222
5.5.2 Ammonification 222
5.5.3 Nitrification 222
5.5.4 Denitrification 223
5.5.5 Summary 223
5.6 The Phosphorus Cycle 223
5.7 The Sulfur Cycle 225
5.7.1 Summary 226
5.8 Water Quality 226
5.9 Wastewater Treatment 228
5.9.1 Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen Demand 228
5.9.2 Primary Treatment 230
5.9.3 Secondary Treatment 230
5.9.4 Anaerobic Digestion 231
5.9.5 Tertiary Treatment 232
5.9.6 Filtration 233
5.9.7 Disinfection 233
5.9.8 Biosolids 234
5.9.9 Septic Tanks and Sewage Fields 234
5.10 Measurements 235
5.10.1 Potentiometric pH Measurements 235
5.10.2 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 237
5.10.3 Salinity 237
5.10.4 Total Organic Carbon (TOC) 237
5.10.5 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 238
5.10.6 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 239
5.10.7 Dissolved Oxygen 239
5.10.8 The Nitrate Ion 242
5.10.9 The Nitrite Ion 243
5.10.10 Ammoniacal Nitrogen 243
5.10.11 The Phosphate Ion 243
5.10.12 The Sulfate Ion 244
5.11 Important Terms 244
Exercises 245
Bibliography 247
Appendix A Chapter 1 Review Examples and End-of-Chapter Exercises 251
A.1 Solutions to In-Chapter Review Examples 251
A.2 Questions about the Big Bang, Solar Nebular Model, and the Formation of the Earth 269
Appendix B Chapter 2 Examples and End-of-Chapter Exercises 273
B.1 Solutions to In-Chapter Examples 273
B.2 Solutions to End-of-Chapter Exercises 277
Appendix C Chapter 3 Examples and End-of-Chapter Exercises 281
C.1 Solutions to In-Chapter Examples 281
C.2 Solutions to End-of-Chapter Exercises 286
Appendix D Chapter 4 Examples and End-of-Chapter Exercises 297
D.1 Solutions to In-Chapter Examples 297
D.2 Solutions to End-of-Chapter Exercises 300
Appendix E Chapter 5 Examples 305
E.1 Solutions to In-Chapter Examples 305
E.2 Solutions to End-of-Chapter Exercises 309
Appendix F Common Chemical Instrumentation 315
F.1 UV-Vis Spectrophotometers 315
F.1.1 Turbidity 316
F.1.2 Quantitation 317
F.2 Fluorometers 317
F.2.1 Nephelometry 318
F.2.2 Quantitation 318
F.3 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometers 319
F.3.1 Flame Atomization 319
F.3.2 Electrothermal Atomization 319
F.3.3 Summary 320
F.3.4 Quantitation 320
F.4 Inductively Coupled Plasma Instrument 320
F.4.1 Summary 321
F.4.2 Quantitation 321
F.5 Chromatography 322
F.5.1 Quantitation 323
F.6 Infrared Spectrometry 324
F.6.1 Quantitation 326
Exercises 327
F.6.2 UV-Vis Spectrophotometry 327
F.6.3 Fluorometers 327
F.6.4 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) and ICP-MS/OES 327
F.6.5 Chromatography 327
F.6.6 FTIR Spectrometer 328
F.7 Answers to Common Instrumentation Exercises 328
F.7.1 UV-Vis Spectrophotometry 328
F.7.2 Fluorometers 328
F.7.3 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) and ICP-MS/OES 329
F.7.4 Chromatography 329
F.7.5 FTIR Spectrometer 330
Bibliography 330
Appendix G Derivations 331
G.1 The Equal Volume Method of Multiple Standard Additions Formula 331
G.2 Two-Point Variable-Volume Method of Standard Addition Formula 332
G.3 Variable-Volume Method of Multiple Standard Additions Formula 333
Appendix H Tables 335
H.1 Student's Table 335
H.2 F Test Table 336
Appendix I Chemical and Physical Constants 337
I.1 Physical Constants 337
I.2 Standard Thermochemical Properties of Selected Species 338
I.3 Henry's Law Constants 341
I.4 Solubility Product Constants 342
I.5 Acid Dissociation Constants 343
I.6 Base Dissociation Constants 344
I.7 Bond Energies 345
I.8 Standard Reduction Potentials 346
I.9 OH Oxidation Rate Constants Values 347
Bibliography 347
Index 349
EULA 355

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 7.3.2017
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Biochemie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie
• Schlagworte: analytical measurements</p> • Atmosphere • Bauingenieur- u. Bauwesen • chemical instrumentation • Chemie • Chemistry • Civil Engineering & Construction • Environmental Analysis • Environmental Engineering • Environmental Science • Environmental Studies • Hydrosphere • Lithosphere • <p>environmental chemistry • methods of quantitation • Umweltanalytik • Umweltforschung • Umwelttechnik • Umweltwissenschaften • undergraduate
• ISBN-10: 1-119-08550-0 / 1119085500
• ISBN-13: 978-1-119-08550-8 / 9781119085508