Plant Cells and their Organelles (eBook)

William V. Dashek, Gurbachan S. Miglani (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2016
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-118-92476-1 (ISBN)

Infos

Plant Cells and Their Organelles provides a comprehensive overview of the structure and function of plant organelles. The text focuses on subcellular organelles while also providing relevant background on plant cells, tissues and organs. Coverage of the latest methods of light and electron microscopy and modern biochemical procedures for the isolation and identification of organelles help to provide a thorough and up-to-date companion text to the field of plant cell and subcellular biology. The book is designed as an advanced text for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students with student-friendly diagrams and clear explanations.

About the Editors
William V. Dashek, Emeritus Professor, Mary Baldwin College, USA
Dr. Dashek is the recipient of BS, MS and Ph.D. degree from Marquette University where he was a National Institute of Health pre-doctoral trainee. He was a post-doctorate fellow at the Michigan State University Plant research Laboratory. Subsequently, he began a lengthy Academic teaching and research career. Currently, Dashek is retired writing advanced textbooks.

Gurbachan S. Miglani, Visiting Professor, School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, India
Dr. Miglani obtained B.Sc. (Agri. & A.H.) and M.Sc. (Genetics) from Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana, Punjab, India and Ph.D. from Howard University, Washington, D.C. During his 35-year teaching stint at PAU he taught general and specialized courses in genetics. Even after retirement Miglani is still teaching molecular genetics and biotechnology at PAU. In addition to research and review papers, popular science articles, laboratory manuals he has published a dozen books and presently he is writing his next book.

Inhalt

Title Page 5
Copyright Page 6
Contents 7
Contributors 11
Preface 13
Acknowledgments 14
Chapter 1 An introduction to cells and their organelles 15
Cells 15
How do cells arise? 15
What is the composition of cells? 19
Cell organelles – an introduction 20
Ion channels 24
Proton pumps 28
Water channels 28
Carriers 29
Cell death 31
References 32
Further reading 38
Chapter 2 Isolation and characterization of subcellular organelles from plant cells 39
Isolation of subcellular organelles 40
Cell disruption 41
Isolation of subcellular organelles 41
Differential centrifugation 42
Density gradient centrifugation 42
Affinity chromatography 44
Free-flow electrophoresis 44
Flow field-flow fractionation 45
Affinity purification 45
Fluorescence-activated organelle sorting 46
Magnetic immunoabsorption 46
Isoelectric focusing 46
Nanotrap technology 47
Identification and characterization of isolated organelles 47
Microscopic techniques 47
Bright-field microscopy 48
Fluorescence microscopy 48
Dark-field microscopy 48
Nomarski microscopy 49
Electron tomography 49
Transmission electron microscopy 49
Scanning electron microscopy 49
Wide-field microscopy 52
Magnetic resonance force microscopy 52
Multiphoton microscopy 52
Marker enzymes 52
Summary 53
References 53
Further reading 55
Chapter 3 Endoplasmic reticulum 56
Structure 56
Chemical composition 56
Biogenesis 59
Functions 59
Protein synthesis 59
Posttranslational events 63
Protein folding 63
Glycosylation 64
Methylation 64
Nitrosylation 64
Palmitoylation (thioacylation or S-acylation) 64
Phosphorylation 65
Prenylation 66
Sulfation 66
SUMOylation 66
Ubiquitylation 67
Inhibitors 67
In vitro protein synthesis 68
Other functions 68
References 68
Further reading 74
Chapter 4 The Golgi apparatus 75
The Golgi apparatus 75
History 75
Plant vs animal Golgi 78
Plant Golgi introduction 80
General structure and Golgi polarity 81
Structure and organization 83
Golgi-ER continuum 83
Connections between Golgi stacks 84
Plant Golgi and the cytoskeleton 84
Models of Golgi organization 85
Golgi-mediated vesicular trafficking 85
Clathrin-coated vesicles 86
COPII vesicles 86
COPI vesicles 87
Golgi movement 87
Plant Golgi-dependent cellular processes 88
Polysaccharide synthesis and deposition 88
Glycosylation 90
Imaging and visualization 90
Isolation and analysis 92
Density gradients 92
Proteomic analysis 94
Golgi genetics and genomics 95
Cell wall biosynthetic genes 95
Golgi organization and structure 96
Chemical genomics 98
Significance 98
Acknowledgment 99
References 99
Further reading 101
Chapter 5 Microbodies 102
Introducing peroxisomes 102
Leaf peroxisomes 103
Peroxisomes in oil seeds and pollen 105
Peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation 105
Nitrogen metabolism in peroxisomes 108
Defence molecules from peroxisomes 108
Antioxidant processes in peroxisomes 109
Peroxisomal movements 110
Peroxisomal division 111
Peroxisomal growth 112
Proteomics, genomics and bioinformatics 117
Whence peroxisomes? 120
Plant peroxisomal coda 121
References 121
Further reading 123
Chapter 6 Microtubules, intermediate filaments, and actin filaments 124
Microtubules 124
Structure 124
Chemical composition 124
Biogenesis 126
Functions 126
Intermediate filaments 127
Structure 127
Chemical composition and biogenesis 130
Actin filaments (microfilaments) 130
Structure 130
Chemical composition and biogenesis 130
Functions 132
References 133
Further reading 138
Chapter 7 The mitochondrion 139
Structure and dynamics 139
The mitochondrial genome 142
Comparison of the mitochondrial genome with chloroplast and nuclear genomes 145
The mitochondrial proteome and protein import 146
Respiratory metabolite transporters 147
The electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation 147
Generation of pyruvate for the tricarboxylic acid cycle 147
The TCA cycle 148
The electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation 152
The alternative electron transfer chain in plant mitochondria 153
Plant mitochondria, stress responses and programmed cell death 153
Other functions of plant mitochondria 154
Photorespiration 154
Cytoplasmic male sterility 155
Mitochondria as a biosynthesis centre 156
References 158
Further reading 159
Chapter 8 Nucleus 160
Structural organization of the NE 161
Proteins associated with ONM 161
Proteins associated with INM 163
The Nuclear Lamina 164
NE Lumen/Perinuclear Space 165
Nuclear pores 166
Transmembrane ring Nups 169
Cytoplasmic filaments and the nuclear basket 170
Central FG Nups 170
Outer ring, inner ring, and linker Nups (scaffold Nups) 171
The nucleolus 171
The chromosomal nucleolus organizer 174
Ribosome biogenesis 174
Nucleolar disassembly and assembly 176
Functions of nucleolus 178
Chromatin and chromosomes 179
Histone and nonhistone proteins 180
Beads-on-a-string model 180
Chromatosome 182
Solenoid model 182
Metaphase chromosomes 183
DNA structure 184
Native DNA is double helix 184
DNA types 185
DNA topology 185
DNA replication 187
Mechanism of replication 188
RNA structure, function, and synthesis 190
Ribosomal RNA 191
Transfer RNA 191
Messenger RNA 192
Small nucleolar RNAs 193
Small nuclear RNAs 194
Heterogeneous nuclear RNA 195
MicroRNA 195
Short interfering RNAs 196
Synthesis of RNA 196
Nucleocytoplasmic transport, nuclear import, and nuclear export 197
Nucleocytoplasmic transport 198
Nuclear import 200
Nuclear export 200
The dynamics of NE biogenesis during mitosis 202
Closed and open mitosis 202
Interphase 203
Preprophase/prophase 205
Metaphase 206
Anaphase/telophase 208
The dynamics of nuclear pore complex biogenesis 210
NPC formation in interphase 211
NPC formation in mitosis 211
Cell cycle control 214
Summary 219
References 220
Further reading 221
Chapter 9 Plant cell walls 223
Introduction 223
Structure 223
Primary CW structure 224
Secondary CW structure 226
Theoretical structure of secondary CW structure in grasses 228
Biosynthesis 230
Lignin biosynthesis 230
Chemical composition 231
Biogenesis 236
Function 239
References 245
Further reading 252
Chapter 10 Plastid structure and genomics 253
Plastid structure 253
Different forms of plastids 254
Proplastids 254
Etioplasts 255
Chromoplasts 255
Chloroplasts 256
Leucoplasts 260
Plastid stromules 262
Chlorophyll biosynthesis 262
Plastid genomics 264
Evidence that chloroplast DNA is maternally inherited 266
Paternal inheritance 266
Sequenced plastomes 267
General features of plastomes 267
Comparative studies on wheat, rice, and maize plastomes 268
Comparative genomics of liverworts and tobacco chloroplasts 269
Chloroplast genome of Welwitschia mirabilis 269
Chloroplast genome of Lolium arundinaceum 270
Chloroplast genome of Coffea arabica 270
Chloroplast genome of Phoenix dactylifera 270
Chloroplast genome of Heterosigma akashiwo 270
Chloroplast genome of Glycine max 271
Chloroplast genome of Chara vulgaris 271
Chloroplast genome of Lolium perenne L. 271
Chloroplast genome of Alsophila spinulosa 272
Chloroplast genome of Boea hygrometrica 272
Promiscuous DNA 272
Plastid genome organization 274
Chloroplast genome differences with respect to introns 274
Extreme reconfiguration of plastid genomes 274
Repeated sequences in chloroplast genomes 276
Organization and molecular evolution of organelle genomes from Marchantia polymorpha 279
Plastid gene organization, expression, and regulation 279
Co-transcription linkage of chloroplast genes 280
Changing perspectives of plastid transcription 281
Regulation of chloroplast transcription 281
Posttranscriptional control of chloroplast gene expression 282
RNA self-splicing mechanism in Chlamydomonas chloroplasts 282
Translational regulation of chloroplast genes 282
Protein stoichiometry, mRNA abundance, and transcription rates 283
Plastid mRNA stability 283
Systems biology approach in understanding chloroplast development 283
Anterograde regulation 284
Retrograde regulation 285
Cross talk between chloroplasts and mitochondria 289
Chloroplast functional state-dependent nuclear gene expression profiles 289
Decoding the signaling pathway(s) between chloroplasts and the nucleus 290
Dramatic increase in plastid DNA copy number during chloroplast development 290
Overall dynamics of chloroplast transcription 290
Differential transcription during chloroplast development 291
Chloroplast biogenesis and regulation of photosynthesis 291
A nuclear-encoded plastid-localized RNA polymerase 293
Chaperones import proteins into chloroplasts for their development 293
Chloroplast development regulated by plant hormones 294
Repression of chloroplast development 295
Development of the photosynthetic apparatus 295
Chloroplast RNA-binding and PPR proteins 296
Nuclear genes required for early chloroplast development 296
Chloroplast differentiation and dedifferentiation 297
Chloroplast genetic engineering 298
Procedure of chloroplast genetic engineering 298
Elimination of marker genes from the plastid genome 298
Marker-free chloroplast genetic engineering 300
Genetically engineered chloroplasts 300
Advantages of chloroplast genetic engineering 301
Applications of chloroplast genetic engineering 302
Recent trends in chloroplast research 303
A generalized map of the chloroplast genome 303
Establishment of redox markers and in vivo sensors 304
Riboswitches 304
Chloroplast interactome 305
Reconstruction of regulatory networks 305
A novel rewired chloroplast-signaling pathway 306
Tailored Chloroplasts 306
Summary 307
References 308
Further reading 313
Chapter 11 Photosynthesis 314
Introduction 314
Evolution of photosynthesis 315
Synthesis of tetrapyrroles 315
Evolution of the photosynthetic membrane and light-harvesting complexes 318
Origin of the chloroplast in eukaryotic cells 320
Development of the chloroplast 324
Maturation of the chloroplast 324
Role of Chlorophyll in chloroplast development 326
Assembly of LHCs during chloroplast development 329
Absorption of light energy 331
Excitation of chlorophyll 331
The reaction centers 333
Fluorescence induction curves 337
Generation of end products 338
Evolution of oxygen 338
The proton motive force and adenosine triphosphate 339
Production of NADPH 342
Distribution of the photosystems in thylakoid membranes 343
Photoinhibition: damage and repair of the PS II reaction center 346
Protection of PS II by carotenoids 346
Incorporation of carbon as CO2 into carbohydrate 348
The reductive pentose phosphate or “C3” cycle 348
The “C4” pathway 351
Regulation of CO2 assimilation by light 356
End products of carbon assimilation 360
Starch 360
Sucrose 361
Conclusions for the reactions of photosynthesis 362
References 362
Further reading 364
Chapter 12 Vacuoles and protein bodies 365
Vacuoles 365
Structure 365
Chemical composition 365
Biogenesis 369
Transport of solutes across the tonoplast 370
Functions of the vacuoles 372
PBs and other protein storage compartments 373
Terminology, locations, and relationships to particular storage proteins 373
Storage protein “trafficking” and related controversies 374
Prolamin protein body structure in maize 377
Recombinant protein accumulation and practical applications 377
Conclusions and perspectives for protein body/protein storage compartment research 378
References 379
Further reading 384
Chapter 13 Systems biology in plant cells and their organelles 385
Systems biology—“omics” 385
Genomics 387
Networks and robustness 387
Techniques of DNA and genome analysis 388
Lipidomics 392
Gas chromatography 393
High-performance liquid chromatography 394
Metabolomics 394
An overview of data analyzing techniques 395
Proteomics 396
Gel electrophoresis 397
Blotting techniques 398
Transcriptomics 398
RNA sequencing 399
Biological database 399
Synthetic biology 400
Acknowledgments 402
References 403
Further reading 405
Appendix A 406
Four major compounds in plant cells and tissues 406
Chemicals other than carbohydrates, lipids, proteinsand nucleic acids important in cell biology 408
References 410
Appendix B 414
Classification of enzymes 414
References 416
Appendix C 417
References 419
Index 421
EULA 429

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 4.11.2016
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Botanik
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Zellbiologie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Schlagworte: biochemical procedures • Biowissenschaften • Botanik • electron microscopy • Isolation and Identification • Life Sciences • Light microscopy • Organelles • Plant Cells • Plant organelles • plant organs • plant science • Plant Tissues • subcellular biology • subcellular organelles
• ISBN-10: 1-118-92476-2 / 1118924762
• ISBN-13: 978-1-118-92476-1 / 9781118924761