Natural Fibres: Advances in Science and Technology Towards Industrial Applications (eBook)

From Science to Market

Raul Fangueiro, Sohel Rana (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2016 | 1st ed. 2016
XI, 456 Seiten
Springer Netherlands (Verlag)
978-94-017-7515-1 (ISBN)

Infos

This book collects selected high quality articles submitted to the 2nd International Conference on Natural Fibers (ICNF2015). A wide range of topics is covered related to various aspects of natural fibres such as agriculture, extraction and processing, surface modification and functionalization, advanced structures, nano fibres, composites and nanocomposites, design and product development, applications, market potential, and environmental impact. Divided into separate sections on these various topics, the book presents the latest high quality research work addressing different approaches and techniques to improve processing, performance, functionalities and cost-effectiveness of natural fibre and natural based products, in order to promote their applications in various advanced technical sectors. 

This book is a useful source of information for materials scientists, teachers and students from various disciplines as well as for R& D staff in industries using natural fibre based materials.    

Inhalt

Preface 6
Contents 8
About the Editors 12
Part IProperties and Functionalities of NaturalFibres and Structures 13
1 Fibre Science: Understanding How It Works and Speculating on Its Future 14
Abstract 14
Introduction 14
The Way Fibres and Fibrous Structures Work 15
Impact of Emerging Sciences and Technologies in Fibre Science 21
Speculating on Future Product Development 23
Conclusions 27
References 27
2 Wool in Human Health and Well-Being 29
Abstract 29
Introduction 29
Skin Health 30
Physical Contact Between Textiles/Garments and Human Skin 31
Thermal and Moisture Properties 34
Human Body Odour---Textiles, Clothing, Footwear 35
Sleep---Bed Clothes, Sleepwear, Bedding 37
Conclusions 39
Acknowledgments 40
References 40
3 Correlations Between the Physiochemical Characteristics of Plant Fibres and Their Mechanical Properties 45
Abstract 45
Introduction 46
Experimental Procedures 47
Materials 47
Chemical Composition of Fibres 47
Measurement of the Microfibril Angle 48
Tensile Properties of Fibres 48
Principal Component Analysis 48
Results and Discussion 49
Carbohydrate and Lignin Content of the Plant Fibres 49
Measurement of the Plant Fibres Microfibril Angle 50
Tensile Properties of Plant Fibres 50
Damping Coefficient of Plant Fibres 52
Determination of the Correlation Between Variables Using Principal Component Analysis 53
Conclusions 55
Acknowledgements 55
References 55
4 Influence of Stem Morphology and Fibres Stiffness on the Loading Stability of Flax 58
Abstract 58
Introduction 58
Materials and Methods 59
Results 61
Stem Height and Fibre Yield 61
Elementary Fibres Mechanical Properties 62
Organization and Morphology of the Stems 63
Correlation Between the Stem Stiffness or Morphology and the Fibre Mechanical Properties 65
Conclusions 67
Acknowledgments 67
References 67
5 Young's Modulus of Plant Fibers 69
Abstract 69
Introduction 69
Decrease of the Young's Modulus as a Function of the Apparent Diameter of the Fiber 70
Taking into Account the Presence of the Lumen 72
Assuming the Presence of Another Structural Heterogeneity 73
Conclusion 76
References 76
6 Characterization of Brazil Nut Fibers 78
Abstract 78
Introduction 78
Materials and Methods 80
Material 80
Fiber Characterization 80
Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG) 81
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 82
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (WDXRF) Analysis 82
Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) 82
Results and Discussion 83
Conclusion 90
Acknowledgements 91
References 91
Part IINew, Functional and NanodimensionalNatural Fibres 93
7 Brazilian Buriti Palm Fiber (Mauritia flexuosa Mart.) 94
Abstract 94
Introduction 94
Buriti Palm Tree 95
Collection, Processing and Traditional Employment 96
Physicochemical Properties and New Employments 100
Conclusion 102
Acknowledgments 102
References 102
8 Degradation of Dyes Using Plantain Fibers Modified with Nanoparticles 104
Abstract 104
Introduction 105
Plantain Crops in Colombia 105
Current Applications of Plantain Fibers 105
Contamination by Chemical Dyes 107
Methodology 107
Extraction of Fibers from Plantain Pseudostem 107
Cationization Process 108
Functionalization of Fibers 110
Dye Degradation 111
Results and Discussion 111
Fibers Characterization 111
Dye Degradation 113
Discussion 114
Conclusions 115
References 115
9 Removal of Crude Oil Using a New Natural Fibre---Calotropis procera 117
Abstract 117
Introduction 118
Experimental Part 120
Materials 120
Calotropis procera Fibres 120
Water Drop Absorption Test 120
Petroleum 121
Experimental Planning by Statistical Analysis 121
Kinetic Study 121
Results and Discussion 122
Microstructural Characterization of Calotropis procera Fibre 122
Characterization of Petroleum 124
Statistical Analysis by RSM (Response Surface Methodology) 125
Conclusion 127
References 128
10 Amazonian Tururi Palm Fiber Material (Manicaria saccifera Gaertn.) 130
Abstract 130
Introduction 130
The Ubuçu Palm Tree 131
Collection, Processing and Traditional Employment 132
Physicochemical Properties and New Employments 135
Conclusion 138
Acknowledgments 138
References 139
11 Nanoindentation Measurements of Jute/Poly Lactic Acid Composites 141
Abstract 141
Overview of Present Situation 141
Present State of Problems 143
Experimental Methods 144
Materials 144
Pulverization of Jute Fibers to Nanofibers 144
Preparation of Nanocomposite Films 145
Testing of Nanocomposite Films 145
Results and Conclusions 146
Effect of Milling Condition on Particle Size Reduction of Jute Fibers 146
Effect of Wet Milling Time on Particle Size Reduction of Jute Fibers 148
Comparison of Size Measured on Different Techniques 149
Nanoindentation Measurements 150
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis 153
Tensile Testing 153
Conclusions 155
References 156
12 Biomedical Applications of Nanocellulose 157
Abstract 157
Introduction 157
From Cellulose to Nanocellulose: Types of Nanocellulose 158
Applications in Biomedical Field 162
Conclusions and Remarks 169
Acknowledgments 169
References 169
Part IIINatural Fibre Reinforced PolymericComposites 172
13 A Finite Element Analysis to Validate the Rule-of-Mixtures for the Prediction of the Young's Modulus of Composites with Non-circular Anisotropic Fibres 173
Abstract 173
Introduction 173
Finite Element Analysis (FEA) 174
Poisson's Ratio 178
Conclusions 181
Acknowledgements 181
References 182
14 Effects of Water Ageing on the Mechanical Properties of Flax and Glass Fibre Composites: Degradation and Reversibility 183
Abstract 183
Introduction 184
Materials and Methods 185
Materials 185
Resin and Fibres 185
Chemical Treatment 185
Vacuum Infusion Processing of Composite Sheets 185
Methods 186
Water Ageing Conditions 186
Water Uptake, Volume and Density Variations 186
Composites Drying 187
Viscoelastic Properties Measured by Vibration Analysis 187
Uniaxial Tensile Tests 188
Scanning Electron Microscopy 188
Differential Scanning Calorimetry 188
Results and Discussion 188
Conclusions 194
References 195
15 Processing of Wet Preserved Natural Fibers with Injection Molding Compounding (IMC) 197
Abstract 197
Introduction 198
Novel Supply Chain for Fibrous Raw Materials 199
Processing with IMC 203
Processing, Sampling and Characterization of Products 205
Summary 208
Acknowledgments 209
References 209
16 Fluorination as an Effective Way to Reduce Natural Fibers Hydrophilicity 211
Abstract 211
Introduction 212
Materials and Methods 213
Materials 213
Direct Fluorination of the Wood Flour 213
FT-IR and NMR Spectroscopy 214
TGA 214
SEM Analysis 214
X-ray Tomography 215
Hygroscopic Testing of the Wood Flour 215
Wood-Polyester Composite Processing 216
Composite Mechanical Characterization 216
Hygroscopic Behavior of the Composites 217
Results and Discussion 217
Covalent Grafting of Fluorine on Wood 217
Decrease of Wood Hydrophilicity 219
Preservation of the Structure of Wood 221
Analysis of the Thermal Behavior of Wood 221
Improvement of the Composite Health 222
Improvement of the Composite Mechanical Properties 222
Improvement of the Composite Hygroscopic Behavior 224
Conclusions 226
References 227
17 DSC Analysis of In Situ Polymerized Poly(Butylene Terephthalate) Flax Fiber Reinforced Composites Produced by RTM 230
Abstract 230
Introduction 230
Materials and Methods 231
Materials 231
RTM Set-up and Composite Manufacturing Details 232
DSC Analysis 233
Results and Discussion 234
Production 234
DSD Analysis 235
Flax Fibers 235
CBT 160 Resin 236
pCBT Polymer 237
Conclusions 239
Acknowledgments 239
References 240
18 Parametric Study on the Manufacturing of Biocomposite Materials 242
Abstract 242
Introduction 242
Materials 245
Manufacturing 246
Experimental Tests 246
Results and Discussion 246
Conclusions 251
Acknowledgements 252
References 252
19 The Mechanical Properties of Flax Fibre Reinforced Composites 254
Abstract 254
Introduction 254
Materials and Method 257
Results 258
Izod Impact 258
Three Point Bending 259
Electron Microscopy Studies 261
Conclusions 263
Acknowledgments 264
References 264
20 Eco-friendly Flax Fibre/Epoxy Resin/Composite System for Surfboard Production 266
Abstract 266
Introduction 266
Experimental 267
Materials Selection 267
Laboratory Process 268
Results 270
Eco-surfboard Production 270
Conclusion 273
Future Work 274
Acknowledgments 274
References 275
21 The Use of Cellulosic Fibers Wastes to Increase the Mechanical Behaviour of Biodegradable Composites for Automotive Interior Parts 277
Abstract 277
Introduction 278
Materials and Methods 279
Materials 279
Preparation of the Composites 280
Mechanical Characterization 281
Tensile Properties Measurements 281
Flexural Properties Measurements 282
Instrumented Impact Properties Measurements 282
Heat Deflection Temperature (HDT) Measurements 282
Experimental Results and Remarks 282
Conclusion and Final Remarks 284
Acknowledgments 285
References 285
Part IVNatural Fibre Reinforced CementitiousComposites 286
22 Hemp Fibres---A Promising Reinforcement for Cementitious Materials 287
Abstract 287
Introduction 287
Materials and Methods 289
Concrete and Hemp Fibres 289
Experimental Program 291
Results and Discussion 292
Compression Strength 292
Load---Crack Mouth Opening Displacement Curve 293
Splitting Tensile Strength 294
Energy Dissipation Capacity 295
Conclusions 296
Acknowledgments 297
References 297
23 Tensile and Bond Characterization of Natural Fibers Embeeded in Inorganic Matrices 300
Abstract 300
Introduction 300
Materials and Specimens 301
Test Methods 304
Results and Discussion 305
Mortar Properties 305
Tensile Tests Results 306
Pull-Out Tests Results 307
Conclusions 308
Acknowledgments 309
References 309
24 Eco-Efficient Earthen Plasters: The Influence of the Addition of Natural Fibers 310
Abstract 310
Introduction 310
Materials 312
Mortar's Formulations and Fresh State Characterization 314
Hardened State Characterization 314
Results and Discussion 316
Conclusions 320
Acknowledgments 321
References 321
Part VInnovative Applicationsof Natural Fibres 323
25 Poly Lactic Acid Fibre Based Biodegradable Stents and Their Functionalization Techniques 324
Abstract 324
Introduction 324
Natural-Based Stents 326
PLLA Stents 326
Chitosan Stents 329
Stents Functionalization 330
Layer by Layer 331
Chitosan Coatings 332
Conclusions 334
Acknowledgments 334
References 334
26 Optimization of a Wood Plastic Composite to Produce a New Dynamic Shading System 336
Abstract 336
Introduction 337
Dynamic Shading System Modeling 338
Materials and Methods 340
Materials 341
Methods 341
Results 341
Conclusions 343
References 343
27 Biodegradation of Wool Used for the Production of Innovative Geotextiles Designed to Erosion Control 344
Abstract 344
Introduction 344
Experimental 346
Results and Conclusions 348
Mechanical Parameters 348
Fibres Morphology 348
Fibres Composition 351
Conslusions 353
Acknowledgments 353
References 353
28 Renewable Materials for Stab Resistance 355
Abstract 355
Introduction 355
Experimental 356
Results 358
Conclusion 361
Acknowledgements 361
References 361
29 Hemp Fibre from Crops Grown on Reclaimed Land for the Production of Sanitary Mats 363
Abstract 363
Introduction 363
Construction and the Properties of Sanitary Mats 364
Materials and Methods 365
Results and Discussion 365
Conclusions 368
References 369
Part VIMarket, Opportunities, Recycling andSustainability Aspects of Natural Fibres 370
30 Natural Fibres and the World Economy 371
Abstract 371
Introduction 371
Wool 373
Sisal 374
Flax/Linen 375
Hemp 376
Cotton 377
Jute and Kenaf 378
Silk 379
Other Natural Fibers 380
Conclusions 380
Acknowledgments 380
References 380
31 Wool as an Heirloom: How Natural Fibres Can Reinvent Value in Terms of Money, Life-Span and Love 381
Abstract 381
Imported Silk and Billowing Sails 381
Growth Spiral and Circular Ideology 382
Life Span and Love 385
Monetary Value and Tradition---Elements of New BMs 386
Norwegian Wool 386
Scandinavian Business Seating---New Flexibility for Norwegian Wool and Local Production 387
Sølv---New Twist on an Old Business Model 389
Graveniid---New Use of Lapp Traditions, Northern Norway 389
Maxhosa by Laduma---New Use of Xhosa Traditions, South Africa 390
Selbu Mittens---New Thinking About Fair Price for Quality 390
VikingGold---Reconquering the Vikings Textiles 392
Conclusion: From Nature with Love 393
Acknowledgements 394
References 394
32 Hemp Cultivation Opportunities and Perspectives in Lithuania 396
Abstract 396
Introduction 397
Results and Discussion 397
Hemp Cultivation Technology Opportunities 397
Hemp Cultivation Perspectives in Lithuania 399
Conclusions 402
References 403
33 Review of Wool Recycling and Reuse 404
Abstract 404
Introduction 404
Collection and Sorting of Post-consumer Clothing 404
Destinations of Post-consumer Clothing 406
Heirloom Clothing Items 407
Composition of Fibre Available for Recycling and Reuse 407
Wool Fibre Recycling 409
Open Loop Recycling of Wool Garments 410
Closed Loop Recycling of Wool Garments 412
Recycling of Corporate Clothing Containing Wool 413
Case Studies 414
References 416
34 Brazilian Scope of Management and Recycling of Textile Wastes 418
Abstract 418
Introduction 418
Mechanical Processes for Textile Recycling 419
Recycled Cotton Yarn and Jeans 420
The Generation of Textile Wastes in Brazil 421
Incipient Brazilian Actions Toward the Sustainability 424
Conclusion 426
Acknowledgments 426
References 426
35 Cotton Dyeing with Extract from Renewable Agro Industrial Bio-resources: A Step Towards Sustainability 429
Abstract 429
Introduction 429
General Approach 429
Synthetic Dyes 430
Natural Dyes 430
Natural Dyes Chemistry 430
Mordants 431
Natural Mordants 431
Acacia Dealbata 432
Natural Dyes Benefits 432
Environmental Sustainability 432
Wastes: Source of Natural Dyes 432
Olive Tree Culture 433
Olive Tree Pruning Wastes 433
Materials and Methods 434
Cotton Pre-treatment 434
Dyeing Bath Obtainment 434
Dyeing Procedure 434
Colour Assessment 435
Colour-Fastness Evaluation 435
Results and Conclusions 435
Extraction of Different Materials Studied 435
Dyeing Results 436
Extracted Temperature Solution and Material Conditions 436
pH Effect of Dyeing Solutions in Colour Strength 436
Effect of Electrolyte and Mordant (Inorganic and Organic) on K/S 436
Colour Coordinates and Colour-Fastness Results 438
Conclusions 438
References 440
36 Erratum to: Review of Wool Recycling and Reuse 442
Erratum to: ‘Review of Wool Recycling and Reuse’ R. Fangueiro and S. Rana (eds.), Natural Fibres: Advances in Science and Technology Towards Industrial Applications, RILEM Bookseries 12, DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-7515-1_33 442
Index 443

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 10.2.2016
• Reihe/Serie: RILEM Bookseries
• Zusatzinfo: XI, 456 p. 254 illus., 179 illus. in color.
• Verlagsort: Dordrecht
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bauwesen
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• Schlagworte: Composites • Nanocomposites • Natural based products • natural fibres • RILEM
• ISBN-10: 94-017-7515-X / 940177515X
• ISBN-13: 978-94-017-7515-1 / 9789401775151