Physical Properties of High-Temperature Superconductors (eBook)

Rainer Wesche (Autor)

eBook Download: EPUB

2015
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-118-69667-5 (ISBN)

Infos

Rainer Wesche Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Centre de Recherches en Physique des Plasmas (CRPP), Switzerland

Inhalt

About the Author xi

Series Preface xiii

Preface xv

Acknowledgment xvii

List of Tables xix

Nomenclature xxiii

1. Brief History of Superconductivity 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Milestones in the Field of Superconductivity 1

1.2.1 Early Discoveries 1

1.2.2 Progress in the Understanding of Superconductivity 4

1.2.3 Discovery of High-Temperature Superconductivity 4

1.2.4 Importance of Higher Transition Temperatures for Applications 6

References 7

2. The Superconducting State 13

2.1 Introduction 13

2.2 Electrical Resistance 13

2.3 Characteristic Properties of Superconductors 22

2.4 Superconductor Electrodynamics 30

2.5 Thermodynamics of Superconductors 34

References 42

3. Superconductivity: A Macroscopic Quantum Phenomenon 45

3.1 Introduction 45

3.2 BCS Theory of Superconductivity 45

3.3 Tunneling Effects 52

References 66

4. Type II Superconductors 69

4.1 Introduction 69

4.2 The Ginzburg-Landau Theory 70

4.3 Magnetic Behavior of Type I and Type II Superconductors 73

4.4 Critical Current Densities of Type I and Type II Superconductors 81

4.5 Anisotropic Superconductors 83

References 84

5. Cuprate Superconductors: An Overview 87

5.1 Introduction 87

5.2 Families of Superconductive Cuprates 88

5.3 Variation of Charge Carrier Density (Doping) 93

5.4 Summary 96

References 97

6. Crystal Structures of Cuprate Superconductors 101

6.1 Introduction 101

6.2 Diffraction Methods 102

6.2.1 Bragg Condition 102

6.2.2 Miller Indices 102

6.2.3 Classification of Crystal Structures 103

6.2.4 X-ray Diffraction 104

6.2.5 Neutron Diffraction 106

6.3 Crystal Structures of the Cuprate High-Temperature Superconductors 107

6.3.1 The Crystal Structure of La2CuO4 107

6.3.2 The Crystal Structure of YBa2Cu3O7- 108

6.3.3 The Crystal Structures of Bi-22(n.1)n High-Temperature Superconductors 111

6.3.4 The Crystal Structures of Tl-based High-Temperature Superconductors 113

6.3.5 The Crystal Structures of Hg-based High-Temperature Superconductors 121

6.3.6 Lattice Parameters of Cuprate Superconductors 124

References 127

7. Empirical Rules for the Critical Temperature 131

7.1 Introduction 131

7.2 Relations between Charge Carrier Density and Critical Temperature 132

7.3 Effect of the Number of CuO2 Planes in the Copper Oxide Blocks 135

7.4 Effect of Pressure on the Critical Temperature 138

7.5 Summary 146

References 146

8. Generic Phase Diagram of Cuprate Superconductors 151

8.1 Introduction 151

8.2 Generic Phase Diagram of Hole-Doped Cuprate Superconductors 151

8.2.1 Generic Phase Diagram: An Overview 151

8.2.2 Symmetry of the Superconducting Order Parameter 153

8.2.3 The Pseudogap 158

8.3 Summary 161

References 162

9. Superconducting Properties of Cuprate High-Tc Superconductors 165

9.1 Introduction 165

9.2 Characteristic Length Scales 166

9.3 Superconducting Energy Gap 169

9.4 Magnetic Phase Diagram and Irreversibility Line 171

9.5 Critical Current Densities in Cuprate Superconductors 174

9.5.1 Definitions of the Critical Current 174

9.5.2 Critical Currents in Polycrystalline Cuprate Superconductors 178

9.5.3 Critical Currents in Bulk Cuprate Superconductors 182

9.5.4 Critical Currents in Superconducting Films 183

9.6 Grain-Boundary Weak Links 188

9.7 Summary 193

References 194

10. Flux Pinning in Cuprate High-Tc Superconductors 203

10.1 Introduction 203

10.2 Vortex Lattice 204

10.3 Consequences of Anisotropy and Intrinsic Pinning 205

10.4 Thermally Activated Flux Creep 207

10.5 Irreversibility Lines 216

10.6 Summary 224

References 226

11. Transport Properties 231

11.1 Introduction 231

11.2 Normal-State Resistivity 232

11.3 Thermal Conductivity 249

11.4 Summary 256

References 257

12. Thermoelectric and Thermomagnetic Effects 265

12.1 Introduction 265

12.2 Thermoelectric Power of Cuprate Superconductors 269

12.3 Nernst Effect 273

12.4 Summary 276

References 276

13. Specific Heat 279

13.1 Introduction 279

13.2 Specific Heat at Low Temperatures 280

13.3 Specific Heat Jump at the Transition to Superconductivity 284

13.4 Specific Heat Data up to Room Temperature 287

13.5 Summary 289

References 289

14. Powder Synthesis and Bulk Cuprate Superconductors 293

14.1 Introduction 293

14.2 Synthesis of Cuprate Superconductor Powders 294

14.2.1 Yttrium-based Superconductors 294

14.2.2 Bismuth-based Superconductors 296

14.2.3 Thallium-based Superconductors 303

14.2.4 Mercury-based Superconductors 311

14.3 Bulk Cuprate High-Tc Superconductors 317

14.3.1 Introduction 317

14.3.2 Bi-2212 and (Bi,Pb)-2223 Bulk Superconductors 317

14.3.3 RE-123 Bulk Superconductors 320

14.4 Summary 326

References 327

15. First- and Second-Generation High-Temperature Superconductor Wires 339

15.1 Introduction 339

15.2 First-Generation High-Tc Superconductor Wires and Tapes 340

15.2.1 Introduction 340

15.2.2 Ag/Bi-2212 Wires and Tapes 341

15.2.3 Ag/Bi-2223 Tapes 351

15.3 Second-Generation of High-Tc Superconductor Tapes 361

15.3.1 Introduction 361

15.3.2 Manufacturing Routes for Coated Conductors 362

15.3.3 Critical Current Densities of Coated Conductors 370

15.3.4 Lengthy Coated Conductors 379

References 381

16. Cuprate Superconductor Films 393

16.1 Introduction 393

16.2 Film Deposition Techniques 394

16.2.1 Preparation of Bismuth-based Cuprate Superconductor Films 394

16.2.2 Preparation of Thallium-based Cuprate Superconductor Films 394

16.2.3 Preparation of Mercury-based Cuprate Superconductor Films 397

16.2.4 Preparation of RE-123 Superconductor Films 404

16.3 Multilayers of Ultrathin Films 407

16.4 Strain Effects 412

16.5 Summary 416

References 417

17. MgB2 - An Intermediate-Temperature Superconductor 423

17.1 Introduction 423

17.2 Physical Properties of MgB2 424

17.3 MgB2 Wires and Tapes 437

17.4 MgB2 Bulk Material 444

17.5 MgB2 Films 446

17.6 Summary 450

References 450

18. Iron-Based Superconductors - A New Class of High-Temperature Superconductors 459

18.1 Introduction 459

18.2 Critical Temperatures of Iron-based Superconductors 461

18.3 Crystal Structures of Iron-based Superconductors 467

18.4 Physical Properties of Iron-based Superconductors 471

18.5 Synthesis of Iron-based Superconductors 477

18.6 Critical Current Densities in Iron-based Superconductors 477

18.7 Summary 482

References 482

19. Outlook 489

19.1 Introduction 489

19.2 The Investigation of Physical Properties 490

19.3 Conductor Development 491

19.4 Magnet and Power Applications 492

References 493

Author Index 497

Subject Index 501

Textauszug

Nomenclature

Symbol

Meaning

Section first used

2a

width of a slab

2.4

a

lattice spacing

2.2

a

wire radius

14.3.3

a, b

contact dimensions

3.3

a, b, c

lattice parameters

6.2.3

A

cross-sectional area

11.3

A, A

vector potential

2.4

AJ, AL

single contact area, loop area

3.3

Aph

constant defined by Aph = 234R/θD3

2.5

Asc

cross-section of superconductor

15.3.3

At

area of single tunneling contact

3.3

Atot

total tape cross-section

15.3.3

Av

area of a single vortex

4.3

B, B

magnetic induction

2.3

B0

magnetic induction at superconductor surface

2.3

Ba

applied magnetic field

7.3

Bc

critical magnetic field

2.3

Bc1

lower critical field

4.3

Bc1,ab, Bc1,c

lower critical fields for B || ab, B || c

4.5

Bc2

upper critical field

4.3

Bc2,ab,Bc2,c

upper critical fields for B || ab, B || c

4.5

Bc2clean

upper critical field in clean limit

17.2

Bfj

flux jump field

17.4

Bi

magnetic induction inside the superconductor

2.3

Birr

irreversibility field

9.4

Bn

magnetic field at the nucleus

7.3

Bp

penetration field

14.3.3

BPauli

Pauli limiting field

4.3

Bsc

scaling field

9.5.4

cs

velocity of sound

3.2

C

specific heat

2.5

Cel

electron specific heat

2.5

Symbol

Meaning

Section first used

Cji

components of the elastic tensor

7.4

Cn

specific heat in normal state

2.5

Cne

electron specific heat in normal state

2.5

Cph

phonon specific heat

2.5

Cs

specific heat in the superconducting state

2.5

Cse

electron specific heat in the superconducting state

2.5

CST

concentration of Na2S2O3

5.3

d

average separation of vortices

4.3

d

distance of lattice planes

6.2.1

d

wire diameter

15.2.2

dbulk, dstrained

bulk lattice parameter, strained film lattice parameter

16.4

dQ/dt

heat load

1.2.4

dr

deposition rate

15.3.2

D(E)

density of energy states

2.2

DA(E'), DB(E')

electron density of states in metals A and B

3.3

DAn, DBs

electron density of states in normal conductor A, superconductor B

3.3

Dn(E)

electron density of states in normal state

3.2

Dn(EF)

electron density of states in normal state at EF

2.5

Dph(ω)

phonon density of states

3.2

DR

roller diameter

15.2.3

Ds(E)

single electron density of states in superconductor

3.2

e

electron charge

1.2.2

E

energy

2.2

E'

E' = E − EF

3.3

Eb

height of energy barrier

3.3

Ec

condensation energy

4.2

Ee, Ee

electric field

2.2

Eec

electric field criterion used to define Ic

9.5.1

EF

Fermi energy

2.2

Efl

energy for formation of a flux line

10.2

Eg

energy gap

2.2

Ek

eigenvalue of energy

2.2

f(E)

Fermi–Dirac distribution function

2.2

fip, fop

fraction of holes in inner, outer CuO2 planes

7.3

fj

atomic form factor

6.2.4

F(hkl)

structure factor

6.2.4

FL

Lorentz force

4.4

G

Gibbs free energy

2.5

Ghkl

reciprocal lattice vector

6.2.5

Gn

Gibbs free energy in the normal state

2.5

Symbol

Meaning

Section first used

Gs

Gibbs free energy in the superconducting state

2.5

h

Planck's constant

1.2.2

ℏ

h/2π

2.2

h k l

Miller indices

6.2.2

h k i l

Miller–Bravais indices

6.2.2

H, H

magnetizing field

2.3

I

current

2.3

I

nuclear spin

7.3

I0

initial current

2.3

IAC

Josephson AC current

3.3

Ic

critical current

3.3

Ic.field, Ic,offset

critical current definitions (see text)

9.5.1

ININ, INIS

tunneling currents

3.3

Isij

supercurrent across junction ij

8.2.2

j, j

current density

2.4

jAB, jBA

number density of electrons flowing from A→B, B→A

3.3

jc

critical current density

4.4

jcg

critical current density within grains

9.5.2

jcgb

critical current density across grain boundary

9.5.2

jcperp

jc for B⊥ab

9.5.4

jct

transport critical current density

9.5.2

je

engineering critical current density

15.1

jQ	thermal...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 13.5.2015
• Reihe/Serie: Wiley Series in Materials for Electronic & Optoelectronic Applications
• Reihe/Serie: Wiley Series in Materials for Electronic & Optoelectronic Applications
• Reihe/Serie: Wiley Series in Materials for Electronic & Optoelectronic Applications
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• Schlagworte: Anisotropic superconductors</p> • Bulk superconductors • Characteristic length scales (penetration depth, coherence length) • Critical current densities • Electrical & Electronics Engineering • Electronic materials • Elektronische Materialien • Elektrotechnik u. Elektronik • Festkörperphysik • Festkörperphysik • Iron-based superconductors • Lower and upper critical fields • <p>High-temperature superconductors • Magnesium diboride • magnetic materials • magnetische Materialien • Materials Science • Materialwissenschaften • Physics • Physik • Solid state physics • Superconducting films • superconducting wires and tapes
• ISBN-10: 1-118-69667-0 / 1118696670
• ISBN-13: 978-1-118-69667-5 / 9781118696675