Visual Process (eBook)

The Eye

Hugh Davson (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2014 | 1. Auflage
814 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-1-4832-5987-1 (ISBN)

Infos

The Eye: Volume 2, The Visual Process is a compendium of papers that describes the physiology of the eye, particularly the visual functions, the photobiology of the visual process, and the visual pathway. One paper describes the light stimuli used in physiological experiments concerning vision in terms of their spectral energy distribution, particularly the amounts of light absorbed by the photosensitive substances contained in the retinal receptors. Another paper explains the mosaic-like arrangement of the receptors and the variations of this mosaic in the different regions of the retina, including the Purkinje phenomenon which can cause errors in visual measurements. One paper examines the directional properties of the rods at long wavelengths and the theory of the Stiles-Crawford effect. Other papers investigate the limits of the visible spectrum, the scotopic luminous efficiency, theories of dark-adaptation, as well as the minimum retinal illumination, the minimum flux of energy, and the minimum amount necessary for vision. One paper notes that whereas one rod can be stimulated by one quantum (a discrete process involving one pigment molecule), it is not sufficient to make a human subject see a light stimulus. The compendium is invaluable for researchers and investigators involved in physiology, psychology, ophthalmology, and in all branches of ocular physiology.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
The Visual Process 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 10
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 6
FOREWORD 8
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 9
CONTENTS OF VOLUME 1 18
CONTENTS OF VOLUME 3 18
CONTENTS OF VOLUME 4 19
Part I: Visual Functions in Man 20
Chapter 1. Measurement of the Stimulus 22
I. Electromagnetic Radiation 22
II. Light Stimuli 22
III. Absolute Spectral Energy Distribution 25
IV. Stimulus at the Retinal Level 26
V. Photometric Units 28
VI. Quantum Theory and Wave Theory of Light 29
References 30
Chapter 2. Rods and Cones 32
I. Anatomical 32
II. Experiments Illustrating Rod and Cone Function 39
III. Duplicity Theory 43
IV. The Purkinje Phenomenon 44
V. Colourlessness of Rod Vision and Visual Efficiency 45
References 47
Chapter 3. Directional Sensitivity of t h e Rods and Cones 50
I. Introduction 50
II. Experiment Illustrating the Stiles-Crawford Effect 52
III. Foveal Photometric Matching in White Light 54
IV. Foveal Matching with Monochromatic Lights 57
V. Liminal Brightness Increments in White Light 59
VI. Threshold Measurements with Monochromatic Light in the Dark- Adapted Retina 64
VII. Liminal Brightness Increment Using Monochromatic Lights. Light-Adapted Retina 68
VIII. Directional Properties of the Rods at Long Wavelengths 75
IX. Theory of the Stiles-Crawford Effect 79
References 81
Chapter 4. Spectral Luminous Efficiency of Radiation 84
I. Limits of the Visible Spectrum 84
II. Physiological Conditions 86
III. Scotopic Luminous Efficiency 87
IV. Isolation of the Rod Mechanism at Long Wavelengths 89
V. Rod Sensitivity and Human Rhodopsin 91
VI. Spectral Sensitivity Curves in the Deep Red 98
VII. Photopic Spectral Efficiency Curves 101
VIII. Mesopic Range 106
IX. Light-Adapted Periphery 106
References 108
Chapter 5. Dark-Adaptation and Night Vision 112
I. Introduction 112
II. Periphery 113
III. Fovea 129
IV. Rod Monochromat 132
V. Night-Blindness 132
VI. Theories of Dark-Adaptation 134
VII. Night Vision 137
References 138
Chapter 6. Absolute Thresholds and Quantum Effects 142
I. Statistical Definition of the Threshold Values 142
II. Individual Variations 143
III. Main Types of Threshold Measurements 143
IV. Minimum Retinal Illumination Necessary for Vision 144
V. Minimum Flux of Energy Necessary for Vision 148
VI. Minimum Amount of Energy Required for Vision 149
VII. A Retinal Rod can be Stimulated by One Quantum 153
VIII. One Quantum is not Sufficient for Seeing 155
IX. Foveal Absolute Threshold 155
References 157
Chapter 7. Quantum Fluctuations at the Absolute Threshold 160
I. Fluctuations of the Stimulus 160
II. The Poisson Equation 163
III. Limit Set by Quantum Fluctuations 166
IV. Influence of Wavelength 169
V. Probability Summation 169
VI. ''Two-quanta" Theories 172
VII. "Dark Noise" Theory of Absolute Threshold 174
VIII. Cone Vision 175
References 175
Chapter 8. Limlnal Brightness Increments 178
I. Intensity Discrimination 178
II. Increment Thresholds 179
III. Isolated Mechanisms 181
IV. Theory 185
References 192
Chapter 9. Visual Acuity 194
I. Limits of Resolution 194
II. Variation of Acuity with Luminance and Retinal Position 197
III. Theory 201
IV. Rod Monochromat 211
References 213
Chapter 10. Light-Adaptation 216
I. The Troxler Phenomenon 216
II. The Effect of Light-Adaptation on Subjective Brightness 218
III. Time Effects 219
IV. Experiments on Glare 222
References 223
Chapter 11. Flicker and After-images 224
I. Critical Fusion Frequency. Talbot-Plateau Law 224
II. Effect of Retinal Position, Wavelength, and Illumination 225
III. Theory 229
IV. Binocular Flicker 229
V. Rod Monochromat 231
VI. After-images 232
References 235
Chapter 12. Colour Vision: Introduction 238
I. Coloured Lights and White Light 238
II. Colours of Natural Objects 245
References 250
Chapter 13. Colour Vision: Colour-Matches 252
I. Introduction 252
II. The Trivariance of Normal Colour Vision 254
III. Colour-Matching Data 264
References 271
Chapter 14. Colour Vision: The Two-Colour Threshold Technique of Stiles 274
I. Isolation of Mechanisms 274
II. Experimental Results 279
III. The Mechanisms of Cone Vision 283
IV. Relationship with Other Phenomena of Colour Vision 289
References 294
Chapter 15. Colour Vision: Other Phenomena 296
I. Colour Discrimination 296
II. Colour Defect 302
III. Variations in the Appearance of Coloured Lights 311
References 317
Chapter 16. Colour Vision: Theories 322
I. Introductory Remarks 322
II. The Trichromatic Theory 323
III. The Opponent-Colour Theory and Related Zone Theories 336
IV. Other Theories of Colour Vision 339
References 340
Part II: The Photobiology of Visual Processes 344
Chapter 17. Extraction, Measurement and Analysis of Visual Photopigment 346
I. Electromagnetic Radiation and Vision 346
II. Formation of an Image 349
III. The Visual Pigments and Methods for Obtaiuing Them 355
IV. Characterization of the Visual Pigments 362
V. Homogeneity Test for Visual Pigment Extracts 372
References 387
Chapter 18. The Identity and Distribution of Visual Pigments in the Animal Kingdom 390
I. Historical Sketch 390
II. Characterization and Nomenclature of the Visual Pigments 406
III. The Invertebrates 414
IV. The Vertebrates 417
V. Factors that Determine the Possession of Retinene1 or Retinene2 Pigments 440
References 445
Chapter 19· The Chemical Structure and Photochemistry of the Visual Pigments 450
I. Architecture of the Visual Pigments 450
II. The Effect of Light on the Visual Pigments 482
References 492
Chapter 20· The Properties of Visual Pigments in Photoreceptors 496
I. Visual Pigments and the Structure of Photoreceptors 496
II. Limitations of Extraction Procedures 502
III. Suspensions of Visual Cells 504
IV. Observations on Visual Pigments in Living Eyes 515
V. Interpretation of Difference Spectra Obtained in Vivo 527
VI. Interpretation of Spectral Sensitivity Curves 531
References 541
Appendix to Part II: Tables of Visual Pigments 546
References 555
Part III: The Visual Pathway 558
Chapter 21. Introduction 560
References 562
Chapter 22. Retina and Optic Nerve 564
I. Features of Retinal Organization 564
II. Centrifugal Fibres to the Retina 575
III. Main Portion of the Optic Tract 578
IV. The Basal Optic Root 582
V. Non-Specific Visual Afferents 584
VI. Conduction Velocity and Fibre Size in the Optic Nerve 586
References 591
Chapter 23. Neurophysiology of the Retina 598
I. Greneral Presentation of the Field 599
II. The Electroretinograms of Rods and Cones. General Description 601
III. The Component Analysis of the Electroretinogram 605
IV. Intraretinal Recording of Retinograms. Generator Potentials 621
V. Impulse Patterns. Excitation and Inhibition. Spontaneous Activity 634
VI. Spatial Organization from Functional Aspects 642
VII. Eye Movements and On/Off-Mechanism 648
VIII. Temporal Discrimination. Intermittent Stimulation 652
IX. Discrimination of Wavelength 662
X. Light- and Dark-Adaptation 682
Xl. Centrifugal Control 690
XII. The Electroretinogram of Man 693
References 700
Chapter 24. The Station in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus 716
I. Aims and Methods of Study 716
II. General Topography of the Lateral Geniculate Projections 719
III. Cells and Connexions of the Lateral Geniculate Body. Microphysiology 728
References 745
Chapter 25. The Visual Cortex 750
I. Visual Projections. Macro-recording of Evoked Potentials 750
II. Cortical Microphysiology 768
References 781
AUTHOR INDEX 788
SUBJECT INDEX 801

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 12.5.2014
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Studium ► 1. Studienabschnitt (Vorklinik) ► Physiologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Humanbiologie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bauwesen
• ISBN-10: 1-4832-5987-0 / 1483259870
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4832-5987-1 / 9781483259871