Sulfur in the Atmosphere (eBook)

Proceedings of the International Symposium Held in Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia, 7-14 September 1977

R. B. Husar, J. P. Lodge, D. J. Moore (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2017 | 1. Auflage
828 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-1-4831-5073-4 (ISBN)

Infos

Sulfur in the Atmosphere covers the proceedings of the International Symposium held in Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia on September 7-14, 1977. The text focuses on the processes involved in the transfer of sulfur through the atmospheric environment, particularly noting its distribution in space in gas, liquid, and solid phases. The book first offers information on the properties of sulfur and the processes involved in its determination, as well as measurement methods, chemical transformations, dry and wet deposition, and aerosol dynamics. The publication also looks at water-soluble sulfur compounds in aerosols, chemical properties of tropospheric sulfur aerosols, and sampling and analysis of atmospheric sulfates and related species. The text examines the techniques involved in the identification of chemical composition of aerosol sulfur compounds. Topics include thermal volatilization, thermometric methods, wet chemical identification, and laser Raman spectroscopy. The publication also reviews the calculation of long term sulfur deposition in Europe; transmission of sulfur dioxide on local, regional, and continental scale; and airborne sampling system for the monitoring of plume. The book is a dependable source of data for readers interested in the transfer of sulfur through the atmospheric environment.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Sulfur in the Atmosphere 5
Copyright Page 6
Table of Contents 7
List of Participants 13
Editorial 15
Foreword 17
CHAPTER 1. 
21 
PROPERTIES 21
MEASUREMENT METHODS 22
RECOMMENDATIONS 23
WORKSHOP lb: TRANSFORMATIONS 24
CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATIONS 24
AEROSOL DYNAMICS 26
RECOMMENDATIONS 27
WORKSHOP 2: DRY AND WET DEPOSITION 28
DRY DEPOSITION 28
WET DEPOSITION 30
WORKSHOP 3: BUDGETS, SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATIONS 32
WORKSHOP 4: MODELS AND LARGE PROJECTS 33
CHAPTER 2. 
39 
Abstract 39
INTRODUCTION 39
METHODS 39
RESULTS 42
POSSIBLE FORMATION PROCESSES FOR BLACK AND WHITE EPISODES 51
REFERENCES 52
CHAPTER 3. 
53 
Abstract 53
1. ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 53
2, MOLECULAR FORMS OF SULFUR IN TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOLS 54
3. HYGROSCOPIC PROPERTIES OF SULFATE AEROSOLS 58
4. REFRACTIVE INDEX EFFECTS OF SULFUR IN AEROSOLS 62
5. SUBSTANCES CO-EXISTING WITH SULFUR IN TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOLS 63
6. CONCLUSIONS 65
REFERENCES 66
CHAPTER 4. 
69 
Abstract 69
INTRODUCTION 69
EXPERIMENTAL 70
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 75
CONCLUSIONS 81
REFERENCES 81
CHAPTER 5. 
83 
Abstract 83
I. INTRODUCTION 83
2. EXPERIMENTAL 84
3. APPLICATIONS 93
4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 96
REFERENCES 96
CHAPTER 6. 
97 
Abstract 97
1. INTRODUCTION 97
2. EXPERIMENTAL 97
3. RESULTS 98
4. SUMMARY 101
REFERENCES 101
CHAPTER 7. 
103 
Abstract 103
INTRODUCTION 103
EXPERIMENTAL 103
RESULTS OF THE MONITORING PROGRAM 106
REFERENCES 111
APPENDIX 1 112
APPENDIX 2 112
CHAPTER 8. 
113 
Abstract 113
INTRODUCTION 113
OPERATING PRINCIPLE AND BASIC FEASIBILITY 114
PARTICLE SIZE RANGE AND SENSITIVITY 115
EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF THE PARTICLE SIZE GROWTH FACTOR FOR SULFURIC ACID AEROSOLS 116
DETECTION OF LOW LEVEL SULFURIC ACID AEROSOLS BY THE AEROSOL MOBILITY CHROMATOGRAPH 117
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 117
Acknowledgements 117
REFERENCES 117
CHAPTER 9. 
119 
Abstract 119
INTRODUCTION 119
PERFORMANCE OF THE ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR 119
PERFORMANCE OF THE FLAME PHOTOMETRIC DETECTOR 121
PERFORMANCE OF THE COMPLETE SYSTEM 121
CONCLUSIONS 124
Acknowledgements 125
REFERENCES 125
CHAPTER 10. 
127 
Abstract 127
INTRODUCTION 127
SAMPLING 127
GENERAL ANALYSIS 128
WET CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION 129
SOLVENT SEPARATION 130
THERMAL VOLATILIZATION 131
THERMOMETRIC METHODS 131
ESCA 132
INFRARED 133
LASER RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY 134
DIFFUSION PROCESSOR 135
FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS 135
REFERENCES 137
CHAPTER 11. 
141 
Abstract 141
1. INTRODUCTION 141
2. THE OPTIONS 141
3. CORRELATION SPECTROMETRY 142
4. DIFFERENTIAL ABSORPTION LIDAR 145
5. CONCLUSIONS 146
Acknowledgements 146
REFERENCES 146
CHAPTER 12. 
149 
Abstract 149
NOMENCLATURE 149
INTRODUCTION 150
THE PHYSICAL SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS 151
PHYSICAL SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS AND CONCENTRATIONS IN VARIOUS LOCATIONS 157
SULFUR AEROSOL SIZE DISTRIBUTION 161
AEROSOL GROWTH 163
IN SITU SIZE DISTRIBUTION MEASUREMENT 167
Acknowledgement 170
REFERENCES 170
CHAPTER 13. 
175 
Abstract 175
1. INTRODUCTION 175
2. THE RELATION BETWEEN DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL PROPERTIES OF THE AEROSOL 176
3. INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL MIXTURE 178
4. THE STATE OF MIXTURE OF SULFUR 180
5. SOURCE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF SULFUR PARTICLES 180
6. CONCLUSION 182
Acknowledgements 183
REFERENCES 183
CHAPTER 14. 
185 
Abstract 185
1. FORMATION OF PARTICLES FROM THE MIXTURE OF TWO VAPORS 185
3. DISCUSSION OF THE ABOVE MEASUREMENTS— HETEROMOLECULAR CONDENSATION 188
4. COAGULATION AND CONDENSATION 188
5. SUBSEQUENT COAGULATION AND CONDENSATION 189
DISCUSSION 190
REFERENCES 191
CHAPTER 15. 
193 
Abstract 193
INTRODUCTION 193
PREVIOUS STUDIES 193
SHORTCOMINGS OF NUCLEATION EXPERIMENTS AND THEORY 195
UNCERTAINTIES IN NUCLEATION RATES 196
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE STUDIES 198
REFERENCES 198
CHAPTER 16. 
201 
Abstract 201
INTRODUCTION 201
SUMMARY 207
Acknowledgements 208
REFERENCES 208
CHAPTER 17. 
211 
Abstract 211
1. 
211 
2. TROPOSPHERIC REACTIONS OF ELECTRONICALLY EXCITED SULFUR DIOXIDE 212
3. REACTIONS OF GROUND STATE SO2 WITH REACTIVE MOLECULES AND TRANSIENT SPECIES IN THE TROPOSPHERE 219
4. EVALUATION OF THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF THE HOMOGENEOUS SO2 REACTIONS WITH VARIOUS REACTIVE SPECIES IN THE TROPOSPHERE 233
Acknowledgements 236
REFERENCES 236
CHAPTER 18. 
241 
Abstract 241
1. INTRODUCTION 241
2. OXIDATION OF SO2 BY PHOTOCHEMICALLY GENERATED SPECIES 241
3. OXIDATION OF SO2 BY REACTIVE SPECIES PRODUCED IN THERMAL REACTIONS 243
4. DIRECT PHOTO-OXIDATION OF SO2 243
5. AEROSOL PRODUCTION FROM OXIDATION OF SO2 244
6. HOMOGENEOUS OXIDATION OF HYDROGEN SULPHIDE AND ORGANIC SULPHIDES 244
REFERENCES 244
CHAPTER 19. HETEROGENEOUS SO2-OXIDATION IN THE DROPLET PHASE 245
Abstract 245
1. INTRODUCTION 245
2. SOrTRANSFER AND ABSORPTION 245
3. OXIDATION OF SO2 IN THE DROPLET PHASE 248
4. IMPORTANCE OF HETEROGENEOUS SO2-OXIDATION IN THE ATMOSPHERE AND FURTHER RESEARCH 252
REFERENCES 252
CHAPTER 20. 
255 
Abstract 255
1. INTRODUCTION 255
2. LABORATORY AND THEORETICAL STUDIES 255
3. EXTRAPOLATION OF LABORATORY RESULTS TO THE ATMOSPHERE 263
4. HELD MEASUREMENTS 264
5. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 265
REFERENCES 266
CHAPTER 21. 
269 
Abstract 269
EXPERIMENTAL 270
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 271
ROLE OF ORGANICS IN THE ADSORPTION PROCESS 273
CONCLUSIONS 274
REFERENCES 274
CHAPTER 22. 
277 
Abstract 277
INTRODUCTION 277
METHODOLOGY 278
RESULTS 279
DISCUSSION 282
Acknowledgements 284
REFERENCES 284
CHAPTER 23. PRECURSOR EFFECTS ON SO2 OXIDATION 287
Abstract 287
1. INTRODUCTION 287
2. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 287
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 288
4. CONCLUSIONS 294
Acknowledgements 294
REFERENCES 294
CHAPTER 24. 
295 
Abstract 295
INTRODUCTION 295
EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES 295
EXPERIMENTS 298
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 299
Acknowledgement 301
REFERENCES 301
CHAPTER 25. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SO2 AND CARBONACEOUS PARTICULATES 303
Abstract 303
INTRODUCTION 303
EXPERIMENTAL SECTION 303
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 304
REFERENCES 306
CHAPTER 26. AIRBORNE INVESTIGATIONS OF SO2 OXIDATION IN THE PLUMES FROM POWER STATIONS 309
Abstract 309
INTRODUCTION 309
EXPERIMENTAL AND RESULTS 309
CONCLUSION 309
REFERENCES 310
CHAPTER 27. 
311 
Abstract 311
1. INTRODUCTION 311
2. EXPERIMENTAL 311
3. RESULTS 312
4. CONCLUSION 319
Acknowledgements 319
REFERENCES 319
CHAPTER 28. 
321 
Abstract 321
1. INTRODUCTION 321
2. EXPERIMENT LOCATION AND EQUIPMENT 321
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 322
4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 325
Acknowledgements 325
REFERENCES 325
CHAPTER 29. 
327 
Abstract 327
NOMENCLATURE 327
INTRODUCTION 327
DATA ANALYSIS 328
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 331
SUMMARY 334
Acknowledgements 335
REFERENCES 335
CHAPTER 30. 
337 
Abstract 337
NOMENCLATURE 337
INTRODUCTION 338
PLUME MEASUREMENTS 338
DATA REDUCTION AND ANALYSIS 338
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 341
SUMMARY 346
Acknowledgement 347
REFERENCES 347
CHAPTER 31. 
349 
Abstract 349
Acknowledgements 351
REFERENCES 351
CHAPTER 32. CONVERSION LIMIT AND CHARACTERISTIC TIME OF SO2 OXIDATION IN PLUMES 353
Abstract 353
NOMENCLATURE 353
1. INTRODUCTION 353
2. THE MODEL 354
3. DISCUSSION 356
4. CONCLUSIO 360
REFERENCES 360
CHAPTER 33. 
363 
Abstract 363
NOMENCLATURE 363
1. INTRODUCTION 363
2. DRY DEPOSITION OF S02 364
3. DRY DEPOSITION OF THE SULPHATE AEROSOL 368
4. WET DEPOSITION OF S02 369
5. MECHANISMS FOR THE DEPOSITION OF SULPHATE IN RAIN 371
6. DEPOSITION OF SULPHUR FROM THE ATMOSPHERE 372
Acknowledgement 374
REFERENCES 374
CHAPTER 34. 
377 
Abstract 377
INTRODUCTION 377
DETERMINATION OF S02 FLUX 377
S02 CONCENTRATION MEASUREMENTS 378
OPTICALLY MEASURED CONCENTRATION PROFILES 379
COMPARISON WITH CHEMICAL MEASUREMENTS 379
THE S02 MEASUREMENTS 379
AVERAGE VERTICAL FLUXES 380
REFERENCES 381
CHAPTER 35. DRY DEPOSITION OF SO2 ON AGRICULTURAL CROPS 383
Abstract 383
INTRODUCTION 383
THEORY 383
EXPERIMENTAL 384
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 384
Acknowledgements 387
REFERENCES 387
CHAPTER 36. 
389 
Abstract 389
INTRODUCTION 389
DESCRIPTION OF SITES AND METHODS 389
RESULTS 389
REFERENCES 391
CHAPTER 37. 
393 
Abstract 393
1. INTRODUCTION 393
2. NUMERICAL METHOD 394
3. NUMERICAL TEST 395
4. DEPOSITION AT DIFFERENT ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY CATEGORIES 397
5. DISCUSSION 399
6. CONCLUSION 400
Acknowledgements 401
REFERENCES 401
CHAPTER 38. 
403 
Abstract 403
INTRODUCTION 403
GENERAL SCAVENGING PATHWAYS 404
PATHWAY 1-3-5: DIRECT SO2 SCAVENGING 405
PATHWAY 2-4-6: DIRECT SULFATE SCAVENGING 408
PATHWAYS 1-2-4-6 AND 1-3-4-6: SULFUR DIOXIDE REMOVAL BY THE COMBINED EFFECTS OF SCAVENGING AND CHEMICAL REACTION 410
Acknowledgements 411
REFERENCES 411
CHAPTER 39. 
415 
Abstract 415
INTRODUCTION 415
THEORETICAL 415
OBSERVATIONS 417
DISCUSSION 418
CONCLUSIONS 420
Acknowledgements 420
REFERENCES 420
CHAPTER 40. IMPROVED MODEL OF REVERSIBLE SO2-WASHOUT BY RAIN 421
Abstract 421
INTRODUCTION 421
SOLUTION CHEMISTRY OF SO2 421
MODELLING SO2 EXCHANGE BETWEEN AIR AND A FALLING RAINDROP 422
PLUME WASHOUT 424
CONCLUSION 425
Acknowledgements 426
REFERENCES 426
CHAPTER 41. 
427 
Abstract 427
INTRODUCTION 427
THE NETWORK 427
SUPPLEMENTARY MEASUREMENTS 428
QUALITY OF THE DATA BASE 428
DATA SCRUTINIZATION 429
CALCULATION OF THE "EXCESS" AND SEA SALT FRACTION OF SULFATE IN PRECIPITATION 429
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PRECIPITATION 429
RELATION BETWEEN SULFATE CONCENTRATION AND AMOUNT OF PRECIPITATION 430
TEMPORAL VARIATIONS OF SULFATE CONCENTRATION/DEPOSITION 431
SEASONAL VARIATIONS 433
CONCENTRATION FIELD FOR SULFATE IN PRECIPITATION 434
DEPOSITION FIELD FOR SULFATE IN PRECIPITATION 434
ERRORS IN ESTIMATED CONCENTRATION DUE TO SMALL SCALE AREAL VARIABILITY 435
WASHOUT RATIOS 437
PAST AND FUTURE IMPORTANCE OF THE NETWORK 437
Acknowledgements 438
REFERENCES 438
CHAPTER 42. 
439 
Abstract 439
INTRODUCTION 439
ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT ESTIMATES FOR REGIONAL SCALES 440
COMPUTATION OF ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT 440
VERIFICATION OF CALCULATED TRAJECTORIES 445
FUTURE TRANSPORT AND DIFFUSION STUDIES—SOME SUGGESTIONS 453
GLOBAL SCALE TRANSPORT 456
SUMMARY 457
Acknowledgements 457
REFERENCES 457
CHAPTER 43. 
459 
Abstract 459
BACKGROUND AND GENERAL DEVELOPMENT 459
TECHNICAL APPROACH 460
RESULTS 463
FUTURE DEVELOPMENT 467
Acknowledgements 467
REFERENCES 467
CHAPTER 44. 
469 
Abstract 469
1. INTRODUCTION 469
2. SOURCES OF SULPHUR COMPOUNDS IN THE ATMOSPHERE 469
3. CONCLUSION 472
Acknowledgement 473
REFERENCES 474
CHAPTER 45. 
475 
Abstract 475
1. THE NATURE OF THE BOUNDARY LAYER AND ITS EVOLUTION 475
2. METEOROLOGICAL OFFICE AIRCRAFT SAMPLING FLIGHTS 479
3. EPISODES 484
CASE STUDIES OF TWO EPISODES 486
4. IMPORTANT PROBLEMS FOR FURTHER STUDY 489
REFERENCES 491
CHAPTER 46. 
493 
Abstract 493
1. INTRODUCTION 493
2. BASIC ASSUMPTIONS AND EQUATIONS 493
3. PARAMETER VALUES 495
4. ESTIMATED CONCENTRATIONS COMPARED WITH OBSERVATIONS 496
5. ESTIMATED DRY AND WET ANNUAL SULPHUR DEPOSITION PATTERNS 497
6. CONCLUSIONS 500
Acknowledgements 500
REFERENCES 500
CHAPTER 47. 
503 
Abstract 503
1. INTRODUCTION 503
2. THE MODEL USED IN THE CALCULATIONS 504
3. DIRECTIONAL VARIATION OF TRAJECTORIES 505
4. SPECIFICATION OF REMOVAL RATES 506
5. INCLUSION OF PRECIPITATION SCAVENGING 508
6. MODEL CALCULATIONS OF THE PATTERN OF WET AND DRY DEPOSITION OVER EUROPE 509
7. SULPHUR BUDGET FOR SOUTHERN NORWAY 512
8. CONCLUSIONS 514
Acknowledgement 515
REFERENCES 515
CHAPTER 48. 
517 
Abstract 517
1. INTRODUCTION 517
2. THE MODEL 517
3. THE CHOICE OF PARAMETER VALUES 518
4. RESULTS 518
5. CONCLUDING REMARKS 522
Acknowledgements 522
REFERENCES 522
CHAPTER 49. 
525 
Abstract 525
1. INTRODUCTION 525
2. DESCRIPTION OF EURMAP DESIGN AND APPLICATION 526
3. RESULTS FROM EURMAP COMPUTER RUNS 529
Acknowledgements 540
REFERENCES 540
CHAPTER 50. TRANSMISSION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE ON LOCAL, REGIONAL AND CONTINENTAL SCALE 543
Abstract 543
1. INTRODUCTION 543
2. THE AIR TRAJECTORY BOX MODEL 543
3. TRAJECTORIES 546
4. EMISSION DATA 546
5. FACTORS OF TRANSFORMATION AND REMOVAL 546
6. EVALUATION OF PARTIAL TIME INTERVALS 546
7. RESULTS 547
8. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS 548
REFERENCES 548
CHAPTER 51. 
551 
Abstract 551
INTRODUCTION 551
TRANSFORMATION MECHANISMS 552
SIZE DISTRIBUTION 552
REVIEW OF PLUME STUDIES 553
EPA PLUME STUDIES 554
SCIENTIFIC RESULTS 558
SUMMARY 559
Acknowledgements 559
REFERENCES 559
APPENDIX 560
CHAPTER 52. 
563 
Abstract 563
INTRODUCTION 563
TRANSFORMATION 564
PLUME TRANSPORT 568
DRY REMOVAL 571
RATE CONSTANTS FOR THE LABADIE PLUME BUDGET 575
TWO BOX MODEL OF THE SULFUR BUDGET IN LARGE PLUMES 576
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 580
Acknowledgements 580
REFERENCES 580
APPENDIX 1 581
APPENDIX 2: TWO-BOX MODEL 582
CHAPTER 53. 
583 
Abstract 583
1. INTRODUCTION 583
2. MODEL FORMULATION 584
3. PROJECT MISTT PLUME MODELS 590
4. CONCLUSIONS 599
Acknowledgements 600
REFERENCES 600
APPENDIX A 601
CHAPTER 54. 
603 
Abstract 603
1. INTRODUCTION 603
2. PLUME TRANSPORT 604
3. KINETICS OF PARTICULATE SULFUR FORMATION 607
4. CONCLUSIONS 612
Acknowledgements 612
REFERENCES 612
CHAPTER 55. 
617 
Abstract 617
INTRODUCTION 617
PLUME MODEL 617
NUMERICAL PROCEDURE 613
OZONE AND SULFATE GENERATING MECHANISMS 614
MODEL CALCULATIONS 615
FLOW RATES OF OZONE AND PARTICULATE SULFUR 616
Acknowledgements- 618
REFERENCES 618
CHAPTER 56. TRANSPORT OF SO2 IN POWER PLANT PLUMES: DAY AND NIGHT 619
Abstract 619
1. INTRODUCTION 619
2. RESULTS 620
3. DISCUSSION 623
4. CONCLUSIONS 624
Acknowledgements 624
REFERENCES 624
APPENDIX 625
CHAPTER 57. 
627 
Abstract 627
INTRODUCTION 627
AIRCRAFT DESCRIPTION 627
MEASUREMENT SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 627
OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES 632
CALIBRATION 632
DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS 633
CONCLUSIONS 633
Acknowledgements 633
REFERENCES 633
CHAPTER 58. 
635 
Abstract 635
INTRODUCTION 635
SATELLITE MONITORING 636
THE SMA/GOES SATELLITE SYSTEM 636
DATA 637
DATA ANALYSES, 16 29 AUGUST 1976 638
CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY 643
Acknowledgements 643
REFERENCES 643
CHAPTER 59. 
647 
Abstract 647
I. INTRODUCTION 647
2. MODEL 647
3. CALCULATIONS 649
REFERENCES 653
CHAPTER 60. 
655 
Abstract 655
INTRODUCTION 655
BACKGROUND 656
THE SURE PROGRAM 656
Acknowledgements 659
REFERENCES 659
APPENDIX A 659
CHAPTER 61. 
663 
Abstract 663
1. INTRODUCTION 663
2. MAP3S SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM-RESPONDINGTO UNCERTAINTY 664
3. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 671
Acknowledgements 671
REFERENCES 671
CHAPTER 62. 
675 
Abstract 675
INTRODUCTION 675
CANADIAN LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT OF AIR POLLUTANTS PROGRAM 677
PRELIMINARY RESULTS 679
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 682
Acknowledgements 683
REFERENCES 683
CHAPTER 63. 
685 
Abstract 685
1. INTRODUCTION 685
2. DEFINITIONS OF TIME SCALES 686
3. BOX MODELS 687
4. PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED ATMOSPHERIC SULFUR BUDGETS 687
5. OTHER WAYS OF ESTIMATING TIME SCALES ASSOCIATED WITH THE TRANSFORMATION AND DEPOSITION OF SULFUR COMPOUNDS 690
6. DISCUSSION 691
7. CONCLUDING REMARKS 693
Acknowledgement 694
REFERENCES 694
CHAPTER 64. 
695 
Abstract 695
1. INTRODUCTION 695
2. DISTRIBUTION OF S02 696
3. DISTRIBUTION OF H2S 698
4. DISTRIBUTION OF SULFATE-AEROSOLS 701
5. INFLUENCE OF REGIONAL TRANSPORT AND TRANSFORMATION ON THE SULFUR BUDGET 702
Acknowledgement 703
REFERENCES 703
CHAPTER 65. 
705 
Abstract 705
INTRODUCTION 705
RESULTS 708
REFERENCES 711
CHAPTER 66. 
713 
Abstract 713
1. INTRODUCTION 713
2. CONCENTRATION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE AND SULFATE IN CONTINENTAL ENVIRONMENT 713
3. SULFUR CONCENTRATIONS OVER THE OCEANS 715
4. H2S CONCENTRATION MEASUREMENTS 718
5. CONCLUSIONS 718
REFERENCES 718
CHAPTER 67. 
721 
Abstract 721
INTRODUCTION 721
TOTAL SULFATE MASS IN THE AEROSOL 722
SULFATE -SODIUM FRACTIONATION 723
SULFUR ISOTOPE RATIOS 723
MASS DISTRIBUTION OF MARITIME SULFATE 723
AMMONIUM AND PROTON CONCENTRATIONS 724
CONCLUSION 726
Acknowledgements 726
REFERENCES 727
CHAPTER 68. NEW METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF SO2 AND H2S IN REMOTE AREAS AND THEIR APPLICATION TO THE ATMOSPHERE 729
Abstract 729
INTRODUCTION 729
DESCRIPTION OF METHODS 729
APPLICATION OF THE METHODS 734
Acknowledgement 739
REFERENCES 739
CHAPTER 69. 
736 
Abstract 736
INTRODUCTION 736
SAMPLE COLLECTION 736
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES 738
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 738
Acknowledgements 742
REFERENCES 742
CHAPTER 70. 
743 
Abstract 743
INTRODUCTION 743
RESULTS 743
DISCUSSION 746
Acknowledgements 747
REFERENCES 747
CHAPTER 71. 
749 
Abstract 749
1. INTRODUCTION 749
2. THE URBAN PROBLEM 750
3. REGIONAL SCALE PHENOMENA 757
4. REGIONAL SOURCE-RECEPTOR RELATIONSHIPS 762
5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 765
Acknowledgements 766
REFERENCES 766
CHAPTER 72. 
767 
Abstract 767
INTRODUCTION 767
SAMPLING PROCEDURES 767
RESULTS 768
ORIGIN OF SULFURIC ACID PARTICLES 771
DISCUSSION 771
CONCLUSION 771
REFERENCES 771
CHAPTER 73. 
773 
Abstract 773
INTRODUCTION 773
METHOD 773
SYSTEM PERFORMANCE 774
SULFUR ANALYSIS 775
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 779
CONCLUSION 785
Acknowledgements 785
REFERENCES 785
CHAPTER 74. 
787 
Abstract 787
INTRODUCTION 787
EXPERIMENTAL 787
RESULTS 788
DISCUSSION 789
Acknowledgements 790
REFERENCES 791
CHAPTER 75. 
793 
Abstract 793
INTRODUCTION 793
DATA BASE 793
ANALYSIS 795
DISCUSSION 797
Acknowledgements 798
REFERENCES 798
CHAPTER 76. SULPHATES AND SULPHURIC ACID IN THE ATMOSPHERE IN THE YEARS 1971–1976 IN THE NETHERLANDS 799
Abstract 799
INTRODUCTION 799
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS 799
RESULTS 800
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 803
REFERENCES 803
CHAPTER 77. 
805 
Abstract 805
1. INTRODUCTION 805
2. EXPERIMENTAL 806
3. ANALYTICAL 806
4. DISCUSSION 807
5. CONCLUSIONS 808
Acknowledgements 808
REFERENCES 808
PART I: 
809 
CHAPTER 78. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ON THE SO2 TRANSFER IN THE MEDITERRANEAN OBTAINED WITH REMOTE SENSING DEVICES 809
RESULTS 809
CONCLUSIONS 810
REFERENCES 810
AUTHOR INDEX 811
SUBJECT INDEX 827

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 26.7.2017
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geologie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• ISBN-10: 1-4831-5073-9 / 1483150739
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4831-5073-4 / 9781483150734