Shock Compression of Condensed Matter - 1991 (eBook)

Proceedings of the American Physical Society Topical Conference Held in Williamsburg, Virginia, June 17-20, 1991

R.D. Dick, J.W. Forbes, S.C. Schmidt, D.G. Tasker (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2016 | 1. Auflage
1102 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
9781483291451 (ISBN)

Infos

The papers collected together in this volume constitute a review of recent research on the response of condensed matter to dynamic high pressures and temperatures. Inlcuded are sections on equations of state, phase transitions, material properties, explosive behavior, measurement techniques, and optical and laser studies. Recent developments in this area such as studies of impact and penetration phenomenology, the development of materials, especially ceramics and molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations are also covered. These latest advances, in addition to the many other results and topics covered by the authors, serve to make this volume the most authoritative source for the shock wave physics community.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Shock Compression of Condensed Matter - 1991 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 10
Preface 6
Foreword 8
Photograph: Recipient of the Shock Compression Science Award, 1991 9
CHAPTER I. PLENARY 22
Shock Waves and Extreme States of Matter 24
Progress in Understanding Shock Deformation in Condensed Materials at the Atomic/Molecular Level: Recent Experimental 
36 
Static Compression to Multimegabar Pressures 48
CHAPTER II. EQUATION OF STATE 60
Shock Compression of Condensed Matter up to Gigabar Pressure 
62 
Quantum Mechanical Effects on the Shock Hugoniot 70
The Calculated Behaviour of Periclase (MGO) at High Temperatures and Pressures 74
Equation of State of Heated Glassy Carbon 78
Shock-Vaporization Studies on Zinc and Porous Carbon 82
Equation of State (EOS) and Bulk Modulus under Pressure of Noble Metals and Their Alloys 86
Shock Compression of Iron 90
Equation of State of Gold in the High-Temperature Low-Density Regime 92
The Velocity of Sound Behind Strong Shocks in Si02 96
Equation of State of Composites under High Energy Densities 100
Hugoniot Measurements on a Slurry of Finely Divided Tungsten and Plastic 104
Equation of State and Crushing Dynamics of Low-Density Silica Aerogels 108
Shock Compression of Low-Density Microcellular Materials 112
Equation-of-State from Si02 Aerogel Hugoniot Data 116
Shock Characterization of Epoxy-42 Volume Percent Glass Microballoons 120
Two-Variable Feature of Gruneisen Function Observed in Experimental Porous Hugoniot Data 124
Shock Wave Studies of Snow 128
Energy Gap of Molecular Hydrogen from Electrical Conductivity Measurements 132
CHAPTER III. MOLECULAR DYNAMICS AND MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS 134
Molecular 
136 
Simulations of Chemically-Sustained Shock Fronts in a Model Energetic Material 144
Nonlinear Dynamics of Chains Interacting with a Steady Shock Front 148
Direct Monte Carlo Simulation of Chemical Equilibrium Composition of Molecular Fluid Mixtures under Shock Conditions 152
Monte Carlo Simulation of 3-Body Effects in Dense Helium 156
Monte Carlo Calculations of the Properties of Solid Nitromethane 160
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Shocks in Imperfect Crystal Lattices 164
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Ejection Induced by Reflection of Shockwave at Free Surface of Metals 172
CHAPTER IV. PHASE TRANSITIONS 176
Band Structure Calculations to 
178 
Lindemann Melting Law for Anisentropic Crystals: Graphite . Liquid Carbon 186
Experimental Check of E. I. Zababahin Hypothesis Concerning Limitation of Energy Cumulation in the Spherically Converging Shock-Wave Front in the Medium with Phase Transitions 190
Macrokinetics of a–.Phase Transition for Some Steels under Different Conditions of Explosive Loading 194
Shock Induced Polymorphic Phase Transition in a Low-Alloy Steel 198
Incubation Time and Growth Pattern of Martensite under a Short Duration Stress Pulse 202
Shock-Induced Martensitic Transformation of Highly Ordered Graphite 206
Melting along the Hugoniots of KBr and CsBr: Optical Pyrometry-Rarefaction Overtake Experiments 208
Phase Transformation of AIN by Shock Compression 212
Mechanism of the Shock-Induced Phase Transition in CdS Single Crystals 216
Response of Single Crystal Calcite Shocked to 40 kbar along the C-Axis 220
Microstructures of Shocked Quartz 224
CHAPTER V. MODELING AND SIMULATION: NONENERGETIC MATERIALS 228
Theoretical Prediction of Novel Molecular Solids Formed at High Pressure 230
Theory of Spectroscopy of Point Defects in Solids: Cr 
238 
Effective Like- and Unlike-Pair Interactions at High Pressure and High Temperature 246
Stability of Shock Waves 250
Overdriven Shocks in Solids and Liquids 254
Hydrodynamic Theory of Shock Induced Anomalous Mass Transfer in Solids 258
Irregular Shock Refractions at a Material Interface 262
One Dimensional Flows with Straight Particle Velocity Contours 266
Non-Steady Wave Profiles and the Fourth-Power Law 270
Energy Localization in Rapidly Deforming Crystalline Solids 274
Modeling Shock Waves with Dislocation Mechanics Based Constitutive Relations 278
Attenuation of Two-Dimensional Axisymmetric Shock Waves in Porous AI2O3 282
Simulation of Uniaxial Stress-Strain Curves for Arbitrary Strain Rates and Confining Stress Histories 286
Reverse Plasticity Effects in Free Surface Wave Profiles 290
Effects of Anisotropy on Dynamic Tensile Behavior 294
Partially Decoupled Explosion Cavities 298
Comparative Yield Estimation via Shock Hydrodynamic Methods 302
The Size of Dents in Circular Shells Resulting from Submerged Shock Waves 306
Hydrocode Development on the NCUBE and the Connection Machine Hypercubes 310
TOLTEC: A Multidimensional Solid Dynamics Wavecode 314
Interactive Mesh Generation in Solid Dynamics Hydrocodes 318
ALE Shock Calculations Using a Stabilized Serendipity Rezoning Scheme 322
Calculation of Elastic-Plastic Wave Propagation on the Connection Machine 326
CHAPTER VI. MODELING AND SIMULATION: ENERGETIC MATERIALS 330
The Structure of Detonation Waves in Solid 
332 
Lagrangian Analysis, Data Covariance, and the Impulse Time 
338 
Analytical Representation of the Adiabatic Equation for Detonation Products Based on Statistical Mechanics and Intermolecular Forces 346
Universal Description of Energetics of Condensed Matter 350
The Influence of a Slow Rate on Detonation Flow 354
A Study of the Impact of Reaction Rates on Equation of State 358
Munroe/Channel Effect and Weak Detonations 362
Shock and Shear Effects in Explosives due to Impact 366
Shock Initiation of Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate Crystals: Steric Effects due to Plastic Flow 370
Sensing the Threshold for Initiation of High Explosives in Hydrodynamic Calculations 374
Expansion Movement and Fracture of a Cylindrical Shell due to Internal Explosion 378
Interface Instabilities Occurring during an Explosive Driven Implosion 382
Computational Studies of Sympathetic Detonation between Two Axially Adjacent, Cased Charges of H6 386
CHAPTER VII. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES: MACROSCOPIC ASPECTS 390
Dynamic 
392 
Elastic-Plastic Constitutive Relations at Large Strain 400
A New Model of Rate Dependent Elastic-Plastic Flow 404
The Plastic Wave Myth 408
Extrapolation of the Shear Modulus to High Compressions and Negative Pressures 412
Appropriate Material Softening and Failure Models for Numerical Calculations 416
Experimental Study of Spalling Strength and the Hydro-Elastic Viscoplastic Constitutive Equations with Damage 420
Numerical Analysis of "Thin Film" Gruneisen Test Measurements 424
Criteria of Transition from Translational to Rotational Motion of Media under Shock Loading 428
Deformation Behavior of Pre-Shocked Copper as a Function of Strain Rate and Temperature 432
Shear Stress Prediction in Shock Loaded Copper 436
Dynamic Behavior of Fully Dense Molybdenum 440
The Rate Dependence of the Saturation Flow Stress of Cu and 1100 Al 444
Bauschinger Effect during Shock Loading 448
Dynamic Behavior of Tungsten Sintered Alloys at High Strain Rates up to 105 s-1 452
Elastic-Plastic Behavior of Shock-Loaded Fe-SiO2 
456 
The Response of Ceramic Materials to Shock 
460 
Computer Studies of the Dynamic Strength of Ceramics 468
The Failure Waves and Spallations in Homogeneous Brittle Materials 472
Shock-Wave Properties of High-Strength Ceramics 476
Elastic Wave Dispersion in High-Strength Ceramics 480
Shock Compression of Chemically Bonded Ceramics 484
Applying Steinberg's Model to the Hugoniot Elastic Limit of Porous Boron Carbide Specimens 488
Shear Strength of Titanium Diboride under Shock Loading Measured by Transverse Manganin Gauges 492
Spallation Behavior of TiB2,SiC, 
496 
Ceramics Behavior at Stress Levels Characteristic of Ballistic Impact 500
Load/Unload Hysteresis in Ceramics Measured by a Reverberation Technique 504
Effect of Shock-Re-Shock on Spallation of Titanium Diboride 508
Mechanical Response of a Composite Propellant to Dynamic Loading 512
Dynamic Compressive Properties of an Explosive Simulant 516
Constitutive Modeling of Concrete under Impact Loading 518
Effect of Strain Rate and Size on Tensile Strength of Concrete 522
Dynamic Response of Moist Soil to Shock Loading 526
Viscosity of Water and Glycerin behind a Shock Wave Front 530
CHAPTER VIII. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES: MICROSCOPIC ASPECTS 534
Plane Strain Fracture in Plate Impact 536
The Influence of Tungsten-Atom Transition on the Mechanical Properties of Tungsten Alloys 540
An Experimental Approach to Evolution of Spallation 544
Microstructural Evolution in High Strain, High Strain-Rate Deformation 548
Strain Rate Dependency of Copper Recrystallization 552
The Acquisition and Investigation of Submicrocrystal Structure Materials in Experiments on Loading of Metal Spheres by Spherically Converging Shock Waves 556
Influence of Twinning on the Elasto-Plastic Behavior of Armco-lron 560
Homogeneous Deformation of a Particulate Reinforced Metal-Matrix Composite 564
Linear Relation between Shock Velocity and Pressure in Relation to the Gruneisen Parameter 568
A Micromechanical Model for Granular Material and Application to Penetration of Ceramic Armor 572
Pressure Induced Macro- and Micromechanical Phenomena in Planar Impacted TiB2 576
Nanodislocation Structures for Shock Strengthening 580
On New Mechanism for Plastic Flow in Shock-Loaded Solids 584
Biaxial Strain Deformation and Fracture of Polymers 588
Dislocation Density Variation in Shocked Single Crystal Ammonium Perchlorate 592
Fracture Surface Topography of Cast TNT 596
One- and Three-Dimensional Impact-Induced Tensional Failure in Rock 600
CHAPTER IX. SHOCK-INDUCED MODIFICATION AND MATERIAL SYNTHESIS 604
Study of Shock Induced Solid State Reactions by Recovery 
606 
The Search for the Conditions Necessary to Initiate Chemical Reaction by Particle Collision 614
Modeling of Shock-Induced Chemical Reactions in Powder Mixtures I: the VIR Model 618
Modeling of Shock-Induced Chemical Reactions in Powder Mixtures II: Continuum Mixture Theory 622
Shock Induced Exothermic Reactions in Powder Mixtures 626
Shock Compaction Method for Nanocrystalline Ceramics 630
X-Ray Diffraction Line Broadening in Shock Modified Pyrite 634
Postshock Spectral Radiance Measurements in Nickel and Nickel/Aluminum Powders 638
Heterogeneous Shock Compression Mechanism of Diamond Powders in a Metal Capsule 642
Shock-Induced Crystallization of Metallic Glass Fe40Ni40P12B8 646
Shock Synthesis of Silicides 650
NMR Spectroscopy of Experimentally Shocked Silicate Minerals 654
CHAPTER X. SHOCK CHEMISTRY AND EXPLOSIVES 658
Chemistry 
660 
Compression Induced Aligned Radicals in Nitroanilines 668
Behavior of Ammonium Perchlorate under Shock Loading 672
Fundamental Chemical Interactions in Metal-Filled Composite Explosives 676
Mass Spectrometric and Spectroscopic Investigations of the Chemical Sensitization of Nitrocompounds by an Amine 680
Microwave Interferometric Hot Spot Density Measurements in Energetic Materials 684
Profile of Detonation Front by Longitudinal Gaps in HE 
688 
Experimental Study of Reaction and Stress Growth in Projectile-Impacted Explosives 692
An Investigation of Projectile and Barrier Geometry Effects on Impact Initiation of a Secondary Explosive 696
Shock Compression of Dupont Detasheet at Low Stress 700
Mechanisms of EBW HE Initiation 704
Factors Affecting the Sensitivity of Energetic Materials to Electrostatic Initiation 708
Shock Initiation of Bubble Sensitized Commercial Explosives 712
Shock Initiation of Some Aqueous HMX Mixtures 716
Numerical Simulation of Relaxation Phenomena in Xe Compressed by Strong Shock Wave 720
Shock-Induced Chemistry of Dry Air 724
CHAPTER XI. OPTICAL STUDIES 728
Ultrafast Vibrational Energy Transfer in Molecular Solids 730
Vibrational Spectroscopy of Shock-Compressed Liquid COa 738
Shock-Induced Absorption Changes of Anthracene in Comparison with Changes at Static High Pressures 742
Shock Initiation of Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate Crystals: Optical Absorption and Emission Studies 746
Real Time Imaging of Shear Bands Induced by Low Velocity Shocks During Impact of Crystals 750
Shock-Induced Optical Changes in AI2O3 at 200 GPa. Implications for Shock Temperature Measurements in Metals
Residual Temperature Measurements of Shocked Copper and Iron Plates by Infrared Pyrometry 758
Optically Measured Temperature Profile of a Condensed Aluminum-Water Medium Undergoing a Fast Chemical Reaction 762
Optical Properties of Dense Plasma in Shock and Rarefaction Waves 766
CHAPTER XII. INTERFEROMETRY 770
Use of 
772 
Full-Field Fabry-Perot Interferometer 780
Multi-Point Interferometer for Monitoring Two Dimensional Wave Motion 784
VISAR: Line-Imaging Interferometer 788
Particle Velocity Profiles Measured by LDI through a LiF Window in Loading-Unloading Experiments 792
A Microwave Interferometer to Measure Particle and Shock Velocities Simultaneously 796
CHAPTER XIII. LASER AND PARTICLE BEAM SHOCK INTERACTION 800
New Theoretical Approach in Calculation of Laser and Particle Beam Ranges in Shock-Compressed Condensed Matter 802
The Equivalence of Simple Models for Radiation-Induced Impulse 806
Uniform Focal Profiles Suitable for Laser Driven Shocks 810
Laser Driven Shock Instabilities in Multimaterial, Layered, Solid Targets 814
Laser Generation of 100-kbar Shock Waves in Solids 818
Laser-Shock Studies Using an Electromagnetic Gauge for Particle Velocity Measurements 822
Spalling Due to a Strong Shock Wave Decay Process in Solid Targets Irradiated by a Pulsed Laser 826
Plasticity in Shocked Single Crystals Viewed by Pulsed X-Ray Diffraction 830
Direct Measurements of Compressive and Tensile Strain During Shock Breakout by Use of Sub-Nanosecond X-Ray Diffraction 834
Sub-Nanosecond Powder X-Ray Diffraction 838
Numerical and Analytical Analysis of Thin Laser-Driven Flyer Plates 842
Laser-Driven Flat Plate Impacts to 100 GPa. with Sub-Nanosecond Pulse Duration and Resolution for Material Property Studies 846
Studies of Laser-Driven Flyer Acceleration Using Optical Fiber Coupling 850
Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Shock Waves Generated by High Energy Charged Particle Beams 854
CHAPTER XIV. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES 858
A Single Stage Gas Gun for Shock Wave Studies 860
Underwater Shock Waves in Medical Applications 864
Investigation of Electrical Shock Conductivity in a Polymer Shock Compression Switch 868
Explosive Welding of Multilayer Amorphous Ribbons into a Plate 872
Magnetic Field Dependent 
876 
A Solid-State Calorimeter for Measuring the Internal Energy Increment of Metal Samples, Capable of Surviving Explosive Loading 880
CHAPTER XV. GAUGES AND APPLICATIONS 884
Analysis of Lagrangian Particle Velocity Gauge Measurements 886
Particle Velocity Measurements Near Underground Nuclear Explosions Using Axially Symmetric Magnetic Gages 888
Dynamic Inclusion Analyses of Lateral Piezoresistance Gauges under Shock Wave Loading 892
Response of the Polymers Kel-F, Polysulfone, High Density Polyethylene, and Polymethylmethacrylate to Shock Loading and Release from 0.3 to 2.4 
896 
Piezoelectric Polymer PVDF Application under Soft X-Ray Induced Shock Loading 900
Piezoelectric Polarization of the Ferroelectric Polymer PVDF from 10 MPa. to 10 GPa.: Studies of Loading-Path Dependence 904
Response of the Piezoelectric Polymer PVDF to Shock Compression Greater than 10 GPa 908
Effects of Temperature on an ISL-PVDF Shock Sensor between +20 °C and -40 
912 
Dynamic Behaviour of PVF2 Gauges in the 0-600 kbar Range 914
A Simple Approach to Piezofilm Stress Gauges 918
Practical Considerations on the Piezofilm Gauge Technique 922
Underwater Shock Wave Measurements using PVDF Transducers 926
In-Situ Magnetic Gauge Measurements in Kel-F 930
Electromagnetic Gauge Measurement of Dynamic Tensile Fracturing 934
Measurement of Explosive Blast Loads with Flatpack Stress Gages 938
Blast Pressure Measurement from Explosives 942
Measurements of Laser Induced Stress Waves by Eddy-Current Velocity Gauge 946
CHAPTER XVI. IMPACT PHENOMENA 950
MESA: A 3-D Eulerian Hydrocode for Penetration Mechanics Studies 952
Three-Dimensional Analyses of Plate Impact Experiments with Circular and Star Geometries 956
Modeling of Dynamic Fracture in a Solid Cone Target 960
The Influence of Projectile Nose Shape on the Shock Phase of Impact 964
Stress Fields Generated by Kinetic Energy Projectile Interaction with Ceramic Targets 968
Two Types of Experiments for Studying Uniaxial Dynamic Compression of Alumina 972
Structural Influence on Hypervelocity Intact Capture in Underdense Media 976
Steady Supersonic Penetration of a Porous Media 980
Modified Integral Theory of Impact to Model Long Rod Penetration at Normal and Oblique Incidence 984
Long-Rod Penetration and the Calculation of Target Resistance 988
Damage Evolution in a Ceramic Rod 992
Hydrocode Simulations of the Multi-Shock Meteoroid and Debris Shield 996
The Multi-Shock Hypervelocity Impact Shield 1000
Momentum Transfer in the One-Dimensional Impact of Spaced Plates 1004
Whipple Bumper Shield Simulations 1008
Whipple Bumper Shield Tests at Over 10 km/s 1012
Response of Thin Sheet Due to Debris Cloud Impact 1016
Numerical Simulation of Soft Body Impact 1020
Impact of Dryice Projectiles on Elastic Plastic Bodies 1024
Surface Erosion under Impact Action of Particles 1028
Jet Ejecta Mass upon Oblique Impact 1032
Terminal Effects of High Velocity Impact 1036
Hypervelocity Impact Jet Formation 1040
CHAPTER XVII. HIGH VELOCITY LAUNCHERS AND SHAPED CHARGES 1044
Launch Capabilities to Over 10 
1046 
Hypervelocity Plate Acceleration 1054
Generating Strong Shock Waves with a Supersonic Peristaltic Pump 1062
An Introduction to the Fast Shock Tube (FST) 1066
Comparisons between Fast Shock Tube Calculations and Tests 1070
Shaped Charges and Shock Waves 1074
Designing a Cutting Charge to Cut the Shaped Charge Jets 1082
Author Index 1086
Subject Index 1090

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 29.7.2016
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Festkörperphysik
• Themenwelt: Technik
• ISBN-13: 9781483291451 / 9781483291451