Fuels and Fuel Technology (eBook)

A Summarized Manual in Two Volumes

Wilfrid Francis (Autor)

T. F. Gaskell, D. C. Rhys Jones, M. W. Thring (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2016 | 1. Auflage
366 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-1-4831-8226-1 (ISBN)

Infos

Fuels and Fuel Technology, Volume One: A Summarized Manual provides information pertinent to the fundamental aspects of fuels and fuel technology. This book presents a reasonably accurate summary of the existing knowledge and literature relating to fuel technology. Organized into two sections encompassing 72 data sheets, this volume begins with an overview of fuels as organic combustible substances used mainly or solely for the production of useful heat that are divided into three classes, namely, solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels. This text then examines the main chemical components of wood. This book discusses as well the commercial production of peat. The final section deals with the calculations of theoretical and actual air requirements, dry and wet flue gases, and carbon dioxide in flue gases. This book is a valuable resource for chemists and fuel technologists. Students who are interested to obtain a qualification in the subject of fuels or fuel technology will also find this book useful.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Fuels and Fuel Technology: A Summarized Manual in two Volumes 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
PREFACE 10
ILLUSTRATIONS 14
SECTION A: SOLID FUELS 20
DATA SHEET 1. DEFINITIONS AND UNITS 22
UNITS OF HEAT 23
UNITS OF CALORIFIC VALUE 23
OTHER UNITS AND CONVERSION FACTORS 24
EXOTHERMIC AND ENDOTHERMIC REACTIONS 25
TERMS USED IN THE ANALYSIS OF SOLID FUELS 25
BASES OF REPORTING 26
CAKING INDICES 26
REFERENCES 27
DATA SHEET 2. WOOD 28
COMPOSITION 28
COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS OF WOOD 29
CARBONIZATION OF WOOD—WOOD CHARCOAL 29
PRODUCER GAS FROM WOOD 30
REFERENCES 30
DATA SHEET 3. PEAT 31
TYPES AND COMPOSITION 31
COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF PEAT 32
COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS OF PEAT 32
LOW TEMPERATURE CARBONIZATION OF PEAT 33
PRODUCER GAS FROM PEAT 34
REFERENCES 34
DATA SHEET 4. LIGNITES AND SUB-BITUMINOUS COALS 35
UTILIZATION 36
NATURE OF COKE 38
REFERENCE 38
DATA SHEET 5. THE ORIGIN OF COAL 39
DEFINITION 39
RANK 39
MODE OF FORMATION OF COAL FORMING DEPOSITS 40
CYCLIC FORMATION OF DEPOSITS 40
THE CHANGE FROM FOREST DEBRIS TO PEAT 41
THE CHANGE FROM PEAT TO MATURE COAL 44
HILT'S LAW 45
NATURE OF CHEMICAL CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASE IN RANK 45
OVERALL CHANGE IN COMPOSITION OF WOOD DURING THE FORMATION OF COAL 45
USE OF "PURE-COAL" BASIS IN COAL TERMINOLOGY 47
REFERENCES 47
DATA SHEET 6. THE CLASSIFICATION OF COALS 48
GENERAL 48
I. METHODS BASED UPON ULTIMATE ANALYSIS 49
II. METHODS BASED UPON PROXIMATE ANALYSIS 53
REFERENCES 56
DATA SHEET 7. PETROLOGY AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 57
BANDED COMPONENTS OF COAL 57
RATIONAL ANALYSIS 59
GREY AND BLACK DURAINS 61
CANNEL COALS 61
RECENT PETROLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY 62
REFERENCES 62
DATA SHEET 8. COAL—RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CARBON, HYDROGEN, VOLATILE MATTER AND CALORIFIC VALUE 63
DULONG FORMULA 63
ASSUMPTIONS IN DULONG'S FORMULA 63
SEYLER'S FORMULAE 64
ACCURACY OF SEYLER'S RELATIONSHIPS 65
CORRECTION OF FORMULAE FOR DIFFERENCES IN PETROLOGICAL TYPE 65
USE OF SEYLER'S CHART 66
REFERENCE 66
DATA SHEET 9. COALFIELDS OF GREAT BRITAIN AND WORLD RESOURCES 67
GREAT BRITAIN 67
ANALYSIS (PURE COAL BASIS) AND COMMERCIAL USES OF COALS IN THE COALFIELDS OF GREAT BRITAIN 67
REGIONAL VARIATION IN PROPERTIES 71
CONTACT WITH IGNEOUS INTRUSIONS 71
OUTPUT OF COAL CLASSES IN GREAT BRITAIN 72
WORLD RESERVES OF COAL 72
WORLD AVAILABILITY OF COKING COALS 73
REFERENCES 73
DATA SHEET 10. COAL PREPARATION—GRADING AND CRUSHING 74
OBJECT 74
PROCEDURE 74
1. SEPARATION OF COAL TYPES AT THE FACE 75
2. SCREENING 75
3. HAND PICKING 76
4. CRUSHING OR BREAKING 76
REFERENCE 78
DATA SHEET 11. COAL PREPARATION —MECHANICAL CLEANING — THEORY 79
OBJECTIVE 79
METHODS 79
THEORY OF SEPARATION BY DENSITY 80
INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM TABLE AND CURVES 82
THEORY OF CLEANING BY JIGGING OR WASHING 83
REFERENCES 86
DATA SHEET 12. COAL PREPARATION —Mechanical Cleaning — Types of Plant 87
A. DRY CLEANING PROCESSES 87
B. WET CLEANING PROCESSES 89
DATA SHEET 13. COAL CLEANING —Representation of Washer Performance 97
1. BLOCK DIAGRAMS 97
2. GRAPHICAL METHODS 98
REFERENCES 106
DATA SHEET 14. THE STORAGE OF COAL — OXIDATION AND SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION 107
A. FACTORS AFFECTING DETERIORATION BY OXIDATION 107
B. QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THESE FACTORS 108
C. PRACTICAL CONDITIONS OF STORAGE 110
REFERENCE 113
DATA SHEET 15. COMBUSTION CALCULATIONS—COAL AND OIL 114
A. CHEMISTRY OF COMBUSTION 114
B. CALCULATION OF AIR REQUIRED FOR COMBUSTION: AND OF THE PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION USING THEORETICAL AIR 117
C. SIGNIFICANCE OF PERCENTAGE OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN FLUE GASES 119
D. CALCULATION OF EXCESS AIR AND DRY FLUE GASES USING EXCESS AIR 120
E. UTILIZATION OF THESE DATA 123
F. SOURCE OF DATA FOR COMBUSTION CALCULATIONS 123
REFERENCES 124
DATA SHEET 16. COMBUSTION OF COAL ON GRATES 125
A. NATURE OF COMBUSTION PROCESS 125
B. COMBUSTION CONTROL 125
C. METHODS OF FIRING 127
REFERENCES 134
DATA SHEET 17. COMBUSTION OF COAL WITHOUT GRATES 135
A. COAL AS PULVERIZED FUEL 135
B. THE BABCOCK CYCLONE FURNACE 145
REFERENCES 146
DATA SHEET 18. MINERAL IMPURITIES IN COAL —ASH AND CLINKER FORMATION 147
A. NATURE OF MINERAL IMPURITIES 147
B. CHANGE IN ORIGINAL MINERAL MATTER DURING COMBUSTION 148
C. CORRECTION OF ANALYSES FOR MINERAL IMPURITIES 148
D. FUSION OF COAL ASH 149
E. FORMATION OF CLINKER ON FURNACE GRATES 150
REFERENCES 151
DATA SHEET 19. IMPURITIES IN COAL—BOILER AVAILABILITY 152
A. ARRANGEMENT OF PARTS OF LARGE WATER TUBE BOILER PLANT 152
B. EFFECT OF GRADING AND QUALITY OF FINE COAL ON BOILER OPERATION 152
C. CLINKER FORMATION 154
D. BOILER AVAILABILITY 154
E. FACTORS IN BOILER OPERATION AFFECTING BOILER AVAILABILITY 155
F. FEATURES OF BOILER DESIGN FAVOURING INCREASED BOILER AVAILABILITY 155
REFERENCES 155
DATA SHEET 20. NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL DRAUGHT 156
A. MEASUREMENT OF DRAUGHT 156
B. ARTIFICIAL DRAUGHT 158
C. COST OF PRODUCING DRAUGHT 159
REFERENCE 160
DATA SHEET 21. SOLID FUELS MADE FROM COAL — BRIQUETTES 161
A. MANUFACTURE OF BRIQUETTES 161
B. THE LURGI SPÜLGAS PROCESS 163
C. BITUMINOUS COALS AND ANTHRACITES 164
D. PROCESSES OF MANUFACTURE 166
E. CARBONIZED BONDED BRIQUETTES—THE PHURNACITE PROCESS 167
F. BINDERLESS BRIQUETTING BY SHEAR STRAIN 167
REFERENCES 169
DATA SHEET 22. THE CARBONIZATION OF COAL IN LABORATORY APPARATUS 170
A. DECOMPOSITION OF COKING COALS BY HEAT 170
B. SUMMARY OF SEQUENCE OF EVENTS DURING PROGRESSIVE CARBONIZATION 171
C. CHANGES IN PRIMARY PRODUCTS BY PYROLYSIS 173
D. VARIATION IN BEHAVIOUR WITH RANK OF COAL 173
E. TYPICAL RESULTS OBTAINED BY GRAY–KING ASSAY 174
F. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN YIELDS AND COMPOSITION OF COAL 174
G. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LABORATORY RESULTS AND COMMERCIAL PRACTICE 175
REFERENCE 175
DATA SHEET 23. SOLID FUELS DERIVED FROM COAL– LOW TEMPERATURE COKE 176
COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF LOW TEMPERATURE COKE 178
DATA SHEET 24. SOLID FUELS DERIVED FROM COAL— HIGH TEMPERATURE COKE 181
A. GAS WORKS PRACTICE 181
B. METALLURGICAL PRACTICE 184
REFERENCE 186
DATA SHEET 25. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF COKES 187
REFERENCES 194
DATA SHEET 26. EFFECT OF COAL AND PROCESS VARIABLES ON COKE PROPERTIES 195
A. COAL RANK, COAL TYPE AND BLENDING 195
B. SIZE GRADING 196
C. MOISTURE 196
D. ASH CONTENT 197
E. STORAGE 197
F. METHOD OF CHARGING OVENS 198
G. RATE OF HEATING OF CHARGE 198
H. QUENCHING 198
REFERENCES 198
DATA SHEET 27. CHOICE OF SOLID FUELS FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES 199
A. DOMESTIC APPLIANCES 199
B. INDUSTRIAL—INCLUDING POWER STATIONS 200
C. TRANSPORT 203
D. CARBONIZATION 203
E. BRIQUETTING 204
F. DRYING 204
DATA SHEET 28. METHODS FOR THE EXAMINATION OF COAL AND COKE 205
CRUCIBLE SWELLING TEST FOR COALS 207
GRAY–KING ASSAY 208
METHOD OF REPORTING 208
METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF COKE 209
REFERENCES 210
DATA SHEET 29. DETERMINATION OF THE CALORIFIC VALUE OF COAL, COKE AND OIL 211
BOMB 211
REFERENCES 215
DATA SHEET 30. THE CLEAN AIR ACT, 1956 216
A. CONTROL OF INDUSTRIAL SMOKE 216
B. CONTROL OF DOMESTIC POLLUTION 218
REFERENCE 219
DATA SHEET 31. A NATIONAL FUELS POLICY 220
A. COST OF HEAT SUPPLIED 220
B. ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION BY SULPHUR OXIDES, PER THERM USEFUL HEAT 221
C. CAPITAL COSTS AND CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES 221
D. PROS AND CONS OF ELECTRICITY AND FUELS FOR HEATING 222
E. CONCLUSION 224
SECTION B: LIQUID FUELS 226
DATA SHEET 51. DEFINITIONS — UNITS—NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 228
LIQUID FUELS —TYPES 228
PHYSICAL UNITS 229
NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 230
STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATION OF HYDROCARBON FORMULAE 231
ORGANIC DERIVATIVES OF HYDROCARBONS 235
DATA SHEET 52. PETROLEUM OILS—THE ORIGIN AND NATURE OF CRUDE PETROLEUM 237
A. ORIGIN 237
B. FORMATION OF EXISTING DEPOSITS 238
C. DETECTION OF OIL DEPOSITS 238
D. NATURE OF PETROLEUM CRUDES 239
REFERENCES 241
DATA SHEET 53. PETROLEUM OILS—PRELIMINARY TREATMENT AND DISTILLATION 242
PRELIMINARY TREATMENT 242
WET GAS TREATMENT 242
DISTILLATION—THEORY 243
DISTILLATION IN PRACTICE 254
REFERENCES 256
DATA SHEET 54. PETROLEUM OILS—CRACKING AND REFINING PROCESSES 257
THE NECESSITY FOR CRACKING 257
REFINING CRACKED GASOLINE 262
REFERENCE 264
DATA SHEET 55. PETROLEUM OILS—REFORMING PROCESSES 265
THE NECESSITY FOR REFORMING 265
SUPERFRACTIONATION 270
REFERENCE 270
DATA SHEET 56. ANTI-KNOCK RATING AND OCTANE NUMBERS 271
NATURE OF KNOCK IN SPARK IGNITION ENGINES 271
DEFINITION OF "OCTANE NUMBER" 273
TEST METHODS 273
USE OF TETRA-ETHYL LEAD —"PERFORMANCE NUMBERS" 273
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN KNOCK RATING AND COMPOSITION 275
BLENDING OCTANE NUMBERS 275
REFERENCES 275
DATA SHEET 57. DIESEL FUELS—CETANE NUMBERS 276
COMPRESSION IGNITION 276
CAUSE OF "DIESEL KNOCK" 276
SPONTANEOUS IGNITION TEMPERATURES OF OILS 277
CETANE NUMBERS 277
DIESEL INDEX 278
REFERENCES 279
DATA SHEET 58. GASOLINES —PROPERTIES AND SPECIFICATIONS 280
A. AVIATION GASOLINES 280
B. MOTOR GASOLINES 284
REFERENCES 287
DATA SHEET 59. KEROSINES—PROPERTIES AND SPECIFICATIONS 288
1. BURNING OILS 288
2. POWER KEROSINES —TRACTOR VAPORIZING OILS (T.V.O.) 290
3. GAS TURBINE FUELS—AVIATION TURBINE KEROSINE 291
4. RAM JET FUELS 293
REFERENCE 294
DATA SHEET 60. DIESEL FUELS—GAS OILS— SPECIFICATIONS 295
DIESEL OILS 295
GAS OILS 296
REFERENCES 298
DATA SHEET 61. FUEL OILS—PROPERTIES AND SPECIFICATIONS 299
A. SOURCES 299
B. PROPERTIES IN RELATION TO USE 299
C. SUMMARIZED PROPERTIES OF RESIDUAL OILS 301
D. SPECIFICATIONS FOR FUEL OILS 304
REFERENCES 304
DATA SHEET 62. TEST METHODS FOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS 305
1. SPECIFIC GRAVITY 305
2. VISCOSITY 306
3. FLASH POINT 310
4. CALORIFIC VALUE 311
5. REID VAPOUR PRESSURE 312
6. CLOUD AND POUR POINTS 312
7. ANILINE POINT AND DIESEL INDEX 313
8. GUM IN MOTOR FUEL 314
9. SULPHUR 315
10. WATER AND SEDIMENT 316
11. ASH CONTENT 318
12. CARBON RESIDUE 318
13. DISTILLATION 319
DATA SHEET 63. OIL PRODUCTS DERIVED FROM COAL — MOTOR BENZOLE 321
REFINING MOTOR BENZOLE 321
PROPERTIES AND USES AS MOTOR FUEL 322
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PURE AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS 322
SPECIFICATION FOR MOTOR BENZOLE 323
DATA SHEET 64. OIL PRODUCTS DERIVED FROM COAL—COAL TAR FUELS 324
A. DESCRIPTION 324
B. DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR 324
C. YIELDS, TEMPERATURES AND TYPE OF PRODUCTS 325
D. VARIATION IN TAR TYPE WITH CARBONIZATION PROCESS 325
E. VARIATION IN ULTIMATE ANALYSIS OF TAR WITH CARBONIZATION PROCESS 327
F. SPECIFICATIONS FOR COAL TAR FLUIDS 327
G. COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS OF COAL TAR FUELS 328
REFERENCE 329
DATA SHEET 65. LIQUID FUELS DERIVED FROM COAL— HYDROGENATION PRODUCTS 330
A. NATURE OF THE PROCESS 330
B. HISTORICAL 330
C. TWO-STAGE COMMERCIAL PROCESS 331
D. PROPERTIES OF MOTOR SPIRIT PRODUCED 332
E. HYDROGENATION OF CREOSOTE AND LIGHT TARS 332
F. TETRALIN—TETRAHYDRONAPHTHALENE, C10H12 333
REFERENCE 334
DATA SHEET 66. LIQUID FUELS DERIVED FROM COAL—SYNTHESIS —THE FISCHER–TROPSCH PROCESS 335
A. NATURE OF PROCESS 335
B. DEVELOPMENTS IN GERMANY 335
C. POST-WAR DEVELOPMENTS IN THE U.S.A. 336
REFERENCES 337
DATA SHEET 67. OTHER OIL FUELS—SHALE OILS—ALCOHOLS 338
A. SHALE OILS 338
B. TAR SANDS 339
C. ALCOHOLS 340
REFERENCES 342
DATA SHEET 68. THE COMBUSTION OF FUEL OILS — KEROSINE 343
KEROSINE IN SMALL HEATING APPLIANCES 344
KEROSINE IN LARGE HEATING APPLIANCES 345
DATA SHEET 69. THE COMBUSTION OF FUEL OILS—FURNACE OIL BURNERS 347
A. ATOMIZATION BY MECHANICAL MEANS 347
B. ATOMIZATION BY FLUIDS 350
C. COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS OF FUEL OILS 352
REFERENCES 353
DATA SHEET 70. THE COMBUSTION OF FURNACE OILS — ANCILLARY EQUIPMENT 354
A. STORAGE TANKS—USUALLY MADE OF WELDED STEEL 354
B. PUMPS 355
C. OIL FILTERS 356
D. PIPE LINES AND VALVES 356
E. OIL HEATERS AND RING-MAIN SYSTEM 356
F. PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES, AIR VENTS AND SAFETY DEVICES 357
G. AUTOMATIC CONTROL 357
REFERENCE 359
DATA SHEET 71. COMBUSTION OF FUEL OILS— APPLICATIONS 360
A. STEAM RAISING 360
B. INDUSTRIAL — GENERAL 361
C. INDUSTRIAL—METALLURGICAL 362
REFERENCE 363
DATA SHEET 72. COMBUSTION DATA ON OIL FUELS 364
A. COMBUSTION CALCULATIONS — FUEL OILS 364
B. HEAT LOSSES DUE TO HYDROGEN IN FUEL 364
C. ADVANTAGES OF FUEL OILS OVER COAL 365
D. ADVANTAGES OF COAL OVER OILS 367

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 22.1.2016
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie ► Technische Chemie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie
• ISBN-10: 1-4831-8226-6 / 1483182266
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4831-8226-1 / 9781483182261