Collected Papers of P.L. Kapitza (eBook)

U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, F.R.S., Volume 1

D. ter Haar (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2016 | 1. Auflage
522 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
9781483152677 (ISBN)

Infos

Collected Papers of P. L. Kapitza, Volume I compiles the scientific papers written between 1916 and 1934 by Piotr Leonidovich Kapitza, a leading Soviet physicist and Nobel laureate. This book begins by introducing the life and career of P. L. Kapitza, which includes his studies and investigations of nuclear physics, strong magnetic fields, liquefaction, liquid helium, and high-power electronics. Other topics discussed include electron inertia in molecular ampere currents; Koch recording microphotometer; metallic conductivity and its change in a magnetic field; and methods of experimenting in strong magnetic fields. The liquefaction of helium by an adiabatic method; Zeeman and Paschen-Back effects in strong magnetic fields; and theoretical and empirical expressions for the heat transfer are also emphasized in this text. This compilation is a good reference for students and researchers conducting work on the biography and scientific contributions of P. L. Kapitza.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Collected Papers of P. L. Kapitza 6
Copyright Page 7
Table of Contents 8
PREFACE 12
INTRODUCTION 14
1. THE LENINGRAD PERIOD 15
2. NUCLEAR PHYSICS 15
3. STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS 15
4. LIQUEFACTION 17
5. LIQUID HELIUM 17
6. HIGH-POWER ELECTRONICS 18
7. MISCELLANEOUS 19
CHAPTER 1. ELECTRON INERTIA IN MOLECULAR AMPÈRE CURRENTS 20
CHAPTER 2. THE PREPARATION OF WOLLASTON FIBRES 36
CHAPTER 3. A METHOD OF REFLECTION FROM CRYSTALS 38
A NUMERICAL EXAMPLE 42
CHAPTER 4. THE KOCH RECORDING MICROPHOTOMETER 45
CHAPTER 5. THE DEPENDENCE OF THE EMISSION EDGE OF THE CONTINUOUS X-RAY SPECTRUM ON THE AZIMUTH OF THE EMISSION AND THE INFLUENCE OF THE ANTICATHODE METAL 50
CHAPTER 6. ON THE POSSIBILITY OF AN EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE MAGNETIC MOMENT OF AN ATOM 53
CHAPTER 7. THE LOSS OF ENERGY OF AN a-RAY BEAM IN ITS PASSAGE THROUGH MATTER 55
1. INTRODUCTION 55
2. GENERAL THEORY OF THE APPARATUS 56
3. DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS 58
4. METHOD OF OBSERVATION 62
5. STRAY EFFECTS 65
6. SENSITIVENESS AND ACCURACY OF THE METHOD 67
7. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 68
8. THE HEATING EFFECT OF THU ß-RAYS 71
9. ANALOGY TO THE IONISATION CURVES 73
CHAPTER 8. NOTE ON THE CURVED TRACKS OP ß-PARTICLES 76
CHAPTER 9. ON THE THEORY OF d-RADIATION 83
CHAPTER 10. SOME OBSERVATIONS ON a-PARTICLE TRACKS IN A MAGNETIC FIELD 91
CHAPTER 11. A METHOD OF PRODUCING STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS 97
1. INTRODUCTION 97
2. SOURCES OF ENERGY 98
3. THE SWITCH GEAR 103
4. THE METHOD OF MEASURING THE CURRENT 105
5. THE COIL 111
6. EXPERIMENTS 113
CHAPTER 12. a-RAY TRACKS IN A STRONG MAGNETIC FIELD 116
1. INTRODUCTION 116
2. THE EXPANSION CHAMBER 116
3. THE TECHNIQUE OF PRODUCING TRACKS 119
4. THE TIMING ARRANGEMENTS 120
5. THE EXPERIMENTS 121
6. THE MEASUREMENT OF THE CURVATURE 122
7. THE POSSIBLE ERRORS OF THE EXPERIMENT 123
8. THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 124
8. THE DETERMINATION OF THE VELOCITY-CURVE AT THE END OF THE RANGE 128
9. DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS 130
CHAPTER 13. THE ZEEMAN EFFECT IN STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS* (A) 133
CHAPTER 14. THE ZEEMAN EFFECT IN STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS* (B) 135
1. INTRODUCTION 135
2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS 136
3. THE SPARK AND THE COIL 137
4. THE MEASUREMENT OF THE SEPARATIONS AND OF THE FIELD STRENGTH 141
5. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF RESULTS 144
6. RESULTS 145
7. CASES OF THE PASCHEN-BACK EFFECT 148
8. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 148
CHAPTER 15. OVER-TENSION IN A CONDENSER BATTERY DURING A SUDDEN DISCHARGE 150
CHAPTER 16. FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS OF THE METHOD OF OBTAINING STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS 156
1. INTRODUCTION 156
2. THE GENERATOR 157
3. THE SWITCH 163
4. THE TIMING 167
5. THE COIL 168
6. THE METHOD OF MEASURING THE FIELD 174
7. THE EXPERIMENTS 176
CHAPTER 17. THE STUDY OF THE SPECIFIC RESISTANCE OF BISMUTH CRYSTALS AND ITS CHANGE IN STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS AND SOME ALLIED PROBLEMS 178
INTRODUCTION 179
Part I. The Growth of Crystal Rods with a Definite Orientation of the Crystal Planes and the Specific Resistance of Bismuth Crystals 180
1. EXPERIMENTS IN GROWING BISMUTH CRYSTALS 180
2. SPECIFIC RESISTANCE OF BISMUTH CRYSTALS PERPENDICULAR TO THE CLEAVAGE PLANE 185
3. THE SPECIFIC RESISTANCE OF BISMUTH CRYSTALS PARALLEL TO THE PERFECT CLEAVAGE PLANE 188
4. THE INFLUENCE OF IMPURITIES AND OF THE TEMPERATURE GRADIENT ON THE FORMATION OF BISMUTH CRYSTALS 189
5. THE ORIGIN OF THE CRACKS 194
6. THE CHARACTER OF THE IMPERFECTION OF THU BISMUTH CRYSTALS 196
7. DISCUSSION ON THE SOURCE OF THE CRACKS 198
8. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 201
Part II. The Method and Apparatus for Observing the Change of Resistance of Bismuth in Strong Magnetic Fields 202
1. INTRODUCTION 202
2. THE METHOD OF MEASURING THE RESISTANCE 203
3. THE SWITCH 205
4. THE FIXING or THE CRYSTAL IN THE COIL 207
5. THE METHODS OF MEASUREMENT 210
6. THE ERRORS AND STRAY EFFECTS 212
Part III. The Change of Resistance of Bismuth and the Time Lag in Magnetic Fields 214
1. INTRODUCTION 214
2. THE E.M.F. WHICH ACCOUNTS FOR THE TIME LAG AND ITS ELIMINATION IN THE RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS 214
3. THE CHANGE OF RESISTANCE OF BISMUTH CRYSTALS IN A MAGNETIC FIELD WITH THE CURRENT PERPENDICULAR TO THE FIELD 216
4. DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS FOR THE EXPERIMENTS ON THE CHANGE OF RESISTANCE WHEN THE CURRENT IS PERPENDICULAR TO THE MAGNETIC FIELD 225
5. THE STUDY OF THE CHANGE OF RESISTANCE OF BISMUTH CRYSTALS WHEN THE CURRENT IS PARALLEL TO THE MAGNETIC FIELD 230
6. THE CHANGE OF THE RESISTANCE OF BISMUTH CONDENSED FROM VAPOUR IN VACUUM 236
7. THE RESIDUAL E.M.F. OCCURRING IN BISMUTH IN THE MAGNETIC FIELD 238
8. COMPARISON WITH THEORY 247
CHAPTER 18. THE CHANGE OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY IN STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS 253
Part I. Experimental Results 254
1. INTRODUCTION 254
2. THE EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENT 255
3. THE METALS AND THEIR PURITY 259
4. THE EXPERIMENTS AND THE MEASUREMENTS 260
5. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS FOR THE TRANSVERSE PHENOMENON 261
6. THE CHANGE OF THE RESISTANCE WHEN THE CURRENT IS PARALLEL TO THE MAGNETIC FIELD 298
7. COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS 300
Part II. The Analysis and the Interpretation of the Experimental Results 302
1. THE GENERAL THEORY OF THE PHENOMENON OF CHANGE OF RESISTANCE IN A MAGNETIC FIELD 302
2. COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL CURVES WITH THEORETICAL 307
3. THE ADDITIONAL AND THE IDEAL RESISTANCE 309
4. THE RESIDUAL AND ADDITIONAL RESISTANCE 311
5. THE ADDITIONAL RESISTANCE AND SUPRA-CONDUCTIVITY 314
6. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE COEFFICIENTS ß 315
7. THE INFLUENCE OF IMPURITIES AND ALLOYS 320
8. THE CHANGE OF RESISTANCE IN ARSENIC, ANTIMONY AND BISMUTH AND SEMI-CONDUCTORS 321
9. THE BEARING OF THE PRESENT RESEARCHES ON THE THEORY OF METALLIC CONDUCTION 324
10. CONCLUSION 326
CHAPTER 19. MAGNETOSTRICTION AND THE PHENOMENA OF THE CURIE POINT 329
1. INTRODUCTION 329
2. A SUMMARY OF HEISENBERG'S THEORY REVISED FOR THE CALCULATION OF MAGNETOSTRICTION, ETC. 330
3. THE NATURE OF THE CURIE POINT AND THE CHANGE IN SPECIFIC HEAT THERE 334
4. THE CHANGE OF SIZE AT THE CURIE POINT 337
5. MAGNETOSTRICTION 339
6. REMARKS ON THE INTERACTION OF ATOMS OF CLOSED GROUPS OF ELECTRONS 340
CHAPTER 20. METALLIC CONDUCTIVITY AND ITS CHANGE IN A MAGNETIC FIELD 342
CHAPTER 21. A PROPERTY OF SUPERCONDUCTING METALS 348
CHAPTER 22. MAGNETOSTRICTION OF DIAMAGNETIC SUBSTANCES IN STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS 351
CHAPTER 23. THE CHANGE OF RESISTANCE OF GOLD CRYSTALS AT VERY LOW TEMPERATURES IN A MAGNETIC FIELD AND SUPRA-CONDUCTIVITY 353
CHAPTER 24. METHODS OF EXPERIMENTING IN STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS 365
CHAPTER 25. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES IN STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS 372
INTRODUCTION 372
DESCRIPTION OF A METHOD OF OBTAINING MAGNETIC FIELDS IN SHORT TIME INTERVALS 373
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 376
WHAT IS LOST IN TIME IS GAINED IN MAGNITUDE 376
THE CHANGE IN THE RESISTANCE OF METALS IN STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS 377
MAGNETOSTRICTION 382
CHAPTER 26. THE STUDY OF THE MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATTER IN STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS 386
PART I. The Balance and its Properties 387
1. INTRODUCTION 387
2. DESCRIPTION OF A TYPE OF SPRING BALANCE FOR MEASURING THE MAGNETISATION 388
3. THE DESIGN OF THE BALANCE 392
4. THE EXAMINATION OF THE BALANCE 397
5. THE INFLUENCE OF THE INERTIA OF THE MOVING PART ON THE ACCURACY OF RECORDING OF THE BALANCE 399
Part II. The Measurement of Magnetisation 405
1. THE EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENTS 405
2. SOURCES OF ERROR 408
3. THE ADIABATIC MAGNETISATION 412
4. THE MAGNETISATION OF FERRO-MAGNETIC SUBSTANCES 416
5. FERRO-MAGNETIC ALLOYS 419
6. PARAMAGNETIC SUBSTANCES 421
7. DIAMAGNETIC SUBSTANCES 425
8. CONCLUSIONS 432
Part III. Magnetostriction 433
1. INTRODUCTION 433
2. THE GENERAL THEORY OF MAGNETOSTRICTION 434
3. THE MODULI AND CONSTANTS OF QUADRATIC MAGNETOSTRICTION FOR DIFFERENT CRYSTAL SYMMETRIES 439
4. THE ELEMENTARY CONSTANTS AND MODULI FOR MAGNETO STRICTION IN PARAMAGNETIC SUBSTANCES 446
Part IV. The Method of Measuring Magnetostriction in Strong Magnetic Fields 448
1. THE EXTENSOMETER 448
2. THE CALIBRATION OF THE EXTENSOMETER 451
3. PROPERTIES OF THE EXTENSOMETER AND PERFORMANCE OF THE EXPERIMENTS 454
4. THE STRAY EFFECTS AND THE ACCURACY OF THE EXPERIMENTS 455
Part V. Experiments on Magnetostriction in Dia- and Paramagnetic Substances 459
1. EXPERIMENTS ON MAGNETOSTRICTION IN BISMUTH 459
2. THE STUDY OF MAGNETOSTRICTION IN OTHER WEAKLY MAGNETIC SUBSTANCES 470
3. CONCLUSION 475
4. THE GENERAL MODULI OF THE A.M.S. 476
5. THE INFLUENCE OF STRESS ON MAGNETISATION 478
6. THE RELATION BETWEEN SUSCEPTIBILITY AND A.M.S. 479
7. THE INTERPRETATION OF THE A.M.S. CONSTANTS ON THE PRESENT THEORY OF DIAMAGNETISM 481
CHAPTER 27. A METHOD OF MEASURING MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITIES 489
1. INTRODUCTION 489
2. OUTLINE OF THE METHOD 490
3. THE BALANCE WITHOUT COMPENSATOR 492
4. THE PRINCIPLE OF COMPENSATION 496
5. THE COMPENSATED BALANCE 498
6. THE USE OF THE BALANCE 501
CHAPTER 28. REPLY TO SOME REMARKS OF O. STIERSTADT ABOUT AN ERROR OF PRINCIPLE IN MY MEASUREMENTS ON THE CHANGE IN RESISTIVITY IN STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS 504
CHAPTER 29. HYDROGEN LIQUEFACTION PLANT AT THE ROYAL SOCIETY MOND LABORATORY 506
CHAPTER 30. THE CHANGE OF RESISTANCE OF METALS IN MAGNETIC FIELDS 513
CHAPTER 31. THE REFLECTION OF ELECTRONS FROM STANDING LIGHT WAVES 520
CHAPTER 32. LIQUEFACTION OF HELIUM BY AN ADIABATIC METHOD WITHOUT PEE-COOLING WITH LIQUID HYDROGEN 524
CHAPTER 33. THE LIQUEFACTION OF HELIUM BY AN ADIABATIC METHOD 526
1. INTRODUCTION 526
2. POSSIBLE EXPANSION ENGINES 527
3. THE GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE LIQUEFACTION CIRCUITS 528
4. THE EXPANSION MACHINE 533
5. THE HEAT EXCHANGERS 539
6. PERFORMANCE OF THE LIQUÉFIER 541
7. CONCLUDING REMARKS 543

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 29.7.2016
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Mechanik
• Themenwelt: Technik
• ISBN-13: 9781483152677 / 9781483152677