Collected Papers of P.L. Kapitza (eBook)

Volume 2

D. ter Haar (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2016 | 1. Auflage
498 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
9781483152370 (ISBN)

Infos

Collected Papers of P. L. Kapitza brings together the collected papers of Soviet physicist P. L. Kapitza in areas such as the viscosity of liquid helium below the ?-point; the Zeeman and Paschen-Back effects in strong magnetic fields; the influence of friction forces on the stability of high-speed rotors; heat transfer in helium II; and the formation of sea waves by the wind. Kapitza's other papers explore heat transfer in a two-dimensional turbulent flow; dynamical stability of a pendulum when its point of suspension vibrates; and the hydrodynamic theory of lubrication in the presence of rolling. This volume is comprised of 25 chapters and begins with an analysis of Kapitza's research on the viscosity of liquid helium below the ?-point, followed by his studies on the Zeeman and Paschen-Back effects in strong magnetic fields; liquefaction of air at low pressures; heat transfer and superfluidity in helium II; and the flow of thin viscous fluid layers under the action of a constant volume force, taking into account the surface tension. A pendulum with a vibrating suspension is also described, along with heat conductivity and diffusion in liquid medium under periodic flow conditions; the nature of ball-lightning; and symmetric electric oscillations of a perfectly conducting hollow cylinder of finite length. This book will be helpful to physicists and physics students.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Collected Papers of P.L.Kapitza 6
Copyright page 7
Table of Contents 8
Dedication 5
List of Kapitza's Scientific Papers—Vol.II 10
CHAPTER 34. VISCOSITY OF LIQUID HELIUM BELOW THE .-POINT 12
REFERENCES 14
CHAPTER 35. THE ZEEMAN AND PASCHEN-BACK EFFECTS IN STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS 15
1. INTRODUCTION 15
2. THE EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENT 16
3. MEASUREMENT OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD 17
4. PRODUCTION OF THE SPARK AND MEASUREMENT OF THE SPECTRAL LINES 18
5. VERIFICATION OF THE PROPORTIONALITY OF THE ZEEMAN SPLITTING TO THE MAGNETIC FIELD 20
6. THE PASCHEN -BACK EFFECT 21
REFERENCES 27
CHAPTER 36. EXPANSION TURBINE PRODUCING LOW TEMPERATURES APPLIED TO AIR LIQUEFACTION 32
1. INTRODUCTION 32
2. THE COOLING CYCLE IN AIR RECTIFICATION INSTALLATIONS 35
3. THERMODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AIR-LIQUEFYING MACHINES USING HIGH AND Low PRESSURE 37
4. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR THE DESIGN OF EXPANSION TURBINES 45
5. THE DESIGN OF OUR EXPERIMENTAL EXPANSION TURBINE 52
6. EXPEEIMENTAL INSTALLATION FOE AlR LIQUEFACTION 56
7. CONCLUSIONS 60
REFERENCES 61
CHAPTER 37. INFLUENCE OF FRICTION FORCES ON THE STABILITY OF HIGH-SPEED ROTORS 62
1. INTRODUCTION 62
2. TRANSITION THROUGH THE CRITICAL VELOCITY IN THE PRESENCE OF DAMPING FORCES 65
3. TRANSITION THROUGH THE CRITICAL VELOCITY WHEN THE SHAFT OF THE ROTOR MOVES IN OIL - LUBRICATED BEARINGS 70
4. TRANSITION THROUGH THE CRITICAL VELOCITY IN THE CASE OF FLEXIBLE SHAFTS WITH RESTRICTING RINGS 75
5. INFLUENCE OF THE FRICTION OF THE SURROUNDING MEDIUM ON THE STABILITY OF THE ROTOR 78
6. STABILITY OF THE ROTARY MOTION WITH RESPECT TO EXTERNAL MECHANICAL DISTURBANCES 90
7. CONCLUSIONS 91
REFERENCES 93
CHAPTER 38. THE STUDY OF HEAT TRANSFER IN HELIUM II 94
1. INTRODUCTION 94
2. HEAT TRANSFER IN CAPILLARIES 96
3. PHYSICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE HEAT TRANSFER 101
4. THE MOTION OF HELIUM IN CACAPILLARY PRODUCED BY A HEAT TRANSFER 109
5. THE MECHANISM OF HEAT TRANSFER IN HELIUM II 127
6. HEAT CONDUCTIVITYIN FREE HELIUM II 130
REFERENCES 139
CHAPTER 39. HEAT TRANSFER AND SUPERFLUIDITY OF HELIUM II 140
1. EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENT 141
2. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 143
3. SUPERFLUIDITY OF HELIUM II AND THE CRITICAL VELOCITY 149
4. A METHOD FOR PRODUCING VERY LOW TEMPERATURES 152
5. CONCLUSION 152
REFERENCES 154
CHAPTER 40. ON THE SUPERFLUIDITY OF LIQUID HELIUM II 155
REFERENCES 165
CHAPTER 41. ON PROFESSOR S. YA. GERSH'S PAPER "LOW AND HIGH PRESSURES IN DEEP-COOLING SYSTEMS" 166
REFERENCES 168
CHAPTER 42. THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL EXPRESSIONS FOR THE HEAT TRANSFER IN A TWO-DIMENSIONAL TURBULENT FLOW 169
REFERENCES 176
CHAPTER 43. WAVE FLOW OF THIN LAYERS OF A VISCOUS FLUID 177
I. The Free Flow 178
1. INTRODUCTION 178
2. BASIC RELATIONS 179
3. FLOW EQUATIONS 181
4. FIRST APPROXIMATION 182
5. SECOND APPROXIMATION 183
6. DETERMINATION OF THE AMPLITUDE 184
7. LIMITING VALUES FOR UNDULATORY CONDITIONS 188
8. DESCRIPTION OF UNDULATORY FLOW CONDITIONS 190
9. COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENTAL DATA 191
II. The Fluid Flow in the Presence of a Continuous Gas Flow. Heat Transfer 195
1. INTRODUCTION 195
2. THE EFFECT OF THE GAS FLOW 195
3. THE PRESSURE DROP IN THE TUBE 200
4. THE FLUID FLOW IN THE FORWARD AND COUNTER FLOW WITH A GAS 201
5. "CHOKING UP". 202
6. THE EFFECT OF THE TUBE SIZE 203
7. HEAT TRANSFER 204
8. CONCLUSION 204
III. Experimental Study of Undulatory Flow Conditions 205
1. THE AIMS OF THE STUDY 205
2. THE SHADOW METHOD OF OBSERVING THE WAVE PROFILE 206
3. PRODUCTION OF A UNIFORM LAYER OF FLOWING FLUID 211
4. THE ARRANGEMENT 212
5. THE EXPERIMENT 213
6. EFFECT OF THE TUBE CURVATURE 215
7. BASIC TYPES OF UNDULATORY FLOW CONDITIONS .PERIODIC AND SINGLE WAVES 216
8. CRITICAL FLOW RATE 218
9. THE WAVE AMPLITUDE OF THE PERIODIC FLOW STATE 219
10. STUDY OF THE PERIODIC CONDITIONS 220
11. CONCLUSIONS 223
REFERENCES 228
CHAPTER 44. ON THE PROBLEM OF THE FORMATION OF SEA WAVES BY THE WIND 229
REFERENCES 232
CHAPTER 45. DYNAMICAL STABILITY OF A PENDULUM WHEN ITS POINT OF SUSPENSION VIBRATES 233
REFERENCES 244
CHAPTER 46. PENDULUM WITH A VIBRATING SUSPENSION 245
REFERENCES 258
CHAPTER 47. EVALUATION OF THE SUM OF NEGATIVE EVEN POWERS OF ROOTS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS 259
REFERENCES 263
CHAPTER 48. HEAT CONDUCTIVITY AND DIFFUSION IN A LIQUID MEDIUM UNDER PERIODIC FLOW CONDITIONS 264
REFERENCES 278
CHAPTER 49. THE HYDRODYNAMIC THEORY OF LUBRICATION IN THE PRESENCE OF ROLLING 279
1. INTRODUCTION 279
2. THE THEORY OF LUBRICATION IN THE PRESENCE OF A ROLLING CYLINDER 280
3. THE THEORY OF LUBRICATION IN THE PRESENCE OF A ROLLING BALL 287
4. LUBRICATION IN ANTI FRICTION BEARINGS 292
REFERENCES 296
CHAPTER 50. ON THE NATURE OF BALL-LIGHTNING 297
REFERENCES 301
CHAPTER 51. DESIGN OF A HELIUM-LIQUEFYINGCYCLE WITH EXPANSION ENGINESCONNECTED IN CASCADE 302
REFERENCES 308
CHAPTER 52. STATIC BOUNDARY PROBLEM FOR A HOLLOW CYLINDER OF FINITE LENGTH 309
1. EXPANSION OF THE FUNDAMENTAL SOLUTION OF THE LAPLACE EQUATION 309
2. POTENTIAL OF A SIMPLE LAYER FOR THE LAPLACE EQUATION 311
3. SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 312
4. FIRST METHOD OF COMPUTING THE COEFFICIENTS Aµv 314
5. SECOND METHOD OF COMPUTING THE COEFFICIENTS Aµv 317
6. SUMMARY 319
REFERENCES 319
CHAPTER 53. SYMMETRIC ELECTRIC OSCILLATIONS OF A PERFECTLY CONDUCTING HOLLOW CYLINDER OF FINITE LENGTH 320
1. INTEGRAL EQUATION 320
2. SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 323
3. TRANSFORMATION OF THE SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS 327
4. COMPARISON WITH THE THEORY OF THIN RADIATORS 330
5. COMPLETELY REGULAR EQUATION SYSTEMS 332
6. ELECTROSTATIC PROBLEMS. REMARKS 335
7. SUMMARY 337
REFERENCES 338
CHAPTER 54. EXPANSION ENGINE FOR LIQUEFACTION OF HELIUM 339
DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPANSION ENGINE 339
REFERENCES 350
CHAPTER 55. CASCADE COMPRESSION HELIUM LIQUEFIER WITH NO EXTERNAL REFRIGERATION 351
REFERENCES 355
CHAPTER 56. HIGH-POWER ELECTRONICS 356
INTRODUCTION 356
Part I: The Solution of the Basic Equation of Motion of Charged Particles by the Time-Averaging Method 361
Part II: The Motion of Electrons in the Planotron 371
Part III: The Basic Characteristics of the Planotron 382
Part IV: Anodic and Cathodic Losses in the Planotron 395
Part V: The End Effect and Losses that are Connected With It 404
Part VI: The Theory of the Magnetron 417
Part VII: Experimental Investigation of Electronic Processes in the Planotron 435
Part VIII: The Larmor Orbit in a High-frequency Field 451
Part IX: The Prospects for the Future Development of High-power Electronics 465
CHAPTER 57. CHARACTERISTIC OSCILLATIONS OF GRIDDED CAVITY RESONATORS 474
INTEODUCTION 474
Part I: The Rectangular Cavity 475
Part II: The Calculation of the Capacity . 485
Part III: Characteristic Oscillations of a Gridded Cylindric Cavity 491
Part IV: Gridded Cavity Resonators 498
CHAPTER 58. THE THEORY OF ELECTRONIC PROCESSES IN A CONTINUOUS HIGH-POWER GENERATOR OF THE MAGNETRON TYPE 502
INTRODUCTION 502
1. PROPERTIES OF A CONTINUOUS HIGH-FREQUENCY GENERATOR 503
2. SINGLE-SET NIGOTRON 505
3. PROPERTIES OF A NIGOTRON WITH A DOUBLE SET OF SLOTS 508
4. ELECTRON TRAJECTORIES IN A DOUBLE-SET NIGOTRON 511
CONCLUSION 522

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 29.7.2016
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Mechanik
• Themenwelt: Technik
• ISBN-13: 9781483152370 / 9781483152370