Future Sources of Organic Raw Materials: CHEMRAWN I (eBook)

CHEMRAWN Chemical Research Applied to Words Needs

G. R. Brown, L.E. St-Pierre (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2017 | 1. Auflage
660 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-1-4831-5962-1 (ISBN)

Infos

Future Sources of Organic Raw Materials: CHEMRAWN I is a collection of lectures presented at the World Conference on Future Sources of Organic Raw Materials, held in Toronto, Canada, on July 10-13, 1978. The conference focused on potential future sources of organic raw materials such as non-conventional fossil hydrocarbons, coal, industrial and agricultural wastes, and renewable resources like wood and other plant materials. This book is comprised of 52 chapters and opens with an assessment of the likely future availability of conventional oil and gas as they relate to possible demands for petrochemical feedstocks, paying particular attention to the availability and demand patterns for fossil hydrocarbons. The following chapters discuss the reserves and worldwide distribution of oil shale and tar sands; climate and its impact on renewable resources; research and management of natural resources; and production of chemicals directly from synthesis gas. Pyrolysis of solid carbonaceous materials is also considered, along with natural rubber production and biomass for non-food use. This monograph will be a useful resource for organic chemists and energy policymakers.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Future Sources of Organic Raw Materials Chemrawn I 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 8
Foreword 6
Chapter 1. Availability and demand patterns for fossil hydrocarbons 10
INTRODUCTION 10
TOTAL HYDROCARBONS IN THE WORLD 11
OIL AVAILABILITY 11
FURTHER PROBLEMS OF DEFINING TOTAL OIL RESERVES 17
DISCOVERY RATES OF OIL 18
FUTURE FINDING RATES 23
FUTURE OIL AVAILABILITY 23
GAS AVAILABILITY 24
PETROCHEMICAL DEMAND FOR FEEDSTOCK RELATIVE TO OIL AND GAS SUPPLY 28
REFERENCES 29
Chapter 2. Oil shale and tar sands 30
INTRODUCTION 30
OIL SHALE 30
TAR SANDS 37
CONCLUSIONS 38
REFERENCES 41
Chapter 3. Coal and the human need for energy 42
Chapter 4. Availability and demand patterns for renewable resources—Forestry 50
INTRODUCTION 50
THE PRESENT USE OF WOOD 
50 
CAN THE WORLD'S FORESTS PRODUCE ENOUGH WOOD? 
55 
CONCLUSIONS 58
Chapter 5. Agriculture 60
INTRODUCTION 60
WORLD AGRICULTURE 60
ORGANIC PRODUCTION BY HIGHER PLANTS 63
A CASE STUDY 68
CONCLUSIONS 70
REFERENCES 70
Chapter 6. Availability and demand patterns for renewable resources: Urban and industrialwastes 72
INTRODUCTION 72
THE ARGUMENT FOR RECLAMATION 72
CRITERIA FOR ACCEPTABILITY IN MATERIALS 74
ECONOMIC VALUE OF SECONDARY MATERIALS 74
RENEWABLE AND NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES 75
URBAN ORGANIC WASTES 75
ENERGY RECOVERY 76
MATERIALS RECOVERY 77
CONCLUSIONS 78
REFERENCES 78
Chapter 7. Future of the synthetic chemical industry in Japan 80
INTRODUCTION 80
FORECAST OF GROWTH RATE OF THE JAPANESE ECONOMY 81
FORECAST OF DEMAND TRENDS IN JAPAN 81
CONSTITUTION OF SYNTHETIC CHEMICAL INDUSTRY IN JAPAN 82
FORECAST OF ENERGY DEMAND IN JAPAN 82
SOCIAL ROLE OF THE SYNTHETIC CHEMICAL INDUSTRY 84
RESOURCES, RAW MATERIALS-ORIENTED 84
MARKET-ORIENTED AREAS 85
PECULIARITY OF THE JAPANESE SITUATION AND OUR POLICY. 
87 
REFERENCES 87
Chapter 8. Matter: A resource ignored by thermodynamics—Renewable resource economics 88
NOTES 95
REFERENCES 96
Chapter 9. The reference materials system—a framework for substitution analysis 98
INTRODUCTION 98
REFERENCE MATERIALS SYSTEM 99
ANALYSIS OF MATERIAL UTILIZATION AND SUBSTITUTION 102
EVALUATION OF N 
104 
APPENDIX 105
REFERENCES 107
Chapter 10. The organic materials system:Toward making practical choices 108
Abstract 108
ALLOCATING RESOURCES: PRODUCTIVITIES 108
THERMODYNAMIC CONSIDERATIONS 113
TOTAL SOCIAL COSTS 114
REFERENCES 115
Chapter 11. Climate and its impact on renewable resources 118
INTRODUCTION: THE NATURE OF CLIMATE 118
STABILITY OF CLIMATE 119
MAN-INDUCED CLIMATIC CHANGE 122
BIOCLIMATE 124
THE FUTURE: A PERSPECTIVE 126
REFERENCES 127
Chapter 12. Changing location of the chemical industry 130
INTRODUCTION 130
THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY TODAY 131
THE ROLE OF FEEDSTOCKS IN FUTURE LOCATIONS 131
THE FUTURE LOCATIONS FOR ETHYLENE PLANTS 133
COAL AND ITS DERIVATIVES AS FUTURE FEEDSTOCKS 135
OTHER RESOURCES AS FUTURE FEEDSTOCKS 136
REFERENCES 137
Chapter 13. Research and management of natural resources 138
1. INTRODUCTION 138
2. RESOURCES FOR THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY 140
3. THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY 142
4. CONCLUSIONS 143
Chapter 14. The structure and chemistry of coal: the search for a typical coal molecule 
146 
THE NEED 146
COAL AS ORGANIC ROCK 147
CARBON IS THE PREDOMINANT ELEMENT 147
HIGH COHESIVE ENERGIES HAVE MADE COAL AN ALMOST INFUSIBLE SOLID 148
PHYSICAL STRUCTURE 148
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE 150
ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION 150
CHEMICAL REACTIVITY 151
MOLECULAR WEIGHTS SYNTHESIS OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION 154
C & H SKELETAL STRUCTURE
155 
ROCKY MOUNTAIN COAL 157
GONDWANA COAL 157
CONCLUSION 160
REFERENCES 161
Chapter 15. Synthesis gas technology 164
INTRODUCTION 164
FUNDAMENTALS OF COAL GASIFICATION 164
COAL GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGY 165
NEW COAL GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGY 170
BYPRODUCTS OF COAL GASIFICATION 173
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 173
ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SYNTHESIS GAS PRODUCTION 173
REFERENCES 175
Chapter 16. Chemicals, feedstocks and fuels from Fischer-Tropsch and related syntheses 176
INTRODUCTION 176
DEFINITION OF THE SYSTEM 177
CATALYSTS AND REACTION CONDITIONS 178
PRINCIPLES OF THE PROCESS AND REACTION TECHNOLOGY 179
ECONOMIC INTERRELATIONS 182
THERMODYNAMIC AND KINETIC RELATIONS 182
STEPS OF SURFACE REACTIONS AND PROCESS SELECTIVITY 184
PRODUCTS OF THE SYNTHOL PROCESS (SASOL 186
PRODUCTS OF THE LURGI-RUHRCHEMIE PROCESS (SASOL 187
PRODUCTS OF THE POLYMETHYLENE SYNTHESIS 187
PRODUCTS FROM THE LIQUID PHASE SUSPENSION PROCESS 188
RECENT TRENDS 188
REFERENCES 192
Chapter 17. Chemicals production directly from synthesis gas 194
VARIOUS CLASSES OF SYNTHESIS GAS REACTIONS FOR CHEMICALS 194
EXISTING CHEMICAL PROCESSES 197
PROMISING RESEARCH AREAS 201
REFERENCES 202
Chapter 18. Homogeneous catalysis 204
INTRODUCTION 204
ADVANTAGES AND PROBLEMS 204
EXAMPLES OF COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS 204
SYNTHESIS OF ACETIC ACID 207
FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 215
COAL HYDROGENATION—FT SYNTHESIS 217
HOMOLOGATION OF ALCOHOLS 217
Chapter 19. Heterogeneous catalysis at the end of the century 220
REFERENCES 225
Chapter 20. Extraction, preparation, transport and storage of solid carbonaceous material 228
INTRODUCTION 228
COAL MINING 228
COAL PREPARATION 233
TRANSPORTATION OF COAL 236
CONCLUDING REMARKS 239
REFERENCES 240
Chapter 21. The liquefaction of solid carbonaceous materials 242
INTRODUCTION 242
OVERVIEW OF COAL LIQUEFACTION 243
SRC (SOLVENT REFINED COAL) 243
EXXON DONOR SOLVENT (EDS) 245
MODERN GERMAN TECHNOLOGY 245
COAL STRUCTURE AND ITS RELATION TO LIQUEFACTION PRODUCTS 248
QUALITATIVE COMPOSITION OF COAL LIQUIDS 249
QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION OF COAL LIQUIDS 253
CHEMICAL RAW MATERIALS FROM COAL LIQUEFACTION PRODUCTS 256
PROSPECTS FOR COMMERCIALIZATION OF COAL LIQUEFACTION 261
REFERENCES 264
Chapter 22. Pyrolysis of solid carbonaceous materials 266
Low TEMPERATURE CARBONIZATION (1,2) 266
HIGH TEMPERATURE CARBONIZATION (1,2) 267
HIGH INTENSITY PYROLYSIS (2,14) 271
PYROLYSIS OF RENEWABLE RESOURCES 273
PYROLYSIS OF WOOD AND PEAT (1) 274
REFERENCES 276
Chapter 23. Prospects for photon-induced syntheses of organic raw materials 278
I. INTRODUCTION 278
II. LASER PHOTON CHEMISTRY 278
III. SOLAR PHOTON CHEMISTRY 286
REFERENCES/FOOTNOTES 289
Chapter 24. Chemicals from tar processing 292
COAL AS AN ORGANIC RAW MATERIAL 292
HISTORY OF COAL CARBONIZATION AND TAR 292
COAL TAR REFINING CAPACITIES 294
TAR REFINING TECHNOLOGY 296
TAR AROMATICS FOR DYESTUFFS, PLASTICS, PLANT PROTECTING AGENTS AND PHARMACEUTICALS 
297 
AROMATIC HYDROCARBON RESINS 302
LOW-TEMPERATURE TARS AS TARS OF THE FUTURE 303
WOOD AND LIGNIN TARS 306
PRODUCT SPECTRUM OF TAR REFINING 306
Chapter 25. Carbons from selected organic feedstocks 308
INTRODUCTION 308
COKES FOR ELECTRODES AND ANODES 308
ACTIVATED CARBONS 313
CARBON BLACKS 316
COKES AND CHARS AS REDUCING AGENTS 318
CARBON FIBERS 320
CONCLUSIONS 321
REFERENCES 321
Chapter 26. Peat as a source of chemical raw materials 324
REFERENCES 331
SYMBOLS 332
Chapter 27. Limits to the productive capacity of the biosphere 334
1. MAIN LIMITING FACTORS 334
2. PRESENT AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION 335
3. MODERN AGRICULTURE ON PRESENTLY CULTIVATED LAND 336
4. PHOTOSYNTHETIC MAXIMUM PRODUCTION 337
5. PRODUCTION WITH LABOUR ORIENTED AGRICULTURE 337
6. LIMITING TECHNICAL FACTORS 337
7. THE PRESENT LAND U S E SITUATION 338
8. THE NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF THE BIOSPHERE 338
9. FERTILIZERS AND ENERGY 340
10. AGRIFICATION OR ENERGY FARMING 340
SUMMARY 341
REFERENCES 341
Chapter 28. Biomass for non-food use 342
INTRODUCTION 342
HISTORY OF THE PROGRAM 342
SOURCES OF BIOMASS 343
RESIDUES 343
SILVICULTURE 344
SUGAR CROPS 346
GRAINS AND GRASSES 348
AQUATIC BIOMASS 350
REFERENCES 350
Chapter 29. Tropical biomass systems 352
INTRODUCTION 352
POTENTIAL OF THE HUMID TROPICS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS 352
BIO-ENERGY AND OVERALL 
356 
BIO-ENERGY AND THE FUTURE OF TROPICAL MOIST FORESTS 356
EXTINCTION OF SPECIES 357
OTHER ADVERSE REPERCUSSIONS OF DEFORESTATION IN THE TROPICS 360
SUMMATION AND CONCLUSION 360
REFERENCES 360
Chapter 30. A new look at natural rubber production 364
PRODUCTION CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS 364
QUALITY IMPROVEMENTS AND CHEMICAL MODIFICATIONS 369
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS AND CONCLUSIONS 371
REFERENCES 372
Chapter 31. Organic chemicals from the desert 374
THE WORLD'S DESERTS 375
THE CHIHUAHUAN DESERT 377
FLOW OF MATERIALS TOWARDS SYSTEMATIZATION
RAW MATERIALS AND THE CHIHUAHUAN DESERT FLORA 381
HIGHLIGHTS OF THE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM ON 
389 
CONCLUSIONS 395
REFERENCES 396
Chapter 32. Chemical and biological nitrogen fixation 398
INTRODUCTION 398
CHEMICAL NITROGEN FIXATION 398
BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN FIXATION 401
NITROGEN AND BIOMASS PRODUCTION 406
REFERENCES 409
Chapter 33. Future challenges and opportunities for agricultural and forestry research 410
INTRODUCTION 410
RESEARCH CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES 411
REFERENCES 419
Chapter 34. Trends in available feedstock composition 422
INTRODUCTION 422
PROGRESS IN EXPLORATION CAPACITIES AND ESTIMATES OF POTENTIAL FUTURE OIL PRODUCTION 423
ACCESS TO N EW OIL AS THE RESULT OF PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES FOR DIFFICULT ZONES 425
BETTER PRODUCTION AND TRANSPORTATION SCHEME FOR LPG SUPPLY 428
IMPROVING FINAL RECOVERY FROM OIL FIELDS 430
ENHANCED RECOVERY APPLIED TO HEAVY-OIL FIELDS AND NEW RECOVERY METHODS FOR TAR SANDS OR SHALE OILS 431
CONSEQUENCES OF THE EVOLUTION OF CRUDE OIL PRODUCTION ON THE AVAILABILITY OF FEEDSTOCKS FOR PETROCHEMICALS 
434 
Chapter 35. Future feedstocks from petroleum—oil and gas: new petroleum production technologies 
436 
INTRODUCTION 436
OFFSHORE DRILLING 437
DEEPER WATER 437
DRILLING IN REMOTE AREAS 438
DRILLING DEEP HOLES 438
POTENTIAL FOR RECOVERY 439
ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY 441
CONCLUSION 443
Chapter 36. New petroleum refining technology 444
NOMENCLATURE 456
REFERENCES 457
Chapter 37. Advances in production of olefins from residual oils 458
INTRODUCTION 458
CURRENT PROCESSES AND FEEDSTOCKS 458
FUTURE FEEDSTOCKS 459
PRESENT DEVELOPING NEW PROCESSES 460
ADVANCES IN PYROLYSIS OF HEAVY OIL 
462 
REFERENCES 465
Chapter 38. Tar sands and related products as chemical feedstocks 466
WORLD TAR SAND AND HEAVY OIL RESERVES 466
OVERBURDEN DEPTH (METRES) 467
COMMERCIAL STATUS IN CANADA 467
TECHNOLOGICAL HURDLES AND OPPORTUNITIES 469
CHEMICAL FEEDSTOCK POTENTIAL 470
ROLE OF THE ALBERTA OIL SANDS TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH AUTHORITY (AOSTRA) 
472 
OUTLOOK 475
REFERENCES 475
Chapter 39. Oil shales as sources of chemical feedstocks 476
Chapter 40. New aspects of the production of chemicals from biomass 492
INTRODUCTION 492
PERCOLATORY HYDROLYSIS CONSUMING 
492 
FURFURAL PRODUCTION 493
XYLITH PRODUCTION 496
LlGNOCELLULOSE PROCESSING BY ACID HYDROLYSIS 497
MECHANO-CHEMICAL DESTRUCTION OF POLYSACCHARIDES 497
PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF LEVOGLUCOSAN 499
PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF OXALIC 
500 
HIGH SPEED THERMOLYSIS OF LIGNIN 501
FERMENTATION HYDROLYSIS AND OTHER METHODS FOR PROCESSING VEGETABLE 
501 
REFERENCES 503
Chapter 41. The ethanol based economy—the Brazilian experiment 504
1. INTRODUCTION 504
2. THE NATIONAL ENERGY BALANCE AND THE BRAZILIAN ENERGY POLICY 505
3. THE CONTRIBUTION OF ETHANOL: THE NATIONAL ALCOHOL PROGRAM 509
4. RAW MATERIALS 512
5. STUDIE SAND RESEARCH IN PROGRESS 516
6. ECONOMIC ASPECTS 517
7. INDIRECT BENEFITS OF THE NATIONAL ALCOHOL PROGRAM 518
REFERENCES 519
Chapter 42. Enzymatic production of chemicals 522
ENZYMES—BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS 522
ADVANTAGES OF USING ENZYMES AS CATALYSTS 523
PROBLEMS 524
IMMOBILIZED ENZYMES 524
IMMOBILIZED ENZYME PROCESSES 527
CHEMICALS BY FERMENTATION 532
FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR ENZYME TECHNOLOGY 534
RESEARCH NEEDS 537
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 538
REFERENCES 539
Chapter 43. Carbohydrates as renewable feedstocks 542
INTRODUCTION 542
AGRICULTURE AND BIOLOGY 543
PROCESSING 545
CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF SUGAR AND STARCH 547
FERMENTATION OF SUGARS 549
CONCLUSIONS 550
REFERENCES 551
Chapter 44. Anaerobic microbial digestion as a route to methane and renewable carbon sources 
552 
INTRODUCTION 552
AEROBIC DIGESTION 552
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION 553
METHANE GENERATION 553
CULTURE SYSTEMS 554
PROCESS RATES AND YIELDS 554
FEEDSTOCKS AND ECONOMICS 556
CONCLUSIONS 557
REFERENCES 558
Chapter 45. Organic chemicals from the sea 560
REFERENCES 571
Chapter 46. Fibres to meet the world's expanding needs 574
STATUS OF THE FIBRE INDUSTRIES 574
SUBSTITUTION 576
DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TECHNOLOGY 578
THE FUTURE 584
REFERENCES 585
Chapter 47. Solar energy use through biology—past and future 588
INTRODUCTION (refs. 1-7) 588
EVOLUTION AND PAST PHOTOSYNTHESIS (refs. 8-14) 588
PRESENT PHOTOSYNTHESIS 593
FAR FUTURE AND SYNTHETIC PHOTOSYNTHESIS (refs. 5-7, 15, 32, 33, 36, 57, 68-84) 602
REFERENCES 606
Chapter 48. Photosynthesis and biosynthetic pathways to chemicals 610
INTRODUCTION 610
EFFICIENCY OF SOLAR ENERGY CONVERSION 611
CHEMICAL PLANTATIONS 614
CONVERSION OF PHOTOSYNTHATE TO SECONDARY PRODUCTS 617
SUMMARY 620
REFERENCES 621
Chapter 49. A new understanding of the carbohydrate system 622
INTRODUCTION 622
ACCESSIBILITY PROBLEM 623
FRACTIONATION OF WOOD 626
THE EXPLOSION PROCESS FOR DECIDUOUS WOOD 627
OXYGEN CONTAINING MOLECULES 628
CONCLUSION 634
REFERENCES 634
Chapter 50. The challenge of lignin 636
INTRODUCTION 636
WOOD AND WOOD BASED PRODUCTS: AVAILABILITY 636
THE CHALLENGE OF LIGNIN 638
LIGNINS : SOME MOLECULAR AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 638
SOME FUTURE PROSPECTS OF LIGNIN UTILIZATION 641
CONCLUSIONS 644
REFERENCES 644
Chapter 51. The future of lipids from plant and animal sources 646
INTRODUCTION 646
FATS AS RAW MATERIALS 647
PROCESSES 649
CONCLUSIONS 655
REFERENCES 656
Chapter 52. Genetic engineering of microorganisms for the production of biomedically and industrially important materials 
658 
Index of Contributors 660

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 29.9.2017
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie ► Technische Chemie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• ISBN-10: 1-4831-5962-0 / 1483159620
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4831-5962-1 / 9781483159621