Marine Coastal Eutrophication (eBook)

Proceedings of an International Conference, Bologna, Italy, 21-24 March 1990

R. Marchetti, R. Viviani, R.A. Vollenweider (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2016 | 1. Auflage
1341 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-1-4832-9158-1 (ISBN)

Infos

Eutrophication in the transitional marine coastal waters has increased dramatically in many parts of the world, and this evolution has shifted attention to the anthropogenic factor. The problem has become the theme of many conferences and workshops, as well as being given priority in international organizations.This volume has been brought about by the desire to assess both our scientific understanding as well as the means and technologies available to combat the problem of marine coastal eutrophication. It discusses the results of research and surveillance programmes carried out in the last decades, confronting these results with experience gained elsewhere, and reviewing current proposals of what can be done about the problem. This volume will be invaluable to environmental scientists and marine ecologists, as well as to those who wish to resolve the many large-scale environmental problems, specifically marine eutrophication and marine pollution in general.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Marine Coastal Eutrophication 3
Copyright Page 4
Table of Contents 24
PRESENTATION 6
PREFACE 8
EDITORIAL 10
CONFERENCE RESOLUTION 14
Summary of Discussion of Workshop 1 16
Summary of Discussion of Workshop 2 20
Summary of Discussion of Workshop 3 22
Part I: Keynote Address 32
Chapter 1. Coastal marine eutrophication: principles and control 32
ABSTRACT 32
INTRODUCTION 32
THE FRAMEWORK 33
DEFINITION AND DELINEATION OF THE PROBLEM 34
MARINE EUTROPHICATION 35
CAUSES OF EUTROPHICATION 39
STRATEGIES AND REMEDIAL MEASURES 41
REFERENCES 48
Part II: Adriatic Papers 52
Chapter 2. The problems of the Emilia Romagna coastal waters: facts and interpretations 52
ABSTRACT 52
INTRODUCTION 52
DISCUSSION 58
CONCLUSION 62
REFERENCES 63
Chapter 3. Northern Adriatic Sea: oceanography of the basin proper and of the western coastal zone 66
ABSTRACT 66
INTRODUCTION 66
THE BASIN PROPER 68
WESTERN COASTAL ZONE 83
REFERENCES 91
Chapter 4. Eutrophication, structure and dynamics of a marine coastal system: results of ten-year monitoring along the Emilia-Romagna coast (Northwest Adriatic Sea) 94
ABSTRACT 94
1. INTRODUCTION 94
2. METHODS 97
3. THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 99
4. PHYTOPLANKTON SUCCESSION, MACRO-ALGAE AND CHLOROPHYLL a 106
5. NUTRITIONAL FACTORS 109
6. OXYGEN AND pH 116
7. FACTORS CAUSING ALGAL BLOOMS: SEARCH FOR THE PRODUCTION LIMITING NUTRIENT 117
8. NUTRIENT SUPPLY AND ALGAL GROWTH POTENTIAL 124
9. FEATURES OF A "WORST CASE" YEAR: ALGAL BLOOMS AND ANOXIA IN 1984 126
10. THE MUCILAGE EPISODES OF 1988 AND 1989 131
11. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 133
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 135
REFERENCES 136
Chapter 5. Toxic or potentially toxic dinoflagellates from the Northern Adriatic Sea 138
ABSTRACT 138
INTRODUCTION 138
MATERIALS AND METHODS 139
OBSERVATIONS AND DISCUSSION 140
CONCLUSION 144
REFERENCES 144
Chapter 6. Multi-level nutrient enrichment bioassays on Northern Adriatic coastal waters 146
ABSTRACT 146
INTRODUCTION 146
METHODS 148
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 151
CONCLUSIONS 160
REFERENCES 161
Chapter 7. Past diatom blooms and benthonic foraminifera extinction detected in old Adriatic sediments 164
ABSTRACT 164
INTRODUCTION 164
DISCUSSION 165
CONCLUSION 166
REFERENCES 166
Chapter 8. The role of Zooplankton in eutrophication, with special reference to the Northern Adriatic Sea 168
ABSTRACT 168
INTRODUCTION 168
NET ZOOPLANKTON OF THE NORTHERN ADRIATIC SEA 169
NET ZOOPLANKTON BIOMASS 171
MICROZOOPLANKTON 176
PHYTO-ZOOPLANKTON RELATIONSHIP 179
NUTRIENT REGENERATION 182
CONCLUSION 184
REFERENCES 184
Chapter 9. Analysis of meteorological parameters relating to Adriatic eutrophication 190
ABSTRACT 190
INTRODUCTION 190
DATA-SET 192
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 192
CONCLUSIONS 200
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 201
REFERENCES 201
Chapter 10. Time series analysis of oceanological parameters measured at a fixed station 202
ABSTRACT 202
INTRODUCTION 202
STATION LOCATION, MATERIALS AND METHODS 203
GENERAL FEATURE OF THE 1986–1987 SERIES 204
SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF THE TIME SERIES 206
DISCUSSION 212
REFERENCES 217
Chapter 11. Eutrophication along the Emilia-Romagna coast: application of statistical analyses to 1984-1989 monitoring data 218
ABSTRACT 218
INTRODUCTION 218
OBJECTIVES 219
THE DATA 219
STATISTICAL METHODS 220
RESULTS 221
CONCLUSION 228
IMPLICATIONS FOR MEASURES TO IMPROVE THE COASTAL WATERS 230
REFERENCES 231
Chapter 12. An empirical dispersion model for total phosphorus in a coastal area: the Po River–Adriatic system 232
ABSTRACT 232
INTRODUCTION 232
CONCEPTUAL APPROACH 233
DISPERSION OF A CONSERVATIVE POLLUTANT 234
FEATURES OF THE COASTAL AREA OF EMILIA-ROMAGNA 235
APPLICATION OF THE MODEL TO THE PO-ADRIATIC SYSTEM 235
PHOSPHORUS ORIGINATING FROM PO RIVER LOADINGS 237
INFLUENCE OF COASTAL DISCHARGES 238
CONCLUSIONS 239
REFERENCES 240
Chapter 13. Statistical assessment of trophic conditions. Application of the OECD methodology to the marine environment 242
ABSTRACT 242
THE ANALYSIS OF THE SYSTEM VARIABILITY 242
TROPHIC CLASSIFICATION: APPLICATION OF THE OECD METHODOLOGY TO THE PO-ADRIATIC SYSTEM 248
REFERENCES 264
Chapter 14. Interrelationships between phytoplankton biomass and nutrients in the eutrophicated areas of the North-Western Adriatic Sea* 266
ABSTRACT 266
INTRODUCTION 266
THE ADRIATIC SITUATION AND SEASONAL FLUCTUATIONS OF THE M^IN SYSTEM PARAMETERS 268
METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH 269
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 274
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 281
REFERENCES 281
Chapter 15. Benthic fluxes and nutrient budgets for sediments in the Northern Adriatic Sea: burial and recycling efficiencies 282
ABSTRACT 282
INTRODUCTION 283
STUDY AREA 285
METHODS 286
RESULTS 288
DISCUSSION 298
CONCLUSIONS 303
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 304
REFERENCES 305
Chapter 16. Breakwaters and eutrophication along the Emilia-Romagna coast 308
ABSTRACT 308
INTRODUCTION 308
MATERIALS AND METHODS 309
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 315
CONCLUSIONS 318
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 320
REFERENCES 320
Chapter 17. Nutrient export from the Po and Adige river basins over the last 20 years 322
ABSTRACT 322
INTRODUCTION 322
HYDROGRAPHICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 324
METHODOLOGY 327
RESULTS 330
CONCLUSIONS 339
REFERENCES 342
Chapter 18. Quantification of the phosphorus and nitrogen loads in the minor rivers of the Emilia-Romagna coast (Italy). A methodological study on the use of theoretical coefficients in calculating the loads 346
ABSTRACT 346
1. INTRODUCTION 346
2. HYDROGRAPHICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL SITUATION 348
3. CALCULATION OF THE THEORETICAL LOADS 349
4. RESULT OF THE LOAD CALCULATION 354
REFERENCES 366
Chapter 19. Transport of nutrients in rivers: investigations on the Po River (Italy) 368
ABSTRACT 368
INTRODUCTION 368
MATERIALS AND METHODS 370
DISCUSSION 373
CONCLUSIONS 374
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 375
REFERENCES 375
Chapter 20. Water quality and estimate of nutrient loading of the Reno River in different hydrological conditions 376
ABSTRACT 376
INTRODUCTION 376
RESULTS 377
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 378
REFERENCES 378
Chapter 21. Contribution of agricultural land in the Po Valley to coastal eutrophication of the Adriatic Sea 380
ABSTRACT 380
INTRODUCTION 380
BEHAVIOR OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS IN THE SOIL 382
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE UNDERGROUND DRAINAGE WATER FROM CULTIVATED SOILS 385
CONCLUDING CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE CONTRIBUTION OF N AND P IN DRAINAGE WATERS COMING DIRECTLY FROM THE SOIL TO COASTAL EUTROPHICATION OF THE ADRIATIC SEA 390
REFERENCES 393
Chapter 22. Impact of nutrient enrichment and its relationship to the algal bloom in the Adriatic Sea 396
ABSTRACT 396
INTRODUCTION 396
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 397
CONCLUSION 399
REFERENCES 400
Chapter 23. The effectiveness of wastewater treatment on the Emilia-Romagna coast: an analysis carried out by means of a three-dimensional hydrodynamical model 402
ABSTRACT 402
INTRODUCTION 402
THE PROBLEM OF WATER QUALITY ALONG THE EMILIA-ROMAGNA COAST 403
THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL 403
THE TWO MODEL CONFIGURATIONS 408
CONCLUSIONS 411
REFERENCES 412
Chapter 24. Direct and indirect domestic nutrient load evaluation by mathematical model: the Venice Lagoon case study 414
ABSTRACT 414
INTRODUCTION 414
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL 414
THE VENICE LAGOON CASE-STUDY 417
REFERENCES 423
Chapter 25. Daily monitoring of an Adriatic coastal stretch 424
ABSTRACT 424
INTRODUCTION 424
MATERIALS AND METHODS 424
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 429
CONCLUSION 432
REFERENCES 432
Chapter 26. Marine coastal eutrophication south of the River Po: monitoring within 300 m of the coast 434
ABSTRACT 434
INTRODUCTION 434
MATERIALS AND METHODS 436
CONCLUSIONS 437
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 440
REFERENCES 440
Chapter 27. A year of monitoring of marine eutrophication on the coast of Ancona 442
ABSTRACT 442
INTRODUCTION 442
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS METHODS 443
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 444
CONCLUSIONS 447
REFERENCES 448
Chapter 28. First cases of diarrhoetic shellfish poisoning in the Northern Adriatic Sea 450
ABSTRACT 450
INTRODUCTION 450
MATERIALS AND METHODS 451
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 451
CONCLUSIONS 456
REFERENCES 457
Chapter 29. Chrysaora hysoscella in the Gulf of Trieste: presence, evolution and cutaneous toxicity in man 458
ABSTRACT 458
INTRODUCTION 458
MATERIALS AND METHODS 459
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 459
CONCLUSIONS 461
REFERENCES 461
Chapter 30. Oxygen conditions in the Gulf of Trieste (High Adriatic) 462
ABSTRACT 462
MATERIALS AND METHODS 462
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS 464
REFERENCES 471
Chapter 31. Microfouling seasonality in a locality of the Gulf of Trieste (1986–1988)* 472
ABSTRACT 472
INTRODUCTION 472
THE STUDY 473
RESULTS 473
REFERENCES 474
Chapter 32. Processes leading to dystrophy in a Po River Delta lagoon (Sacca Di Goro): phytoplankton–macroalgae interactions 476
ABSTRACT 476
INTRODUCTION 476
MATERIALS AND METHODS 477
RESULTS 478
CONCLUSIONS 484
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 486
REFERENCES 486
Chapter 33. Eutrophy and dystrophy in the Goro Lagoon (Italy) 488
ABSTRACT 488
INTRODUCTION 488
MATERIALS AND METHODS 489
RESULTS 489
TIME TREND ANALYSIS OF THE TROPHIC PARAMETERS 492
NITROGEN/PHOSPHORUS RATIO 496
SPACE-TIME TRENDS OF THE PHYTOPLANKTON 497
MACROALGAE: THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE TROPHIC LEVEL OF THE COVE 499
FINAL COMMENT 500
REFERENCES 500
Chapter 34. Chemical composition and decomposition of Ulva rigida in a coastal lagoon (Sacca di Goro, Po River Delta) 502
ABSTRACT 502
INTRODUCTION 502
MATERIALS AND METHODS 502
RESULTS 503
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 505
REFERENCES 505
Chapter 35. Nutrient release from sediments and the role of bioturbation in the Goro Lagoon (Italy) 506
ABSTRACT 506
INTRODUCTION 506
MATERIALS AND METHODS 508
DISCUSSION 515
CONCLUSIONS 516
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 517
REFERENCES 517
Chapter 36. Physical intervention in the lagoon of Sacca di Goro. An examination using a 3-D numerical model 520
ABSTRACT 520
INTRODUCTION 520
HYDRODYNAMIC DIFFUSIVE MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE GORO LAGOON 521
DYNAMIC PROCESSES AND THE COMPUTATIONAL MODEL 522
MATHEMATICAL MODEL CALIBRATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS 527
INTERVENTION HYPOTHESIS AND FUTURE USE OF THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL 534
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 536
REFERENCES 541
Part III: Mucilage Phenomena 542
Chapter 37. Mucilage and the phenomena of algae in the history of the Adriatic: Periodization and the anthropic context (17th–20th centuries) 542
ABSTRACT 542
INTRODUCTION 542
DISCUSSION 543
REFERENCES 551
Chapter 38. Floating mucilage in the Northern Adriatic Sea: the potential of a microbial ecological approach to solve the "mystery" 556
ABSTRACT 556
INTRODUCTION 556
THE MICROBIAL ECOLOGICAL APPROACH 557
FROM PHYTOPLANKTON DECAY TO MARINE SNOW 559
FROM MARINE SNOW TO FLOATING SURFACE SCUMS– A HYPOTHESIS OF A SPECIFIC PROBLEM 564
RECOMMENDATIONS 566
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 566
REFERENCES 566
Chapter 39. Marine snow in the Adriatic Sea: a multifactorial study 570
ABSTRACT 570
INTRODUCTION 570
MATERIALS AND METHODS 571
RESULTS 572
DISCUSSION 573
REFERENCES 580
Chapter 40. Microbial analyses of Adriatic Sea mucilages 582
ABSTRACT 582
INTRODUCTION 582
MATERIALS AND METHODS 583
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 583
CONCLUSION 586
REFERENCES 587
Chapter 41. Mucilaginous aggregates in the Gulf of Trieste (Northern Adriatic Sea): analysis of the phytoplanktonic communities in the period June–August 1989 588
ABSTRACT 588
INTRODUCTION 588
MATERIALS AND METHODS 589
DISCUSSION AND RESULTS 590
REFERENCES 598
Chapter 42. Mucilaginous agglomerations in the Gulf of Trieste (Northern Adriatic Sea): analysis of the microzooplankton populations in the period June–August 1989 600
ABSTRACT 600
INTRODUCTION 600
MATERIAL AND METHODS 601
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 602
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 610
REFERENCES 610
Chapter 43. The mucilage phenomenon in the Northern Adriatic Sea, summer 1989: a study carried out with remote sensing techniques 612
ABSTRACT 612
INTRODUCTION 612
PRE-OCCURRENCE ANALYSIS 612
SATELLITE OBSERVATION OF THE PHENOMENON 618
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS BY MEANS OF A CZCS AIRBORNE SENSOR 623
CONCLUSIONS 628
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 629
Part IV: General Overviews 630
Chapter 44. Effects of cultural eutrophication on coastal marine fisheries: a comparative approach 630
ABSTRACT 630
INTRODUCTION 630
EUTROPHICATION EFFECTS IN THE LAURENTIAN GREAT LAKES 631
EUTROPHICATION EFFECTS ON COASTAL MARINE FISHERIES 634
ALTERNATIVE ANALYTICAL APPROACHES 637
CATEGORIZATION OF EUTROPHICATION EFFECTS ON FISHERIES 639
DISCUSSION 641
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 643
REFERENCES 643
Chapter 45. Sanitary consequences of eutrophication and related ecological disequilibria in the marine environment 646
ABSTRACT 646
INTRODUCTION 646
ORIGIN OF THE EUTROPHICATION PROCESS 646
PATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF EUTROPHICATION 654
REFERENCES 659
Chapter 46. Eutrophication, marine biotoxins, human health 662
ABSTRACT 662
INTRODUCTION 662
DINOFLAGELLATE TOXINS 664
DIATOM TOXINS 684
CYANOPHYTA TOXINS 687
CONCLUSIONS 689
REFERENCES 690
Part V: Contributed Papers 694
Chapter 47. Marine eutrophication in Europe: similarities and regional differences in appearance 694
ABSTRACT 694
MARINE EUTROPHICATION 694
CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXCESSIVE ALGAL BLOOMS 697
THE SOURCES OF MARINE EUTROPHICATION 699
CONCLUSIONS 700
REFERENCES 702
Chapter 48. Eutrophication in the Baltic Sea 704
ABSTRACT 704
INTRODUCTION 704
RESULTS 705
DISCUSSION 709
REFERENCES 712
Chapter 49. Marine eutrophication syndrome in the north-western part of the Black Sea 714
ABSTRACT 714
INTRODUCTION 714
DISCUSSION 715
CONCLUSIONS 721
REFERENCES 722
Chapter 50. The plankton biotic community and eutrophication in coastal regions of the Gulf of Genoa* 724
ABSTRACT 724
INTRODUCTION 724
METHODS 724
RESULTS 725
CONCLUSIONS 727
REFERENCES 727
Chapter 51. The planktonic evolution biomass in three coastal areas of Palma Bay (Balearic Islands) 728
ABSTRACT 728
INTRODUCTION 728
STUDY AREA 728
METHOD 728
RESULTS 730
CONCLUSION 732
REFERENCES 733
Chapter 52. Eutrophication in Iskenderun Bay, north-eastern Mediterranean 736
ABSTRACT 736
INTRODUCTION 736
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 737
CONCLUSION 747
REFERENCES 747
Chapter 53. Hydrological budget and the role of Lake Nicaea* in pollution of Gemlik Bay 750
ABSTRACT 750
INTRODUCTION 750
MATERIAL AND METHODS 751
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 755
CONCLUSIONS 757
REFERENCES 757
Chapter 54. Long-term eutrophication in a semi-closed bay: the Eastern Harbour of Alexandria 758
ABSTRACT 758
INTRODUCTION 758
MATERIAL AND METHODS 758
CONCLUSIONS 766
REFERENCES 766
Chapter 55. Effect of pollution on the Western Harbour of Alexandria. I. Environmental characteristics 768
ABSTRACT 768
INTRODUCTION 768
STUDY AREA 769
MATERIAL AND METHODS 770
RESULTS 771
DISCUSSION 776
REFERENCES 783
Chapter 56. Effect of pollution on the Western Harbour of Alexandria. II. Nutrient salts 786
ABSTRACT 786
MATERIALS AND METHODS 786
RESULTS 787
DISCUSSION 793
REFERENCES 801
Chapter 57. Effects of sewage and industrial wastes on the chemical characteristics of the Eastern Harbour and El-Mex Bay waters of Alexandria, Egypt 804
ABSTRACT 804
INTRODUCTION 804
MATERIALS AND METHODS 805
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 806
CONCLUSION 815
REFERENCES 815
Chapter 58. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and chlorophyll a biomass as eutrophication indices in one of the most polluted basins off Alexandria coastal waters, Egypt 816
ABSTRACT 816
INTRODUCTION 816
THE STUDY AREA 818
MATERIAL AND METHODS 818
RESULTS 819
DISCUSSION 821
REFERENCES 827
Chapter 59. Impact of monsoonal changes on environmental conditions in the South Kalimantan coastal waters, Indonesia 830
ABSTRACT 830
INTRODUCTION 830
MATERIALS AND METHODS 831
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 833
SUMMARY 838
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 839
REFERENCES 839
Chapter 60. Algal blooms in Jakarta Bay, Indonesia 840
ABSTRACT 840
INTRODUCTION 840
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 842
CONCLUSIONS 849
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 849
REFERENCES 849
Chapter 61. Blooms of phytoplankton along the west coast of India associated with nutrient enrichment and the response of Zooplankton 850
ABSTRACT 850
INTRODUCTION 850
AREA AND GENERAL HYDROGRAPHY 851
PHYTOPLANKTON BLOOMS 851
ZOOPLANKTON SWARMS 855
CONCLUSIONS 857
REFERENCES 857
Chapter 62. The influence of stratification on the ecological response of two Western Australian embayments to nutrient enrichment 860
ABSTRACT 860
INTRODUCTION 861
SITE 864
VERTICAL MIXING BY WINDS 868
NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY IN PRINCESS ROYAL HARBOUR 871
NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY IN OYSTER HARBOUR 872
APPLICATION OF RESULTS TO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 878
CONCLUSIONS 879
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 880
REFERENCES 880
Chapter 63. The eutrophication of the Lagoon of Saquarema, Brazil 882
ABSTRACT 882
INTRODUCTION 882
STUDY AREA AND METHODS 883
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 885
REFERENCES 889
Chapter 64. Eutrophication in the lagoons of Cancún, México 892
ABSTRACT 892
INTRODUCTION 892
RESULTS 893
REFERENCES 899
Chapter 65. The impact of eutrophication on phytoplankton composition in coastal marine ecosystems 902
ABSTRACT 902
INTRODUCTION 902
THE LEVANT BASIN OF THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN (Fig. 1) 903
THE ADRIATIC SEA 905
NORTHERN EUROPEAN WATERS 906
CONCLUDING REMARKS 907
REFERENCES 908
Chapter 66. Algal blooms in coastal waters: a comparison between two adaptable members of the phytoplankton, Phaeocystis sp. and Mesodinium rubrum 910
ABSTRACT 910
INTRODUCTION 911
VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION AND BIOMASS 911
GROWTH RATES AND PRIMARY PRODUCTION 914
LIGHT ADAPTATION 916
GRAZING 917
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 917
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 919
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 920
REFERENCES 920
Chapter 67. Algal blooms and development of the main phytoplanktonic species at the Romanian Black Sea littoral in conditions of intensification of the eutrophication process 922
ABSTRACT 922
INTRODUCTION 922
DISCUSSION 925
CONCLUSION 934
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 936
REFERENCES 936
Chapter 68. On the development of Noctiluca scintillans under eutrophication of Romanian Black Sea waters 938
ABSTRACT 938
INTRODUCTION 938
MATERIALS AND METHODS 939
RESULTS 939
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 946
REFERENCES 950
Chapter 69. Effects of heavy metals on the algae Nitzschia closterium and Prorocentrum micans 952
ABSTRACT 952
INTRODUCTION 952
MATERIALS AND METHODS 953
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 954
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 958
REFERENCES 958
Chapter 70. The influence of orthophosphate on nitrate reductase activity in Alexandrium sp. 960
ABSTRACT 960
INTRODUCTION 960
MATERIALS AND METHODS 961
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 961
REFERENCES 963
Chapter 71. Dynamical correlation techniques in eutrophication phenomena analysis 966
ABSTRACT 966
INTRODUCTION 966
INPUT SELECTION BY DYNAMICAL CORRELATION 967
DIATOM AND DINOFLAGELLATE MODELS CONSTRUCTION 969
CONCLUDING REMARKS 974
REFERENCES 974
Chapter 72. Molecular detection and characterization of marine dinoflagellates and their symbionts: potentials and pitfalls 976
ABSTRACT 976
INTRODUCTION 976
MATERIALS AND METHODS 978
DISCUSSION 982
CONCLUSIONS 985
REFERENCES 986
Chapter 73. Microbial uptake kinetics in Pacific coastal waters of different degrees of eutrophication 988
ABSTRACT 988
INTRODUCTION 988
METHODS 990
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 992
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1001
REFERENCES 1001
Chapter 74. Heterotrophic uptake of dissolved organic matter during a bloom of the Peridinea Exuviaella cor data 1004
ABSTRACT 1004
INTRODUCTION 1004
THE STUDY 1006
REFERENCES 1009
Chapter 75. Modelling coastal eutrophication: the case of French Ulva mass blooms 1010
ABSTRACT 1010
INTRODUCTION 1010
THE MODEL 1011
ONE APPLICATION OF THE MODEL 1015
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 1021
REFERENCES 1022
Chapter 76. Modelling of eutrophication effects on coastal ecosystems with eelgrass as the dominating macrophyte 1024
ABSTRACT 1024
INTRODUCTION 1024
STUDY SITE AND MODEL 1025
CONCLUSION 1030
REFERENCES 1030
Chapter 77. Benthic communities and bioturbation history of estuarine and coastal systems: effects of hypoxia and anoxia 1032
ABSTRACT 1032
INTRODUCTION 1032
STUDY AREAS 1034
METHODOLOGY 1035
SAMPLING DESIGN 1036
RESULTS 1037
DISCUSSION 1041
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1046
REFERENCES 1046
Chapter 78. Benthic communities: eutrophication's "memory mode" 1048
ABSTRACT 1048
INTRODUCTION 1048
MATERIAL AND METHODS 1050
RESULTS 1050
DISCUSSION 1055
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1058
REFERENCES 1058
Chapter 79. Energy metabolism of bivalves at reduced oxygen tensions 1060
ABSTRACT 1060
INTRODUCTION 1060
MATERIAL AND METHODS 1061
RESULTS 1063
DISCUSSION 1066
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1069
REFERENCES 1069
Chapter 80. Physiological and biochemical responses of the bivalve Scapharca inaequivalvis to hypoxia and cadmium exposure: erythrocytes versus other tissues 1072
ABSTRACT 1072
INTRODUCTION 1072
MATERIALS AND METHODS 1074
RESULTS 1076
DISCUSSION 1079
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1083
REFERENCES 1083
Chapter 81. Continuous monitoring of dissolved oxygen in an estuary experiencing periodic hypoxia and the effect of hypoxia on macrobenthos and fish 1086
ABSTRACT 1086
INTRODUCTION 1086
OBJECTIVES 1088
STUDY AREA 1088
METHODOLOGY 1089
RESULTS 1092
DISCUSSION 1097
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1098
REFERENCES 1098
Chapter 82. Flux of sediments and nutrients from low to deep water in a Danish Fjord 1100
ABSTRACT 1100
INTRODUCTION 1100
HYDROGRAPHY 1101
TRANSPORT OF SEDIMENTS 1104
BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS 1107
CONCLUSION 1108
REFERENCES 1109
Chapter 83. Significance of benthic regeneration in nutrient balance in the Bay of Cadiz, south-west Spain (a shallow semi-closed coastal ecosystem) 1110
ABSTRACT 1110
INTRODUCTION 1110
EXPERIMENTAL 1112
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1114
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1116
REFERENCES 1117
Chapter 84. Mechanisms of phosphorus released from the sediment–water interface in Xiamen Bay, Fujian, China 1118
ABSTRACT 1118
INTRODUCTION 1119
MATERIALS AND METHODS 1119
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1121
REFERENCES 1128
Chapter 85. Distribution of oxidative–reductive parts and the estimation of biological activities in upper sediments of a tidal river 1130
ABSTRACT 1130
INTRODUCTION 1130
STUDY SITE 1131
METHODS 1131
MODELLING AND CALCULATION 1134
RESULTS 1136
DISCUSSION 1140
CONCLUSION 1143
REFERENCES 1144
Chapter 86. Management of urban, industrial and agricultural pollution to control coastal eutrophication 1146
ABSTRACT 1146
INTRODUCTION 1146
KØGE BAY 1148
CONFLICTING INTERESTS 1150
ENVIRONMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS 1152
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA 1156
PLAN FOR NUTRIENT LOADING REDUCTIONS 1157
MONITORING 1161
CONCLUSIONS 1162
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1162
REFERENCES 1162
Chapter 87. An integral approach to assess cause–effect relationships in eutrophication of marine systems 1164
ABSTRACT 1164
INTRODUCTION 1164
METHODS 1165
MODEL INPUTS AND WIND FIELDS SCENARIOS 1168
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1172
FUTURE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 1176
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1177
REFERENCES 1178
Chapter 88. Nutrients in the North Sea, September 1988 to October 1989: use of nutrient ratios and nutrient/salinity relationships to identify sources and sinks of nutrients 1180
ABSTRACT 1180
INTRODUCTION 1180
METHODS 1181
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1182
REFERENCES 1187
Chapter 89. Measures counteracting eutrophication of the Kattegat 1190
ABSTRACT 1190
BACKGROUND 1190
SUPPLY OF NUTRIENTS TO THE KATTEGAT 1191
SOURCES OF NITROGEN IN THE DRAINAGE BASIN 1193
MEASURES IN THE DRAINAGE BASIN LEADING TO A 50% REDUCED NITROGEN LOADING 1193
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 1194
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1195
REFERENCES 1195
Chapter 90. Conventional methods applied in pollution control of the Romanian coastal waters of the Black Sea 1196
ABSTRACT 1196
INTRODUCTION 1196
MATERIAL AND METHODS 1197
MACRONUTRIENTS LEVEL IN THE SEA WATER COLUMN 1200
ORGANIC MATTER, BOD5 AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN 1200
PHYTOPLANKTON 1202
OTHER LEVELS OF THE MARINE ECOSYSTEM 1206
WASTE MANAGEMENTS AND ITS REORGANISATION 1207
REFERENCES 1209
Chapter 91. Ecological conditions in the Orbetello Lagoon and suggested actions for its restoration 1210
ABSTRACT 1210
INTRODUCTION 1210
THE STUDY 1211
DISCUSSION 1216
REFERENCES 1218
Chapter 92. Experiences for the management of Orbetello Lagoon: eutrophication and fishing 1220
ABSTRACT 1220
INTRODUCTION^ 1220
MATERIALS AND METHODS 1221
RESULTS 1222
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 1228
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1229
REFERENCES 1229
Chapter 93. Recent improvements of water quality and biological indicators in Hillsborough Bay, a highly impacted subdivision of Tampa Bay, Florida, USA 1230
ABSTRACT 1230
INTRODUCTION 1230
PAST WATER QUALITY CONDITIONS 1232
CITY OF TAMPA WASTEWATER DISCHARGES 1233
FERTILIZER INDUSTRY AND ALAFIA RIVER IMPACTS 1234
NITROGEN LOADING AND PHYTOPLANKTON DEMAND 1236
PHYTOPLANKTON BIOMASS AND TAXONOMIC COMPOSITION 1238
WATER COLUMN LIGHT TRANSPARENCY AND SEAGRASS PERSISTENCE 1239
APPENDIX 1243
REFERENCES 1244
Chapter 94. Eutrophication and its remedies in the Seto Inland Sea with respect to the characteristics of bed deposition 1248
ABSTRACT 1248
INTRODUCTION 1248
1981–1986 COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY 1251
SUPPLEMENTARY SURVEY OF LIMITING NUTRIENT IN OSAKA BAY 1263
REMEDIES FOR THE EUTROPHICATION OF THE SETO INLAND SEA 1266
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1269
REFERENCES 1269
Chapter 95. Eutrophication control in the Seto Inland Sea 1270
ABSTRACT 1270
INTRODUCTION TO THE SETO INLAND SEA 1270
THE HISTORY OF WATER POLLUTION AND THE PRESENT SITUATION 1272
SECONDARY ORGANIC POLLUTION IN THE EUTROPHIC WATER BODY 1276
EUTROPHIC LEVELS OF THE ENCLOSED WATER BODIES IN JAPAN 1278
EUTROPHIC LEVELS IN EACH WATER AREA OF THE SETO INLAND SEA 1280
DESIRABLE EUTROPHIC LEVELS FOR THE SETO INLAND SEA AND STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVEMENT OF ITS ENVIRONMENT 1284
REFERENCES 1287
Chapter 96. Water quality management and waterfront development of a eutrophic bay 1288
ABSTRACT 1288
INTRODUCTION 1288
BASIC CONCEPTS FOR CREATING PLEASANT COASTS 1289
PROGRAMMING FLOW 1291
CASE STUDIES 1293
CONCLUSIONS 1299
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1300
REFERENCES 1300
Chapter 97. Flow and particulate nutrient removal by wetland with emergent macrophyte 1302
ABSTRACT 1302
INTRODUCTION 1302
EXPERIMENT 1305
RESULTS 1306
DISCUSSION 1309
REFERENCES 1313
Chapter 98. Eutrophication and urban renewal: problems and perspectives for the management of disused docks 1314
ABSTRACT 1314
INTRODUCTION 1314
THE DOCK ENVIRONMENT AND HISTORY 1315
WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS 1317
INVESTIGATIONS INTO POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS 1320
DISCUSSION 1324
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1325
REFERENCES 1325
Chapter 99. A pre-precipitation process using low lime dosage as a feasible method for reducing phosphorus discharges 1328
ABSTRACT 1328
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS 1328
METHOD 1329
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1335
REFERENCES 1335
Author Index 1336
Subject Index 1340

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 6.4.2016
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geografie / Kartografie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie
• ISBN-10: 1-4832-9158-8 / 1483291588
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4832-9158-1 / 9781483291581