Infrastructure and Activities of Cells (eBook)

Biotechnology by Open Learning

B C Currell, M.C.E. van Dam-Mieras, R C E Dam-Mieras (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2016 | 1. Auflage
282 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-1-4832-9277-9 (ISBN)

Infos

Cells may be seen as superb 'factories' in so far as they take in one set of chemicals (nutrients) and convert them into new products. Each cell taking in its own set of chemicals and making its own collection of products. Describing the structuralorganisation of cells in both unicellular and multicellular organisms this text considers the organisation and management which lead to these 'factories' operating in a coordinated and functional manner. Reproduction, the one feature special to cellactivities is addressed in detail.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Infrastructure and Activities of Cells 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 8
The Biotol Project 6
Contributors 7
How to use an open learning text 9
Preface 10
Chapter 1. The architecture of prokaryotic cells 13
1.1 Introduction 13
1.2 The diversity of prokaryotic cells 14
1.3 The morphology and fine structure of the eubacteria 15
1.4 The fine structure of prokaryotic cells 23
1.5 Cell walls 33
1.6 The plasma membrane 42
1.7 Prokaryotic protoplasm 45
1.8 Cytoplasmic inclusions 47
1.9 Endospores 50
Summary and objectives 54
Chapter 2. The organisation of eukaryotic cells 57
2.1 Introduction 57
2.2 Animal cell structure 57
2.3 Plant cell structure 60
2.4 Symplasm and apoplasm 61
2.5 Interpretation of electron micrographs 63
2.6 The road to multicellularity 64
Summary and objectives 68
Chapter 3. The structure and function of membranes 71
3.1 Introduction 71
3.2 Early studies of the membrane needed a readily available source of cells 71
3.3 The electron microscope reveals some of the structure of the membrane 73
3.4 The membrane controls what goes into and what comes out of cells 74
3.5 Osmosis is a special type of diffusion 74
3.6 The transport of some compounds needs energy 75
3.7 Freeze-fracturing provides a new view of the membrane 76
3.8 Facilitated diffusion is a rapid form of diffusion 81
3.9 Gap junctions allow the passage of small molecules and ions between adjacent cells 82
3.10 The transport of large molecules involves vesicles 83
3.11 Macromolecular secretion occurs by exocytosis 84
3.12 Macromolecular absorption occurs by endocytosis 84
3.13 Movement of large molecules also occurs in plant cells 85
Summary and objectives 86
Chapter 4. The maintenance of cell shape: the cytoskeleton and the plant cell wall 89
4.1 Introduction 89
4.2 Microtubule structure 91
4.3 Microtubules can grow at either end 92
4.4 Microtubules occur in cilia and flagella 94
4.5 The structure of actin filaments 96
4.6 Drugs also modify actin polymerisation 98
4.7 Intermediate filaments 98
4.8 Organisation of the cytoskeleton 99
4.9 Do microtubules have an organising role? 99
4.10 Plant cell walls 101
4.11 What is the structure of the fibre? 103
4.12 How are polymers arranged in the wall? 104
4.13 How is the wall laid down? 105
4.14 Concluding remarks 106
Summary and objectives 107
Chapter 5. Chloroplasts and Mitochondria 109
5.1 Introduction 109
5.2 Organisms can be classified according to their mode of nutrition 110
5.3 Where does photosynthesis take place? 110
5.4 The mitochondrion 122
5.5 Mitochondria and chloroplasts have probably evolved from endosymbiotic bacteria 134
Summary and objectives 136
Chapter 6. The expression of genetic information: I - the nucleus 139
6.1 Introduction 139
6.2 The nucleus 139
6.3 Organisation of the genetic material 142
6.4 Gene expression 146
6.5 Ribosome production 150
Summary and objectives 154
Chapter 7. The expression of genetic information: II - Protein synthesis and the genetic code 157
7.1 Introduction 157
7.2 Interpreting the genetic code 157
7.3 The genetic code 167
7.4 Post translation events 169
7.5 Protein secretion 174
7.6 Membrane synthesis 176
Summary and objectives 181
Chapter 8. Cell growth and division 183
8.1 Introduction 183
8.2 The cell cycle and DNA synthesis 183
8.3 The cell cycle in prokaryotes 185
8.4 The cell cycle in eukaryotes 187
8.5 Control of the cell cycle 191
8.6 Mitosis 193
8.7 Cytokinesis 202
8.9 Organelle production 207
Summary and objectives 210
Chapter 9. From single cells to multicellular organisms 213
9.1 Introduction 213
9.2 The association of unicellular organisms into colonial forms 213
9.3 Cell-to-cell communication 219
9.4 The cells of the vertebrate body 221
9.5 Problems of cell distribution 229
9.6 Cell adhesion in tissues and organs 235
9.7 The extracellular matrix 238
9.8 Do multicellular plants and animals display the same properties? 244
Summary and objectives 246
Concluding Remarks 248
Responses to SAQs 250
Appendix 1: Units of measurement 274
Appendix 2: Chemical Nomenclature 276
Appendix 3: Abbreviations used for the common amino acids 277
Index 278

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 6.4.2016
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Zellbiologie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie
• ISBN-10: 1-4832-9277-0 / 1483292770
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4832-9277-9 / 9781483292779