Structure and Ultrastructure of Microorganisms (eBook)

An Introduction to a Comparative Substructural Anatomy of Cellular Organization

E. M. Brieger (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF

2013 | 1. Auflage
344 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-1-4832-6605-3 (ISBN)

Infos

Structure and Ultrastructure of Microorganisms: An Introduction to a Comparative Substructural Anatomy of Cellular Organization presents the structure or principle of operation of the electron microscope. This book provides an introduction to the submicroscopical anatomy of the cell in ultrathin sections of tissues or of single-cell organisms. Organized into 30 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the structures discovered by the use of an optical tool for observation. This text then examines the anatomical principle to the nucleus. Other chapters consider the structural organization of chromatin as revealed in electron micrographs of thin sections through cells in different stages of division. This book discusses as well the macronuclei of the ciliates, which plays a significant part in the reproductive mechanism. The final chapter deals with the micromolecular organization of bacterial flagella. This book is a valuable resource for scientists, biologist, physicists, protozoologists, cytologists, biochemists, biophysicists, and research workers.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Structure and Ultrastructure of Microorganisms 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Introduction 14
Chapter 1. Ultrastructure of the Cell 18
I. Reconstruction of Classical Concepts 18
II. Survey Map of the Cell 19
SECTION I: THE NUCLEUS 26
Chapter 2. The Nuclear Envelope 28
I. Introduction 28
II. Microdissection of the Nucleus 28
III. Electron Micrographs of Whole Mounts 29
IV. Electron Micrographs of Thin Sections 32
V. Relation to Endoplasmic Reticulum 36
VI. The Nuclear Envelope in Single Cell Organisms 37
VII. The Dissolution and Reformation of the Nuclear Envelope during Cytokinesis 39
VIII. The Absence of a Nuclear Envelope in Bacteria 40
Chapter 3. Chromatin and Chromosomes 42
I. Chromatin in Non-dividing Tissue Cells 42
II. Organization of Chromatin in Actively Dividing Cells 42
III. Electron Microscopy of the Mitotic Cycle 43
IV. Submicroscopical Organization of Prophase Chromosomes in Meiotic Division 49
V. The Organization of the DNA in Chromosomes 53
VI. The A-Chromatic Apparatus 63
Chapter 4. The Structure of the Macronucleus of Protozoa 66
I. The Fine Structure of the Macronucleus 66
II. The Fine Structure of the Nucleus in Amoeba and in Dinoflagellates 75
III. Summary 78
Chapter 5. The Fine Structure of the Nucleus in Green Algae, Cyanophyceae and Fungi 82
I. Nuclear Organization in some Phytoflagellates . 82
II. The Nuclear Organization in the Blue-Green Algae 85
III. The Fungal Nucleus 87
Chapter 6. The Problems of the Bacterial Nucleus 92
I. The Historical Aspect 92
II. Structure in the Living Organism. 93
III. Feulgen's "Nucleal Reaction" 94
IV. The "Chromatinic Bodies" 100
Chapter 7. Techniques Applied to the Special Problems Studied by Electron Microscopy of Whole (Unsectioned) Bacteria 108
I. Introduction 108
II. Support Films 108
III. Inoculation 109
IV. Fixation 109
V. Photography of the Same Organism in the Light and Electron Microscope 109
VI. Preparation Techniques for Studying Growth Changes by Electron Microscopy 110
Chapter 8. Attempts to Demonstrate the Bacterial Nucleus in Electron Micrographs of Unsectioned Bacilli 112
I. Nuclear Sites 112
II. The Nucleoids or Nuclei of Bacteria 112
Chapter 9. Structure of the DNP-Carrying Substrate 114
I. The Technique of Preparing Thin Sections of Bacteria for Electron Microscopy 114
II. The Nuclear Apparatus 114
III. The Nuclear Vacuole 115
Chapter 10. Standardization of the Preparation Technique for the Demonstration of the Nuclear Material in Bacteria 120
I. The First Attempts to Improve Preparation Techniques 120
II. The Ryter and Kellenberger Technique 121
III. Comments on the Ryter and Kellenberger Technique 124
Chapter 11. The Standard Image of the Nuclear Organelle of Bacteria 128
I. The Nuclear Organelle in Gram-negative Organisms in 128
II. The Organization of the Nuclear Organelle in Cocci 128
III. Bacillus subtilis 133
IV. The Nuclear Element in Caryophanon latum 142
V. The Nuclear Organelle of Mycobacteria 148
Chapter 12. Bacterial Genetics and the Nuclear Organization in "Streptomyces coelicolor" 160
Chapter 13. Variations of the "Standard Image" 168
I. The Nuclear Region in Spirillum serpens 168
II. The Apparent Absence of a Nuclear Element in Mycobacterium leprae 170
III. The Nuclear Element in an "Unidentified Bacterium" 175
IV. The Absence of a Nuclear Element in a Bactérie Sulfureuse 176
Chapter 14. Experimentally Produced Changes in the DNA-Carrying Substrate 178
I. The Effect of Ultra-Violet on the Nuclear Organelle 178
II. Antibiotics and the Nuclear Organelle 178
III. Magnesium Deficiency 181
IV. Summing Up 182
Chapter 15. Omnis Nucleus e Nucleo? 184
THE FATE OF THE NUCLEAR ELEMENT DURING ENDOSPORE FORMATION 184
Chapter 16. Integration 194
I. Have Bacteria a Nucleus? 194
II. Have Bacteria Chromosomes? 195
III. The DNA Pool in Phage-Infected Bacteria 198
IV. Have Bacteria a Reproductive Organelle ? 199
SECTION II: ENZYME CARRYING STRUCTURES 202
Chapter 17. Mitochondria 204
I. Mitochondrial Function 204
II. Structural Organization of Mitochondria 205
III. The Sites of Enzyme Activity in Mitochondria 211
IV. Physiological Changes in Structure 214
V. Omne Mitochondrion e Mitochondrio 216
Chapter 18. Plastids and Preplastids 220
I. The Fine Structure of Chloroplasts 220
II. Preplastids 223
Chapter 19. Have Bacteria Mitochondria? 226
I. Cytochemical Evidence of the Sites of Respiratory Enzyme Activity 226
Chapter 20. Identification of the Microsomal Fraction in Tissue Homogenates 234
I. The Microsomal Fraction in Homogenates of Liver 234
II. Endoplasmic Reticulum 234
III. Endoplasmic Reticulum and Basophilia 237
IV. The Palade Granules 237
V. The Specificity of the Palade Granules 238
Chapter 21. Identification of Granular Components of Submicroscopical Size in the Bacterial Cytoplasm 242
I. The Granular Texture of the Bacterial Cytoplasm as Revealed in Electron Micrographs of Thin Section 242
II. Isolation of Cytoplasmic Granules in Bacteria 243
III. The Ribosomes 245
IV. Have Bacteria "Respirosomes"? 246
V. The Problem of the "Large" Granules 247
VI. Are Respiratory Enzymes Structure-Bound? 248
VII. The Cytoplasmic Membrane as Carrier of the Respiratory Enzyme System 249
Chapter 22. The Identification of the Granular Inclusions of Microscopical Size 252
I. Introduction 252
II. The Metachromatic Granules 252
III. The "Granules" of the Mycobacteria 255
IV. Sulphur Granules 256
V. Fatty Inclusions 257
SECTION III: THE CELL ENVELOPES 258
Chapter 23. The Plasma Membrane or Plasmalemma of Cells of Higher Organisms 260
I. Theories of its Architecture 260
II. Electron Microscopy of Whole Mounts 261
III. Plasma Membrane in Thin Sections 261
Chapter 24. The Cytoplasmic Membrane in Bacteria 264
I. Gytological Evidence 260
II. The Cytoplasmic Membrane in the Electron Microscope 265
III. The Cytoplasmic Membrane of Protoplasts 267
Chapter 25. Fine Architecture of the Cell Wall 270
I. The Structure of the Plant Cell Wall 270
II. The Primary Cell Wall in Growing Cells 271
Chapter 26. The Macromolecular Organization of the Cell Wall in Algae and Fungi 276
Chapter 27. Bacterial Cell Wall 280
I. Chemical Constituents 280
II. The Macromolecular Pattern 282
III. The Bacterial Cell Wall in Thin Sections 283
IV. The Morphogenesis of the Bacterial Cell Wall 285
V. Capsule Formation 289
VI. The Cell Envelope of Blue-Green Algae 291
Chapter 28. Electron Microscopy of Cell Division 292
I. Bud Formation in Yeast 294
Chapter 29. The Mechanism of Cell Division in Bacteria 296
I. Electron Microscopy of Whole Mounts 296
II. Electron Microscopy of Thin Sections 297
Chapter 30. A Comparative Study of the Structural Organization of Flagella 306
I. Flagella of Protozoa 306
II. Flagella of Bacteria 309
III. The Trichocysts of Protozoa 312
References 316
Appendix: The Structure of Viruses 330
Subject Index 340

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 22.10.2013
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Evolution
• Themenwelt: Technik
• ISBN-10: 1-4832-6605-2 / 1483266052
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4832-6605-3 / 9781483266053