Distillation (eBook)

Operation and Applications

Andrzej Gorak, Hartmut Schoenmakers (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: EPUB

2014 | 1. Auflage
450 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-12-386877-0 (ISBN)

Infos

Distillation: Operation and Applications-winner of the 2015 PROSE Award in Chemistry & Physics from the Association of American Publishers-is a single source of authoritative information on all aspects of the theory and practice of modern distillation, suitable for advanced students and professionals working in a laboratory, industrial plants, or a managerial capacity. It addresses the most important and current research on industrial distillation, including all steps in process design (feasibility study, modeling, and experimental validation), together with operation and control aspects. This volume features an extra focus on distillation applications. - Winner of the 2015 PROSE Award in Chemistry & Physics from the Association of American Publishers - Practical information on the newest development written by recognized experts - Coverage of a huge range of laboratory and industrial distillation approaches - Extensive references for each chapter facilitates further study

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Distillation: Operation and Applications 4
Copyright 5
Contents 6
Preface to the Distillation Collection 8
Preface to Distillation: Operation and Applications 10
List of Contributors 12
List of Symbols and Abbreviations 14
Latin Symbols 14
Greek Symbols 16
Subscripts 17
Abbreviations 17
Abbreviations of Chemical Compounds 20
Chapter 1 - Distillation Control 22
1.1 Introduction 23
1.2 Basic control issues 23
1.3 Choosing a control structure 25
1.4 Feed composition sensitivity analysis 28
1.5 High RR columns 30
1.6 Control tray selection 32
1.7 Controller tuning 33
1.8 Use of ratios and cascade control 34
1.9 More complex columns 36
1.10 Columns in a plant-wide environment 53
1.11 Conclusion 55
References 56
Chapter 2 - Common Techniques for Distillation Troubleshooting 58
2.1 Causes of column malfunctions 59
PART A: COLUMN TROUBLESHOOTING: HOW TO INVESTIGATE 61
2.2 Column troubleshooting—a case history 61
2.3 Strategy for troubleshooting distillation problems 64
2.4 Dos and don'ts for formulating and testing theories 68
2.5 Learning to troubleshoot 72
PART B: COLUMN TROUBLESHOOTING—THE TOOLS 72
2.6 Classification of column problems 72
2.7 Flood point determination in the field: the symptoms 73
2.8 Flood point determination in the field: testing 81
2.9 Flood mechanism determination: vapor and liquid sensitivity tests 83
2.10 Flood and flood mechanism determination: hydraulic analysis 86
2.11 Efficiency testing 88
2.12 Gamma-ray absorption and other radioactive techniques 92
2.13 Wall temperature surveys 107
2.14 Energy balance troubleshooting 112
2.15 Drawing to-scale sketches at points of transition 114
2.16 Event timing analysis and reviewing operating charts 115
2.17 Inspection: you get what you inspect 117
References 120
Chapter 3 - Column Performance Testing Procedures 124
3.1 Introduction 126
3.2 Existing test facilities 128
3.3 Definition and terminology 128
3.4 Test design and planning 131
3.5 Mode of operations 132
3.6 Test column and auxiliary equipment 136
3.7 Reflux heating 137
3.8 Test systems and physical properties 137
3.9 Preparing for installation 140
3.10 Packed column installation 142
3.11 Trayed column installation 144
3.12 Operation and measurements 144
3.13 Measurements 146
3.14 Test procedure 163
3.15 Data reduction 164
3.16 Experimental errors and test troubleshooting 169
3.17 Documentation and reporting 170
References 172
Chapter 4 - Distillation in Refining 176
4.1 Scale of the operation 176
4.2 Refinery flow schemes 179
4.3 Crude oil characterization 180
4.4 Refinery crude and vacuum units 186
4.5 Basic principles of crude units 191
4.6 Crude vacuum units 195
4.7 Key factors affecting the fractionation quality 199
4.8 Column internals for refining applications 203
4.9 Hazards of pyrophoric scale 203
4.10 Other distillation units in refining 204
Acknowledgment 211
References 211
Chapter 5 - Distillation of Bulk Chemicals 212
5.1 General industrial separations 213
5.2 Industrial distillation examples 240
5.3 Conclusion 270
References 270
Chapter 6 - Air Distillation 276
6.1 Introduction 277
6.2 Process 278
6.3 Column internals 288
6.4 Conclusion 315
References 315
Chapter 7 - Distillation of Specialty Chemicals 318
7.1 Introduction 318
7.2 Distillation at low liquid load 319
7.3 Reactive distillation 330
7.4 Fouling 336
7.5 Aqueous systems 342
7.6 Modeling, simulation, and scale-up: a conclusion 349
References 351
Chapter 8 - Distillation in Bioprocessing 358
8.1 Introduction 359
8.2 White biotechnology and biobased processes 361
8.3 Red biotechnology 366
8.4 Conventional, hybrid and advanced nonreactive distillation processes 368
8.5 Conventional, hybrid and advanced reactive distillation processes 374
8.6 Discussion and outlook 383
Acknowledgments 384
References 384
Chapter 9 - Special Distillation Applications 388
9.1 Short path distillation 389
9.2 HiGee distillation 397
9.3 Microdistillation 402
9.4 Membrane distillation 412
9.5 Microwave-assisted distillation 417
9.6 Conclusions 417
References 418
Chapter 10 - New Separating Agents for Distillation 424
10.1 Introduction 424
10.2 Fundamentals 425
10.3 Solvent families 432
10.4 Separation examples 433
10.5 Conclusions 446
Acknowledgment 447
References 447
Index 450

Textauszug

List of Symbols and Abbreviations

Latin Symbols

A

Cross-sectional area

m2

2, 6

Ab

Bubbling area

m2

3

Ac

Column cross-sectional area

m2

3

a

Specific surface area

m2/m3

6

aDC

Relative downcomer area

m2/m2

5

ae

Effective special interfacial area for mass transfer

m2/m3

7

aP

Specific packing area

m2/m3

7

Molar bottoms flow-rate

kmol/s

1

B11

Second virial coefficient

m3/mol

10

Ca

Capillary number

–

7

CBA

Ward tray capacity factor

m/s

5

CD

Discharge coefficient

–

5

i,IL?

Capacity of solvent i in IL

–

10

CO

Orifice coefficient

–

7

CL

Liquid capacity factor

m/s

3, 5

CV

Vapor capacity factor

m/s

3, 5

CV

Coefficient of variation

–

3

cp

Specific heat capacity

HJ/Kg °C

2

D

Overhead mass flow rate

Kg/H

2

D

Diameter

m

2

Molar distillate flow-rate

kmol/s

1

DC

Column diameter

m

6

DO

Orifice diameter

m

7

d

Diameter

m

6

dh

Hole diameter

m

6, 7

dP

Packing diameter

m

5

dS

Sauter diameter

m

6

E

Energy

kJ

6

EO

Overall tray efficiency

%

3

EOC

Overall column efficiency

%

3, 5

F

F-factor

Pa0.5

3, 7

Molar feed flow-rate

kmol/s

1

FP

Packing factor

1/m

2, 5

fi

Fugacity of component i

Pa

10

E

Free excess energy

J

10

Table Continued

G

Gravitational acceleration

m/s2

6, 7

H

Enthalpy

MJ/kg

2

E

Excess enthalpie

J

10

Hi

Henry constant

Pa

10

h

Height/depth

m

2, 3, 7

hcl

Clear liquid height on a tray

m

6, 7

hDC

Downcomer backup

m

2, 3

hf

Froth height

m

3

hi

Specific enthalpy of stream/phase i

kJ/kg

2, 3

hLTU

Height of liquid-side transfer unit

m

7

hV,ref

Vapor enthalpy at the reference point

kJ/kg

3

hVTU

Height of vapor-side transfer unit

m

7

hW

Enthalpy of cooling water

kJ/kg

3

I

Radiation intensity of the detector

eV

2, 3

I0

Radiation intensity of the source

eV

2, 3

KC

Proportional gain, tuning parameter of a controller

–

1

Ki

Phase ratio

–

10

KU

Ultimate gain, tuning parameter of a controller

–

1

k

Equilibrium factor

–

6

kL

Liquid mass transfer coefficient

m/s

7

kV

Vapor mass transfer coefficient

m/s

7

L

Liquid flow rate

kg/s, kmol/s

3, 5, 6, 7, 10

M

Mass flow rate

kg/h

2

?i

Mass flow rate of component or stream i

kg/s

2, 3

Na

Number of actual stages/trays

–

3

Ndrip

Number of drip points

1/m2

7

Nt

Number of theoretical stages/trays

–

3, 6

?i

Mole flow rate of component or stream i

kmol/s

3

ni

Number of moles

mol

10

PU

Ultimate period

s

1

p

Pressure

Pa (bar)

1, 6, 7, 10

0,iLV

Vapor pressure of component i

Pa

10

?p

Pressure drop

Pa

2, 3, 6, 7

?pflood

Flood pressure drop, mm water per m of packing height

–

2

?pdt

Dry tray pressure drop

Pa

6

?

Duty

W or HW

1, 2, 3

R

Reflux mass flow rate

kg/h

2

R

Gas constant

J/mol k

10

Molar reflux flow-rate

kmol/s

1

Table Continued

RR

Reflux ratio (ratio of reflux to distillate)

–

1, 4

S

Stripping factor

–

3, 5, 6

Stream flow-rate

kmol/s

1

E

Excess entropy

J/K

10

SF

System Factor

–

5

T

Absolute temperature

K, (°C)

1, 7, 10

T

Temperature

°C

2

?T

Temperature difference

K

6

Tb	Boiling temperature, boiling...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 16.7.2014
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie ► Analytische Chemie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie ► Technische Chemie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• ISBN-10: 0-12-386877-7 / 0123868777
• ISBN-13: 978-0-12-386877-0 / 9780123868770