Annual Plant Reviews, Insect-Plant Interactions (eBook)

Claudia Voelckel, Georg Jander (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: EPUB

2014 | 1., Volume 47
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-118-82980-6 (ISBN)

Infos

This latest volume in Wiley Blackwell’s prestigious Annual Plant Reviews brings together articles that describe the biochemical, genetic, and ecological aspects of plant interactions with insect herbivores.. The biochemistry section of this outstanding volume includes reviews highlighting significant findings in the area of plant signalling cascades, recognition of herbivore-associated molecular patterns, sequestration of plant defensive metabolites and perception of plant semiochemicals by insects. Chapters in the genetics section are focused on genetic mapping of herbivore resistance traits and the analysis of transcriptional responses in both plants and insects. The ecology section includes chapters that describe plant-insect interactions at a higher level, including multitrophic interactions, investigations of the cost-benefit paradigm and the altitudinal niche-breadth hypothesis, and a re-evaluation of co-evolution in the light of recent molecular research.

Written by many of the world’s leading researchers in these subjects, and edited by Claudia Voelckel and Georg Jander, this volume is designed for students and researchers with some background in plant molecular biology or ecology, who would like to learn more about recent advances or obtain a more in-depth understanding of this field.  This volume will also be of great use and interest to a wide range of plant scientists and entomologists and is an essential purchase for universities and research establishments where biological sciences are studied and taught.

To view details of volumes in Annual Plant Reviews, visit: www.wiley.com/go/apr

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Claudia Voelckel is a genetics lecturer at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. She is investigating plant-insect interactions, ecological divergence and the adaptive potential of species in the New Zealand flora. Comparative transcriptomics and genome analyses are an important aspect of this work.

Georg Jander is an associate professor at the Boyce Thompson Institute, an independent plant research institute on the campus of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. Professor Jander’s research is focused on using genetic and biochemical approaches to identify molecular mechanisms of plant resistance to insect herbivores.

Textauszug

Chapter 1
PLANTS RECOGNIZE HERBIVOROUS INSECTS BY COMPLEX SIGNALLING NETWORKS

Gustavo Bonaventure

Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Germany

Abstract: The recognition of phytophagous insects by plants induces a set of very specific responses aimed at deterring tissue consumption and reprogramming plant metabolism and development to tolerate herbivory. This recognition requires the plant’s ability to perceive chemical cues generated by the insects and to distinguish a particular pattern of tissue disruption.

Relatively little is known about the molecular basis of insect perception by plants and the signalling mechanisms directly associated with this perception. Importantly, the insect feeding behaviour (piercing-sucking versus chewing) is a decisive determinant of the plant’s defence response, and the mechanisms used to perceive insects from different feeding guilds may be distinct. During insect feeding, components of the saliva of chewing or piercing-sucking insects come into contact with plant cells, and elicitors or effectors present in this insect-derived fluid are perceived by plant cells to initiate the activation of specific signalling cascades.

keywords: Herbivore-associated elicitors, oral secretions, saliva, plant defence, phytohormones, perception, chewing insects, piercing-sucking insects, receptor

1.1 Introduction

1.1.1 The feeding behaviour of insects is an important determinant of the plant's defence response

Depending on the structure of the mouthparts and therefore, on the type of feeding, insects are generally divided into two distinct types: those with chewing mouthparts and those with piercing and sucking mouthparts (see Figure 1.1 and Chapter 2). Examples of chewing insects include grasshoppers (order: Orthoptera) and beetles (order: Coleoptera). Some insects, such as moths and butterflies (order: Lepidoptera), do not have chewing mouthparts as adults but do have them as larvae.

Figure 1.1 Chewing and piercing-sucking insects. Depending on the structure of the mouth and, therefore, on the type of feeding, insects are generally divided into two distinct types: those with chewing mouth parts and those with piercing and sucking mouth parts. Examples of chewing insects include grasshoppers (order: Orthoptera; a) and caterpillars (order: Lepidoptera; b). Chewing insects have two mandibles, one on each side of the head. The mandibles are positioned between the labrum and maxillae and they are typically the largest mouthparts of chewing insects, being used to masticate food (e). Examples of piercing-sucking insects are leafhoppers (order: Hemiptera; c) and mirids (order: Hemiptera; d). These insects have mouthparts where the mandibles and maxillae are modified into a proboscis, sheathed within a modified labium, which is capable of piercing tissues and sucking out phloem or cell liquids (e).

During feeding, chewing insects tear off the tissue and, therefore, the defence response to this feeding behaviour partially overlaps with the response to wounding (Reymond et al., 2000; Mithofer & Boland, 2008). Insects from the order Hemiptera have mouthparts where the mandibles and maxillae are modified into a proboscis, sheathed within a modified labium, which is capable of piercing tissues and sucking out the liquids (Figure 1.1). This feeding behaviour does not remove solid tissue and the response is usually not associated to a strong wound response. Often, saliva is injected prior to feeding to breakdown solid tissue and to start the digestion process before the fluid is ingested by the insect (Leitner et al., 2005).

1.1.2 Insect-associated elicitors are specific elicitors of plant responses to insect feeding or egg deposition

In general, the perception of insect-associated elicitors by plants results in the activation of specific plant responses to defend against or tolerate the attack of the insect. These responses involve specific changes in metabolism, gene expression and in the pattern of plant growth and development (Turlings et al., 1990; Krumm et al., 1995; Baldwin et al., 2002; Kessler & Baldwin, 2002; Bede et al., 2006; Schwachtje et al., 2006; and see Chapter 5). Importantly, several examples have also shown that oral secretion (OS) components can interfere with, or can even suppress, the activation of defence responses in plants (Musser et al., 2002). Thus, although some OS components are perceived by plants as a signal of herbivore attack, others interfere with the induction of defence responses allowing the insect to feed in a ‘stealthy’ manner (Felton et al., 2014).

The insect-associated elicitors that act during folivory by chewing insects are diverse in structure (Figure 1.2). They can include, for example, fatty acid-amino acid conjugates (FACs) (Alborn et al., 1997), sulphur-containing fatty acids (caeliferins) (Alborn et al., 2007), fragments of cell walls (e.g. pectins and oligogalacturonides) (Bishop et al., 1981), or peptides released from digested plant proteins (e.g. inceptins; proteolytic fragments of the chloroplastic ATP synthase γ-subunit; Schmelz et al., 2006; see Figure 1.2).

Figure 1.2 Chemical structures of insect-associated elicitors. Insect-associated elicitors have been identified in insect oral secretions and oviposition fluids, the two types of fluids that commonly come into contact during the interaction of insects with plant tissue. Manduca spp. and Spodoptera spp. oral secretions (OS) contain fatty-acid-amino-acid conjugates (FACs) including volicitin and N-linolenoyl-glutamic acid (18:3-Glu). Caeliferins are present in the OS of grasshopper species, and bruchins are derived from cowpea weevil oviposition fluids. Bruchins elicit neoplasmic tissue formation in peas to expose the oviposited egg to predators and to decrease the chance of survival of the emerging larvae. Inceptines are produced by degradation of the plant ATP synthase γ-subunit during folivory by Spodoptera frugiperda on cowpea plants (see text for references).

Importantly, most of these insect-associated elicitors are not general elicitors of responses against chewing insects in all plant species, but are usually restricted to particular plant-insect associations (Table 1.1). This selectivity probably reflects the evolutionary history of both plants and their interacting insects and, hence, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms of insect-plant interactions in the evolutionary context of the interaction (Bonaventure et al., 2011b).

Table 1.1 Examples of insect-associated elicitors that induce specific responses in plants.

Elicitors

Insect speciesa

Plant speciesb

Glucose oxidase (GOX)

Helicoverpa zea (corn earworm) Spodoptera exigua (beet armyworm) Helicoverpa armigera (cotton bollworm) Other Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera

Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) Nicotiana attenuata (coyote tobacco) Medicago truncatula (medicago) Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)

β-glucosidase

Pieris brassicae

Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean) Zea mays (maize) Brassica oleracea (cabbage)

N-acyl-amino acids (FACs)

Spodoptera exigua Manduca sexta (tobacco hormworm) Teleogryllus taiwanemma (Taiwan cricket) Drosophila melanogaster (common fruit fly) Several Lepidoptera

Zea mays Glycine max (soybean) Solanum melongena (eggplant) Nicotiana attenuata Solanum nigrum (black nightshade)

Caeliferins

Schistocerca americana (American grasshopper)

Zea mays Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress)

Inceptin

Produced by degradation of the plant ATP synthase γ-subunit during folivory by Spodoptera frugiperda (Fall armyworm)

Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)

Oligouronides

Produced by degradation of plant cell walls during insect folivory

Solanum lycopersicum

Modified from (Bonaventure et al., 2011b). Reproduced with permission of Elsevier.

aRepresent some of the insect species in which the indicated insect-associated elicitor has been detected in their oral secretions.

bRepresent some of the plant species in which a differential response to the indicated insect-associated elicitor has been reported.

A functional genomics approach was conducted for the identification of potential elicitor proteins from the aphid species Myzus persicae (green peach aphid) (Bos et al., 2010). The analysis of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) obtained from salivary glands of this aphid species identified 46 putative secreted proteins. Interestingly, these secreted salivary proteins share features with plant pathogen effectors, and it has been suggested that the aphid-derived effectors can interfere with the plant's defence response, perhaps in a similar...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 2.5.2014
• Reihe/Serie: Annual Plant Reviews
• Reihe/Serie: Annual Plant Reviews
• Reihe/Serie: Annual Plant Reviews
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Botanik
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Genetik / Molekularbiologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Zoologie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Schlagworte: Annual Plant Reviews • Biowissenschaften • Botanik • Botanik / Molekularbiologie • Claudia Voelckel • Entomologie • Entomology • George Jander • insect-plant interactions • insects and the role of plant surfaces • Life Sciences • Pflanzengenetik • plant defense metabolites and their sequestration by insects • Plant Molecular Biology • plant science • plant signal cascades and elicitors • Plant Volatiles • trichomes and nectar in plant-insect interactions
• ISBN-10: 1-118-82980-8 / 1118829808
• ISBN-13: 978-1-118-82980-6 / 9781118829806