Nuclear and Radiochemistry
Blackwell Verlag GmbH (Hersteller)
978-3-527-65333-1 (ISBN)
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The handbook and ready reference comprehensively covers nuclear and radiochemistry in a well-structured and readily accessible manner, dealing with the theory and fundamentals in the first half, followed by chapters devoted to such specific topics as nuclear energy and reactors, radiotracers, and radionuclides in the life sciences. The result is a valuable resource for both newcomers as well as established scientists in the field.
Jens-Volker Kratz is Professor of Nuclear Chemistry at Johannes Gutenberg University in Mainz, Germany. He also obtained his degrees in Chemistry at this University, followed by a postdoc at Berkeley with Glenn T. Seaborg. Before moving back to Mainz, he worked as a Group Leader between 1974 and 1982 at GSI in Darmstadt. He has served as a member and chair of a number of scientific committees and is editor of Radiochimica Acta. He has received numerous prices, including the Otto Hahn Award.
Preface xi
Volume 1
1 Fundamental Concepts 1
1.1 The Atom 2
1.2 Atomic Processes 2
1.3 Discovery of the Atomic Nucleus 4
1.4 Nuclear Decay Types 6
1.5 Some Physical Concepts Needed in Nuclear Chemistry 11
1.5.1 Fundamental Forces 11
1.5.2 Elements from Classical Mechanics 12
1.5.3 Relativistic Mechanics 12
1.5.4 The de Broglie Wavelength 14
1.5.5 Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 15
1.5.6 The Standard Model of Particle Physics 16
1.5.7 Force Carriers 19
Reference 20
Further Reading 20
2 Radioactivity in Nature 23
2.1 Discovery of Radioactivity 23
2.2 Radioactive Substances in Nature 26
References 30
Further Reading 30
3 Radioelements and Radioisotopes and Their Atomic Masses 33
3.1 Periodic Table of the Elements 33
3.2 Isotopes and the Chart of Nuclides 34
3.3 Nuclide Masses and Binding Energies 39
3.4 Evidence for Shell Structure in Nuclei 47
3.5 Precision Mass Spectrometry 49
References 55
Further Reading 55
4 Other Physical Properties of Nuclei 57
4.1 Nuclear Radii 57
4.2 Nuclear Angular Momenta 63
4.3 Magnetic Dipole Moments 65
4.4 Electric Quadrupole Moments 67
4.5 Statistics and Parity 69
4.6 Excited States 70
References 71
Further Reading 71
5 The Nuclear Force and Nuclear Structure 73
5.1 Nuclear Forces 73
5.2 Charge Independence and Isospin 76
5.3 Nuclear Matter 81
5.4 Fermi Gas Model 82
5.5 Shell Model 84
5.6 Collective Motion in Nuclei 94
5.7 Nilsson Model 101
5.8 The Pairing Force and Quasi-Particles 104
5.9 Macroscopic–Microscopic Model 106
5.10 Interacting Boson Approximation 108
5.11 Further Collective Excitations: Coulomb Excitation, High-Spin States, Giant Resonances 110
References 117
Further Reading 117
6 Decay Modes 119
6.1 Nuclear Instability and Nuclear Spectroscopy 119
6.2 Alpha Decay 119
6.2.1 Hindrance Factors 125
6.2.2 Alpha-Decay Energies 126
6.3 Cluster Radioactivity 126
6.4 Proton Radioactivity 129
6.5 Spontaneous Fission 132
6.6 Beta Decay 148
6.6.1 Fundamental Processes 148
6.6.2 Electron Capture-to-Positron Ratios 158
6.6.3 Nuclear Matrix Elements 160
6.6.4 Parity Non-conservation 162
6.6.5 Massive Vector Bosons 164
6.6.6 Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa Matrix 165
6.7 Electromagnetic Transitions 170
6.7.1 Multipole Order and Selection Rules 172
6.7.2 Transition Probabilities 174
6.7.3 Internal Conversion Coefficients 179
6.7.4 Angular Correlations 183
References 186
Further Reading 187
7 Radioactive Decay Kinetics 189
7.1 Law and Energy of Radioactive Decay 189
7.2 Radioactive Equilibria 191
7.3 Secular Radioactive Equilibrium 193
7.4 Transient Radioactive Equilibrium 196
7.5 Half-life of Mother Nuclide Shorter than Half-life of Daughter Nuclide 197
7.6 Similar Half-lives 198
7.7 Branching Decay 199
7.8 Successive Transformations 200
Reference 202
Further Reading 203
8 Nuclear Radiation 205
8.1 General Properties 205
8.2 Heavy Charged Particles (A ≥ 1) 207
8.3 Beta Radiation 214
8.4 Gamma Radiation 220
8.5 Neutrons 227
8.6 Short-lived Elementary Particles in Atoms and Molecules 232
References 233
Further Reading 234
9 Measurement of Nuclear Radiation 235
9.1 Activity and Counting Rate 235
9.2 Gas-Filled Detectors 239
9.2.1 Ionization Chambers 243
9.2.2 Proportional Counters 244
9.2.3 Geiger–Müller Counters 246
9.3 Scintillation Detectors 248
9.4 Semiconductor Detectors 250
9.5 Choice of Detectors 256
9.6 Spectrometry 259
9.7 Determination of Absolute Disintegration Rates 262
9.8 Use of Coincidence and Anticoincidence Circuits 263
9.9 Low-Level Counting 263
9.10 Neutron Detection and Measurement 264
9.11 Track Detectors 266
9.11.1 Photographic Emulsions and Autoradiography 266
9.11.2 Dielectric Track Detectors 267
9.11.3 Cloud Chambers 268
9.11.4 Bubble Chambers 268
9.11.5 Spark Chambers 269
9.12 Detectors Used in Health Physics 269
9.12.1 Portable Counters and Survey Meters 269
9.12.2 Film Badges 270
9.12.3 Pocket Ion Chambers 270
9.12.4 Thermoluminescence Dosimeters 270
9.12.5 Contamination Monitors 270
9.12.6 Whole-Body Counters 271
Reference 271
Further Reading 271
10 Statistical Considerations in Radioactivity Measurements 273
10.1 Distribution of Random Variables 273
10.2 Probability and Probability Distributions 275
10.3 Maximum Likelihood 282
10.4 Experimental Applications 283
10.5 Statistics of Pulse-Height Distributions 285
10.6 Setting Upper Limits When No Counts are Observed 287
Further Reading 288
11 Techniques in Nuclear Chemistry 289
11.1 Special Aspects of the Chemistry of Radionuclides 289
11.1.1 Short-Lived Radionuclides and the Role of Carriers 289
11.1.2 Radionuclides of High Specific Activity 291
11.1.3 Microamounts of Radioactive Substances 292
11.1.4 Radiocolloids 297
11.1.5 Tracer Techniques 299
11.2 Target Preparation 300
11.3 Measuring Beam Intensity and Fluxes 306
11.4 Neutron Spectrum in Nuclear Reactors 308
11.4.1 Thermal Neutrons 308
11.4.2 Epithermal Neutrons and Resonances 310
11.4.3 Reaction Rates in Thermal Reactors 311
11.5 Production of Radionuclides 311
11.5.1 Production in Nuclear Reactors 311
11.5.2 Production by Accelerators 318
11.5.3 Separation Techniques 324
11.5.4 Radionuclide Generators 329
11.6 Use of Recoil Momenta 331
11.7 Preparation of Samples for Activity Measurements 336
11.8 Determination of Half-Lives 337
11.9 Decay-Scheme Studies 339
11.10 In-Beam Nuclear Reaction Studies 342
References 355
Further Reading 357
Volume 2
12 Nuclear Reactions 361
12.1 Collision Kinematics 362
12.2 Coulomb Trajectories 364
12.3 Cross-sections 368
12.4 Elastic Scattering 372
12.5 Elastic Scattering and Reaction Cross-section 379
12.6 Optical Model 383
12.7 Nuclear Reactions and Models 385
12.7.1 Investigation of Nuclear Reactions 386
12.7.2 Compound-Nucleus Model 386
12.7.3 Precompound Decay 403
12.7.4 Direct Reactions 404
12.7.5 Photonuclear Reactions 407
12.7.6 Fission 407
12.7.7 High-Energy Reactions 418
12.8 Nuclear Reactions Revisited with Heavy Ions 422
12.8.1 Heavy-Ion Fusion Reactions 424
12.8.2 Quasi-fission 434
12.8.3 Deep Inelastic Collisions 440
12.8.4 Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions, the Phases of Nuclear Matter 457
References 460
Further Reading 462
13 Chemical Effects of Nuclear Transmutations 465
13.1 General Aspects 465
13.2 Recoil Effects 466
13.3 Excitation Effects 471
13.4 Gases and Liquids 476
13.5 Solids 479
13.6 Szilard–Chalmers Reactions 482
13.7 Recoil Labeling and Self-labeling 484
References 485
Further Reading 485
14 Influence of Chemical Bonding on Nuclear Properties 487
14.1 Survey 487
14.2 Dependence of Half-Lives on Chemical Bonding 488
14.3 Dependence of Radiation Emission on the Chemical Environment 490
14.4 Mössbauer Spectrometry 499
References 504
Further Reading 505
15 Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Fuel, and Fuel Cycles 507
15.1 Energy Production by Nuclear Fission 507
15.2 Nuclear Fuel and Fuel Cycles 512
15.3 Production of Uranium and Uranium Compounds 517
15.4 Fuel Elements 520
15.5 Nuclear Reactors, Moderators, and Coolants 524
15.6 The Chernobyl Accident 532
15.7 Reprocessing 537
15.8 Radioactive Waste 544
15.9 The Natural Reactors at Oklo 551
15.10 Controlled Thermonuclear Reactors 552
15.11 Nuclear Explosives 554
References 555
Further Reading 555
16 Sources of Nuclear Bombarding Particles 559
16.1 Neutron Sources 559
16.2 Neutron Generators 560
16.3 Research Reactors 561
16.4 Charged-Particle Accelerators 565
16.4.1 Direct Voltage Accelerators 565
16.4.2 Linear Accelerators 568
16.4.3 Cyclotrons 570
16.4.4 Synchrocyclotrons, Synchrotrons 574
16.4.5 Radioactive Ion Beams 576
16.4.6 Photon Sources 577
References 578
Further Reading 579
17 Radioelements 581
17.1 Natural and Artificial Radioelements 581
17.2 Technetium and Promethium 585
17.3 Production of Transuranic Elements 588
17.3.1 Hot-Fusion Reactions 594
17.3.2 Cold-Fusion Reactions 598
17.3.3 48Ca-Induced Fusion Reactions 604
17.4 Cross-sections 606
17.5 Nuclear Structure of Superheavy Elements 610
17.6 Spectroscopy of Actinides and Transactinides 615
17.7 Properties of the Actinides 618
17.8 Chemical Properties of the Transactinides 629
17.8.1 Prediction of Electron Configurations and the Architecture of the Periodic Table of the Elements 630
17.8.2 Methods to Investigate the Chemistry of the Transactinides 632
17.8.3 Selected Experimental Results 653
References 668
Further Reading 671
18 Radionuclides in Geo- and Cosmochemistry 677
18.1 Natural Abundances of the Elements and Isotope Variations 677
18.2 General Aspects of Cosmochemistry 680
18.3 Early Stages of the Universe 681
18.4 Synthesis of the Elements in the Stars 683
18.4.1 Evolution of Stars 684
18.4.2 Evolution of the Earth 686
18.4.3 Thermonuclear Reaction Rates 687
18.4.4 Hydrogen Burning 688
18.4.5 Helium Burning 690
18.4.6 Synthesis of Nuclei with A < 60 690
18.4.7 Synthesis of Nuclei with A > 60 691
18.5 The Solar Neutrino Problem 696
18.6 Interstellar Matter and Cosmic Radiation 704
18.6.1 Interstellar Matter 704
18.6.2 Cosmic Radiation 705
18.6.3 Radionuclides from Cosmic Rays 706
18.6.4 Cosmic-Ray Effects in Meteorites 706
18.6.5 Abundance of Li, Be, and B 707
References 708
Further Reading 708
19 Dating by Nuclear Methods 711
19.1 General Aspect 711
19.2 Cosmogenic Radionuclides 712
19.3 Terrestrial Mother/Daughter Nuclide Pairs 717
19.4 Natural Decay Series 720
19.5 Ratios of Stable Isotopes 723
19.6 Radioactive Disequilibria 724
19.7 Fission Tracks 725
References 726
Further Reading 727
20 Radioanalysis 729
20.1 General Aspects 729
20.2 Analysis on the Basis of Inherent Radioactivity 730
20.3 Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) 732
20.4 Activation by Charged Particles 736
20.5 Activation by Photons 738
20.6 Special Features of Activation Analysis 739
20.7 Isotope Dilution Analysis 741
20.8 Radiometric Methods 743
20.9 Other Analytical Applications of Radiotracers 745
20.10 Absorption and Scattering of Radiation 745
20.11 Radionuclides as Radiation Sources in X-ray Fluorescence Analysis (XFA) 746
20.12 Analysis with Ion Beams 748
20.13 Radioisotope Mass Spectrometry 752
20.13.1 Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometry (RIMS) 752
20.13.2 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) 757
References 761
Further Reading 763
21 Radiotracers in Chemistry 765
21.1 General Aspects 765
21.2 Chemical Equilibria and Chemical Bonding 765
21.3 Reaction Mechanisms in Homogeneous Systems 767
21.4 Reaction Mechanisms in Heterogeneous Systems 772
21.5 Diffusion and Transport Processes 776
21.6 Emanation Techniques 778
References 781
Further Reading 781
22 Radionuclides in the Life Sciences 783
22.1 Survey 783
22.2 Application in Ecological Studies 784
22.3 Radioanalysis in the Life Sciences 784
22.4 Application in Physiological and Metabolic Studies 786
22.5 Radionuclides Used in Nuclear Medicine 787
22.6 Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) 789
22.7 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) 790
22.8 Labeled Compounds 790
References 797
Further Reading 797
23 Technical and Industrial Applications of Radionuclides and Nuclear Radiation 801
23.1 Radiotracer Techniques 801
23.2 Absorption and Scattering of Radiation 803
23.3 Radiation-induced Reactions 805
23.4 Energy Production by Nuclear Radiation 807
Further Reading 810
24 Radionuclides in the Geosphere and the Biosphere 813
24.1 Sources of Radioactivity 813
24.2 Mobility of Radionuclides in the Geosphere 816
24.3 Reactions of Radionuclides with the Components of Natural Waters 818
24.4 Interactions of Radionuclides with Solid Components of the Geosphere 823
24.5 Radionuclides in the Biosphere 826
24.6 Speciation Techniques with Relevance for Nuclear Safeguards, Verification, and Applications 832
24.6.1 Redox Reactions, Hydrolysis, and Colloid Formation of Pu(IV) 837
24.6.2 Investigation of the Homologs Th(IV) and Zr(IV) 842
24.6.3 Time-resolved Laser-induced Fluorescence 850
24.6.4 Conclusions 854
References 854
Further Reading 855
25 Dosimetry and Radiation Protection 861
25.1 Dosimetry 861
25.2 External Radiation Sources 864
25.3 Internal Radiation Sources 865
25.4 Radiation Effects in Cell 867
25.5 Radiation Effects in Humans, Animals, and Plants 868
25.6 Non-occupational Radiation Exposure 872
25.7 Safety Recommendations 872
25.8 Safety Regulations 875
25.9 Monitoring of the Environment 879
References 880
Further Reading 880
Appendix 883
Glossary 883
Physical Constants 887
Conversion Factors 889
Relevant Journals 889
Web References 890
Index 891
| Verlagsort | Berlin |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie ► Physikalische Chemie |
| ISBN-10 | 3-527-65333-3 / 3527653333 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-3-527-65333-1 / 9783527653331 |
| Zustand | Neuware |
| Informationen gemäß Produktsicherheitsverordnung (GPSR) | |
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