Fertility and Obstetrics in the Horse (eBook)

Gary England (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF

2008 | 3. Auflage
320 Seiten
Wiley (Verlag)
978-0-470-75041-4 (ISBN)

Infos

Following on from the successful format of the previous editions, Fertility and Obstetrics in the Horse 3e is a practical and user-friendly guide to equine reproduction. From explaining the anatomy of the mare's reproductive tract to detailing problems encountered during pregnancy, it covers all the major areas of concern as well as including the latest developments in diagnostic procedures and treatment techniques.

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• Fully updated to take into account new developments and research;

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• An ideal rapid reference for veterinary practitioners and veterinary students, as well as a crucial source of information and advice for those in the breeding business;

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• New material includes expanded sections on the stallion endometritis and embryo transfer technologies, alternative methods of fertilization and insemination techniques.

Gary England is an academic clinician who has been active in equine stud practice for more than ten years. He was awarded a PhD in 1990, and received the Diploma of Veterinary Reproduction and became a Diplomate of the American College of Theriogenologists in 1995. In 1997 he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine of the University of London, and in 1999 he became a Professor of Veterinary Reproduction. Gary is currently the Foundation Dean of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Science at the University of Nottingham.

Inhalt

Fertility and Obstetrics in the Horse 3
Contents 5
Preface 13
Abbreviations 14
1. Anatomy of the Mare's Reproductive Tract 15
1.1 General 15
1.2 Perineum 15
1.3 Vulva 15
1.4 Vestibule 19
1.5 Clitoris 19
1.6 Vulvo-vaginal constriction 19
1.7 Vagina 19
1.8 Cervix uteri 19
1.9 Uterus 20
1.10 Uterine/Fallopian tubes (oviducts) 20
1.11 Broad ligaments 22
1.12 Ovaries 22
2. Endocrinology of the Oestrous Cycle and Puberty 24
2.1 General 24
2.2 Definitions 24
2.3 Puberty 25
2.4 Normal cyclicity 26
3. Clinical Examination of the Mare's Reproductive Tract 34
3.1 Restraint of the mare 34
3.2 Approach of the clinician 36
3.3 External examination 37
3.4 Manual examination per rectum 37
3.5 Visual examination per vaginam 38
3.6 Manual examination per vaginam 39
3.7 Ultrasound examination per rectum 39
3.8 Endoscopic examination of the reproductive tract 42
4. Cyclical Changes in the Mare's Reproductive Tract 44
4.1 General 44
4.2 Effect of reproductive hormones 44
4.3 Anoestrus 45
4.4 Transitional phase 47
4.5 Oestrus 48
4.6 Ovulation 49
4.7 Development of the corpus luteum 50
4.8 Dioestrus (interoestrus) 51
4.9 Late dioestrus compared with early oestrus 53
4.10 Late oestrus compared with early dioestrus 53
4.11 Prolonged luteal phase (prolonged dioestrus) 54
4.12 Clinical presentations 54
5. Manipulation of Cyclical Activity 57
5.1 General 57
5.2 Induction of early-season cyclicity 57
5.3 Shortening the luteal phase 61
5.4 Hastening ovulation 63
5.5 Synchronisation of oestrus and ovulation 64
6. The Optimum Time for Breeding and the Mating Procedure 66
6.1 The optimum time for breeding 66
6.2 Signs of oestrus 66
6.3 Detection of oestrus 67
6.4 Teasing technique 68
6.5 Detection of impending ovulation 68
6.6 Restraint of the mare for mating 70
6.7 Injuries during mating 72
6.8 Psychological problems at mating 73
7. Normal Pregnancy 74
7.1 Development of the conceptus 74
7.2 Anatomical and morphological changes of the uterus 77
7.3 Placenta and fetal membranes 79
7.4 Endocrinology of pregnancy 80
7.5 Cervical changes 83
7.6 Ovarian changes 83
7.7 Multiple conceptuses (commonly twins) 84
7.8 Duration of pregnancy 84
8. Pregnancy Diagnosis 86
8.1 Absence of subsequent oestrus 86
8.2 Clinical examination 86
8.3 Progesterone concentrations 87
8.4 Equine chorionic gonadotrophin 88
8.5 Placental oestrogens 88
8.6 Ultrasound examination 88
8.7 Time of ultrasound examinations for pregnancy 95
8.8 Protocol for ultrasound examination 96
8.9 Diagnosis of fetal sex 96
8.10 Uterine cysts…structures that may mimic pregnancy 97
9. Normal Parturition 99
9.1 Prediction of parturition 99
9.2 Endocrine control of parturition 99
9.3 Preparation of the environment 102
9.4 Monitoring close to parturition 102
9.5 The 'overdue' foal (7.8) 103
9.6 First-stage parturition 104
9.7 Second-stage parturition (expulsion of the foal) 104
9.8 Third-stage parturition (expulsion of the membranes) 105
9.9 Induction of parturition 105
10. Post-partum Events 109
10.1 Uterine involution 109
10.2 Assessment of uterine involution 109
10.3 Post-partum uterine infection 110
10.4 Assessment of post-partum infection 110
10.5 Post-partum cyclicity 110
11. Normal Expectations of Fertility 113
11.1 Conception and foaling rates 113
11.2 Effect of management on fertility 113
11.3 Methods of investigating reproductive function in mares 114
11.4 Management of the mare at stud 115
12. Non-infectious Infertility in Mares 117
12.1 Prolonged dioestrus 117
12.2 Erratic oestrous behaviour early in the season 118
12.3 Erratic post-partum oestrous behaviour 119
12.4 Silent oestrus 119
12.5 Split oestrus 119
12.6 Luteinised haemorrhagic follicles 119
12.7 Cystic ovaries do not occur in mares 121
12.8 'Nymphomania' 123
12.9 Granulosa cell tumour 123
12.10 Chromosome abnormalities 125
12.11 Abnormalities of the uterine tubes 126
12.12 Uterine cysts 126
12.13 Partial dilation of the uterus 127
12.14 Lesions of the cervix 128
12.15 Persistent hymen 128
12.16 Vaginal bleeding 129
13. Infectious Infertility 130
13.1 General considerations 130
13.2 Non-specific infections/transient endometritis 131
13.3 Mares susceptible to mating-induced endometritis 135
13.4 Chronic endometritis 138
13.5 Venereal pathogen endometritis 139
13.6 Pyometra 140
14. Swabbing and Biopsy Techniques and Diagnosis of Endometritis 142
14.1 Clitoral swabbing (for venereal disease carriers) 142
14.2 Uterine swabbing 144
14.3 Processing the swab 148
14.4 Endometrial biopsy 149
15. Treatment and Prevention of Endometritis 152
15.1 General considerations 152
15.2 Transient endometritis 153
15.3 Mating-induced endometritis 153
15.4 Chronic endometritis 158
15.5 Venereal pathogen endometritis 159
15.6 Pyometra 160
15.7 Urovagina 162
15.8 Cystic endometritis 163
15.9 Post-partum metritis 163
16. Viral Causes of Infertility 165
16.1 Equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 (EHV1 and EHV4) 165
16.2 Equine herpesvirus 3 (EHV3) … coital exanthema 165
16.3 Equine viral arteritis (EVA) 166
17. Problems during Pregnancy 167
17.1 Definitions in pregnancy development 167
17.2 Resorption 168
17.3 Mummification 168
17.4 Abortion 168
17.5 Pseudopregnancy 169
17.6 Pregnancy failure 169
18. Causes of Pregnancy Failure 172
18.1 Bacterial infection 172
18.2 Equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 (EHV1 and EHV4) 173
18.3 Equine viral arteritis (EVA) 175
18.4 Other infectious causes of abortion 176
18.5 Multiple conceptuses (often twins) 177
18.6 Mycotic abortion 177
18.7 Miscellaneous causes of abortion 177
19. Other Abnormal Events during Pregnancy 179
19.1 Premature placental separation 179
19.2 Uterine torsion 179
19.3 Ruptured pre-pubic tendon or abdominal wall rupture 180
19.4 Hydrops of the fetal membranes 180
19.5 Pseudopregnancy 180
19.6 Prolonged gestation 181
20. Reducing Infertility Caused by Multiple Conceptuses 182
20.1 Prevention of twin conception 182
20.2 Diagnosis of twins 183
20.3 Dealing with twin conception 184
21. Retained Placenta 187
21.1 Normal expulsion 187
21.2 Examination of the membranes 187
21.3 Abnormal expulsion 188
22. Other Post-partum Problems 192
22.1 Vestibular and vulval trauma 192
22.2 Perineal lacerations 192
22.3 Recto-vaginal fistula 194
22.4 Ruptures of the cervix and vagina 194
22.5 Uterine rupture 194
22.6 Uterine haematoma 195
22.7 Internal haemorrhage 195
22.8 Uterine prolapse 195
22.9 Invagination of the uterine horn 196
22.10 Hypocalcaemia 196
22.11 Post-partum metritis 196
22.12 Management of the engorged mammary gland 197
23. Dystocia 198
23.1 Definitions 198
23.2 Significance of dystocia 199
23.3 Recognition of dystocia 199
23.4 Non-surgical treatment of dystocia 200
23.5 Surgical treatment of dystocia 202
24. Manipulation of Reproduction 204
24.1 Artificial insemination 204
24.2 Embryo transfer 209
24.3 Alternative methods of fertilisation 212
24.4 Alternative insemination techniques 213
25. The Normal Stallion 214
25.1 Anatomy 214
25.2 Endocrine control of stallion reproduction 219
25.3 Physiology of sperm production 222
25.4 Mating behaviour 223
26. Examination of the Stallion for Breeding Soundness 226
26.1 Bacteriological swabbing 226
26.2 Physical examination 228
26.3 Semen collection 229
26.4 Semen evaluation 231
26.5 Endocrinological testing of the stallion 236
26.6 Ultrasonographic examination of the stallion's reproductive tract 237
26.7 Endoscopic examination of the stallion's reproductive tract 238
26.8 Testicular biopsy 239
27. Diseases of the Reproductive Tract of the Stallion 240
27.1 Venereal infections 240
27.2 Poor libido 242
27.3 Abnormalities of mating 242
27.4 Poor semen quality 244
27.5 Abnormalities of the ejaculate 246
27.6 Diseases of the scrotum 247
27.7 Diseases of the testes 248
27.8 Diseases of the epididymis 253
27.9 Diseases of the spermatic cord 254
27.10 Diseases of the internal genitalia 254
27.11 Diseases of the sheath 255
27.12 Diseases of the penis 256
27.13 Stallion vices 260
28. Reproductive Surgery of the Stallion 261
28.1 Castration 261
28.2 Cryptorchid surgery 265
28.3 Penile surgery 266
29. Miscellaneous Conditions 268
29.1 The 'riggy' gelding 268
29.2 Rectal tears 270
30. Breeding Finances 274
30.1 Breeding terms 274
30.2 Hidden costs at stud 275
Appendix: Codes of Practice 277
Further Reading 278
Index 279

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 15.4.2008
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie
• Themenwelt: Veterinärmedizin ► Pferd
• Schlagworte: Spezialthemen Veterinärmedizin • Spezialthemen Veterinärmedizin • Veterinärmedizin • Veterinärmedizin f. Pferde • Veterinärmedizin • Veterinärmedizin f. Pferde • Veterinary Medicine • Veterinary Medicine - Equine • Veterinary Medicine Special Topics
• ISBN-10: 0-470-75041-3 / 0470750413
• ISBN-13: 978-0-470-75041-4 / 9780470750414